Water in Earth's Mantle: The Role of Nominally Anhydrous Minerals
Tóm tắt
Most minerals of Earth's upper mantle contain small amounts of hydrogen, structurally bound as hydroxyl (OH). The OH concentration in each mineral species is variable, in some cases reflecting the geological environment of mineral formation. Of the major mantle minerals, pyroxenes are the most hydrous, typically containing ∼200 to 500 parts per million H 2 O by weight, and probably dominate the water budget and hydrogen geochemistry of mantle rocks that do not contain a hydrous phase. Garnets and olivines commonly contain ∼1 to 50 parts per million. Nominally anhydrous minerals constitute a significant reservoir for mantle hydrogen, possibly accommodating all water in the depleted mantle and providing a possible mechanism to recycle water from Earth's surface into the deep mantle.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
ABE, Y, PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE 17: E291 (1986).
ACKERMANN, L, HYDROGARNET SUBSTITUTION IN PYROPE - A POSSIBLE LOCATION FOR WATER IN THE MANTLE, EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 62: 208 (1983).
AINES, R.D., THE HYDROUS COMPONENT IN GARNETS - PYRALSPITES, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 69: 1116 (1984).
AINES, R.D., WATER-CONTENT OF MANTLE GARNETS, GEOLOGY 12: 720 (1984).
AINES, R.D., WATER IN MINERALS - A PEAK IN THE INFRARED, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 89: 4059 (1984).
AINES, R.D., HYDROGEN SPECIATION IN SYNTHETIC QUARTZ, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS 11: 204 (1984).
ALLEGRE, C.J., RARE-GAS SYSTEMATICS - FORMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE, EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTHS MANTLE, EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 81: 127 (1987).
BARNES, V.E., Changes in hornblende at about 800 degrees c, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 15: 393 (1930).
BELL, D.R., EOS, TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION 71: 523 (1990).
BELL D.R. unpublished data.
BERAN, A, THE QUANTITATIVE IR SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL OH GROUPS IN KYANITES, MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY 36: 41 (1987).
BINA, C.R., OLIVINE-SPINEL TRANSITIONS - EXPERIMENTAL AND THERMODYNAMIC CONSTRAINTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NATURE OF THE 400-KM SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AND PLANETS 92: 4853 (1987).
BIRD, P, LARAMIDE CRUSTAL THICKENING EVENT IN THE ROCKY-MOUNTAIN FORELAND AND GREAT PLAINS, TECTONICS 3: 741 (1984).
BIRKETT, T.C., HYDROGARNET - MULTI-SITE HYDROGEN OCCUPANCY IN THE GARNET STRUCTURE, CANADIAN MINERALOGIST 22: 675 (1984).
CLAGUE, D.A., PETROLOGY AND TRACE-ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE HONOLULU VOLCANICS, OAHU - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE OCEANIC MANTLE BELOW HAWAII, JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY 23: 447 (1982).
DIXON J.E. unpublished data.
DOWNS, J.W., POSSIBLE SITES FOR PROTONATION IN BETA-MG2SIO4 FROM AN EXPERIMENTALLY DERIVED ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 74: 1124 (1989).
DRURY, M.R., METASOMATIC ORIGIN FOR FE-TI-RICH MULTIPHASE INCLUSIONS IN OLIVINE FROM KIMBERLITE XENOLITHS, GEOLOGY 16: 1035 (1988).
DRURY, M.R., HYDRATION-INDUCED CLIMB DISSOCIATION OF DISLOCATIONS IN NATURALLY DEFORMED MANTLE OLIVINE, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS 18: 106 (1991).
FINGER, L.W., PREDICTED COMPOSITIONS FOR HIGH-DENSITY HYDROUS MAGNESIUM SILICATES, GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 16: 1395 (1989).
FINGER, L.W., CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY OF PHASE-B AND AN ANHYDROUS ANALOG - IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER STORAGE IN THE UPPER MANTLE, NATURE 341: 140 (1989).
