Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men

Cruz-Jentoft, 2010, Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, Age Ageing, 39, 412, 10.1093/ageing/afq034

Cuthbertson, 2005, Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle, FASEB J, 19, 422, 10.1096/fj.04-2640fje

Guillet, 2004, Impaired anabolic response of muscle protein synthesis is associated with S6K1 dysregulation in elderly humans, FASEB J, 18, 1586, 10.1096/fj.03-1341fje

Volpi, 2000, The response of muscle protein anabolism to combined hyperaminoacidemia and glucose-induced hyperinsulinemia is impaired in the elderly, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 4481

Mosoni, 1995, Altered response of protein synthesis to nutritional state and endurance training in old rats, Am J Physiol, 268, E328

Volpi, 2003, Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults, Am J Clin Nutr, 78, 250, 10.1093/ajcn/78.2.250

Volpi, 1999, Oral amino acids stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly despite higher first-pass splanchnic extraction, Am J Physiol, 277, E513

Koopman, 2009, Dietary protein digestion and absorption rates and the subsequent postprandial muscle protein synthetic response do not differ between young and elderly men, J Nutr, 139, 1707, 10.3945/jn.109.109173

Symons, 2007, Aging does not impair the anabolic response to a protein-rich meal, Am J Clin Nutr, 86, 451, 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.451

Tang, 2009, Maximizing muscle protein anabolismml: the role of protein quality, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 12, 66, 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831cef75

Dangin, 2002, Influence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjects, J Nutr, 132, 3228S, 10.1093/jn/131.10.3228S

Dangin, 2003, The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans, J Physiol, 549, 635, 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.036897

Boirie, 1997, Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, 14930, 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930

Dangin, 2001, The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 280, E340, 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.2.E340

Bohe, 2003, Human muscle protein synthesis is modulated by extracellular, not intramuscular amino acid availability: a dose-response study, J Physiol, 552, 315, 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.050674

Tang, 2009, Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men, J Appl Physiol, 107, 987, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009

Koopman, 2009, Ingestion of a protein hydrolysate is accompanied by an accelerated in vivo digestion and absorption rate when compared with its intact protein, Am J Clin Nutr, 90, 106, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27474

Buse, 1975, Leucine. A possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle, J Clin Invest, 56, 1250, 10.1172/JCI108201

Katsanos, 2006, A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 291, E381, 10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005

Rieu, 2006, Leucine supplementation improves muscle protein synthesis in elderly men independently of hyperaminoacidaemia, J Physiol, 575, 305, 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.110742

Leenders M, van Loon LJC. Leucine as a pharmaconutrient to prevent and/or treat sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes. Nutr Rev (in press).

Boirie, 1996, Acute postprandial changes in leucine metabolism as assessed with an intrinsically labeled milk protein, Am J Physiol, 271, E1083

van Loon, 2009, The production of intrinsically labeled milk protein provides a functional tool for human nutrition research, J Dairy Sci, 92, 4812, 10.3168/jds.2009-2317

2010, Standards of medical care in diabetes—2010, Diabetes Care, 33, S11

Alberti, 1998, Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation, Diabet Med, 15, 539, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S

Abumrad, 1981, Use of a heated superficial hand vein as an alternative site for the measurement of amino acid concentrations and for the study of glucose and alanine kinetics in man, Metabolism, 30, 936, 10.1016/0026-0495(81)90074-3

Bergstrom, 1975, Percutaneous needle biopsy of skeletal muscle in physiological and clinical research, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 35, 609, 10.3109/00365517509095787

van Eijk, 1993, Rapid routine determination of amino acids in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with a 2-3 microns Spherisorb ODS II column, J Chromatogr, 620, 143, 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80062-9

Wolfe RR. Radioactive and stable isotope tracers in biomedicine: principles and practice of kinetic analysis. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss, 1992.

Biolo, 1992, Leucine and phenylalanine kinetics during mixed meal ingestion: a multiple tracer approach, Am J Physiol, 262, E455

Husek, 1991, Amino acid derivatization and analysis in five minutes, FEBS Lett, 280, 354, 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80330-6

Zhang, 2002, Measurement of muscle protein fractional synthesis and breakdown rates from a pulse tracer injection, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 283, E753, 10.1152/ajpendo.00053.2002