FOLEY, S, HIGH-PRESSURE STABILITY OF THE FLUOR-ENDMEMBERS AND HYDROXY-ENDMEMBERS OF PARGASITE AND K-RICHTERITE, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 55: 2689 (1991).
Fritsch, E., New Diamond Science and Technology, Materials Research Society International Conference Proceedings 1990: 671 (1991).
GANGULI A.K. unpublished data.
GARCIA, M.O., VOLATILES IN SUBMARINE VOLCANIC-ROCKS FROM THE MARIANA ISLAND ARC AND TROUGH, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 43: 305 (1979).
GASPARIK, T, PHASE-RELATIONS IN THE TRANSITION ZONE, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AND PLANETS 95: 15751 (1990).
GEIGER, C.A., THE HYDROXIDE COMPONENT IN SYNTHETIC PYROPE, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 76: 49 (1991).
GOLDSMITH, J.R., AL/SI INTERDIFFUSION IN ALBITE - EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN, CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY 95: 311 (1987).
GURNEY, J.J., CHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN UPPER MANTLE NODULES FROM SOUTHERN AFRICAN KIMBERLITES, PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 297: 273 (1980).
HAMMER, VMF, VARIATIONS IN THE OH CONCENTRATION OF RUTILES FROM DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS, MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY 45: 1 (1991).
HOFMEISTER, A.M., A SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF IRRADIATION COLORING OF AMAZONITE - STRUCTURALLY HYDROUS, PB-BEARING FELDSPAR, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 70: 794 (1985).
INGRIN, J, WATER IN DIOPSIDE - AN ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY AND INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY STUDY, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY 1: 327 (1989).
JAGOUTZ, E, PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE 10: 2031 (1979).
JUSTICE, M.G., THE EFFECT OF WATER ON HIGH-TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION IN OLIVINE, GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 9: 1005 (1982).
KARATO, S, THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN IN THE ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY OF THE UPPER MANTLE, NATURE 347: 272 (1990).
KARATO, S.I., RHEOLOGY OF SYNTHETIC OLIVINE AGGREGATES - INFLUENCE OF GRAIN-SIZE AND WATER, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AND PLANETS 91: 8151 (1986).
KATS, A, PHILIPS RESEARCH REPORTS 17: 133 (1962).
KRESTEN, P, KIMBERLITIC ZIRCONS - POSSIBLE AID IN PROSPECTING FOR KIMBERLITES, MINERALIUM DEPOSITA 10: 47 (1975).
KUHN, D, A LOW-BACKGROUND DETECTION SYSTEM USING A BGO DETECTOR FOR SENSITIVE HYDROGEN ANALYSIS WITH THE H-1(N-15, ALPHA-GAMMA)C-12 REACTION, NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 45: 252 (1990).
KUSHIRO, I, PARTIAL MELTING OF MANTLE WEDGE AND EVOLUTION OF ISLAND-ARC CRUST, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AND PLANETS 95: 15929 (1990).
LAGER, G.A., OH SUBSTITUTION IN GARNETS - X-RAY AND NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION, INFRARED, AND GEOMETRIC-MODELING STUDIES, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 74: 840 (1989).
LIU, L.G., EFFECTS OF H2O ON THE PHASE-BEHAVIOR OF THE FORSTERITE ENSTATITE SYSTEM AT HIGH-PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EARTH, PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS 49: 142 (1987).
MACKWELL, S.J., THE ROLE OF WATER IN THE DEFORMATION OF OLIVINE SINGLE-CRYSTALS, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AND PLANETS 90: 11319 (1985).
MACKWELL, S.J., DIFFUSION OF HYDROGEN IN OLIVINE - IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER IN THE MANTLE, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AND PLANETS 95: 5079 (1990).
MARTIN, R.F., HYDROXYL IN MANTLE, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 57: 554 (1972).
MCDONOUGH, W.F., CONSTRAINTS ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE, EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 101: 1 (1990).
MCGETCHIN, T.R., CRUSTAL-UPPER-MANTLE MODEL FOR COLORADO PLATEAU BASED ON OBSERVATIONS OF CRYSTALLINE ROCK FRAGMENTS IN MOSES ROCK DIKE, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 77: 7022 (1972).
MICHAEL, P.J., THE CONCENTRATION, BEHAVIOR AND STORAGE OF H2O IN THE SUBOCEANIC UPPER MANTLE - IMPLICATIONS FOR MANTLE METASOMATISM, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 52: 555 (1988).
MILLER, G.H., THE NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF HYDROXIDE IN OLIVINE, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS 14: 461 (1987).
MOORE, J.G., WATER CONTENT OF BASALT ERUPTED ON OCEAN FLOOR, CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY 28: 272 (1970).
MOORE R.O. THESIS U CAPE TOWN (1986).
Nixon, P. H., Lesotho Kimberlites: 67 (1973).
PATERSON, M.S., THE DETERMINATION OF HYDROXYL BY INFRARED-ABSORPTION IN QUARTZ, SILICATE-GLASSES AND SIMILAR MATERIALS, BULLETIN DE MINERALOGIE 105: 20 (1982).
PHILLIPS, M.W., EFFECTS OF OXIDATION-DEHYDROGENATION IN TSCHERMAKITIC HORNBLENDE, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 74: 764 (1989).
RINGWOOD, A.E., HIGH PRESSURE RECONNAISSANCE INVESTIGATIONS IN SYSTEM MG2SIO4-MGO-H2O, EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 2: 130 (1967).
ROSSMAN, G.R., HYDROXYL CONTENTS OF ACCESSORY MINERALS IN MANTLE ECLOGITES AND RELATED ROCKS, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 75: 775 (1990).
ROSSMAN, G.R., THE HYDROUS COMPONENTS IN GARNETS - GROSSULAR-HYDROGROSSULAR, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 76: 1153 (1991).
ROSSMAN, G.R., VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY OF HYDROUS COMPONENTS, REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY 18: 193 (1988).
ROSSMAN G.R. unpublished data.
RUBEY, W.W., GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF SEA WATER - AN ATTEMPT TO STATE THE PROBLEM, GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN 62: 1111 (1951).
Schubert, G., Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres: 450 (1989).
SCLAR, C.B., TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION 48: 226 (1967).
SCLAR, C.B., TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION 46: 184 (1965).
SKOGBY, H, HYDROXIDE IN PYROXENE - VARIATIONS IN THE NATURAL-ENVIRONMENT, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 75: 764 (1990).
SKOGBY, H, THE INTENSITY OF AMPHIBOLE OH BANDS IN THE INFRARED-ABSORPTION SPECTRUM, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS 18: 64 (1991).
Smith, D., The Mantle Sample: Inclusions in Kimberlites and Other Volcanics: 345 (1979).
SMYTH, J.R., BETA-MG2SIO4 - A POTENTIAL HOST FOR WATER IN THE MANTLE, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 72: 1051 (1987).
VLASSOPOULOS, D, EOS, TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION 71: 626 (1990).
WILKINS, RWT, WATER-CONTENT OF SOME NOMINALLY ANHYDROUS SILICATES, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 58: 508 (1973).
WOODHEAD, J.A., HYDROUS SPECIES IN ZIRCON, AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 76: 1533 (1991).
WYLLIE, P.J., MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA SPECIAL PAPER 3: 3 (1970).
XUE, X.Y., GEOCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE BENEATH WEST KETTLE RIVER, BRITISH-COLUMBIA - EVIDENCE FROM ULTRAMAFIC XENOLITHS, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AND PLANETS 95: 15879 (1990).
YOUNG, T.E., EOS, TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION 72: 144 (1991).