Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper Respiratory Tract
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
World Health Organization Geneva, Health Statistics and Informatics Department (2011) Causes of death 2008. In: World health statistics 2011. 170 pages, ISBN 978 92 4 156419 9 (NLM classification: WA 900.1). pp. 57–76. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2011_Full.pdf" xlink:type="simple">http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2011_Full.pdf</ext-link>. Accessed 7 December 2012.
RE Black, 2010, Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: A systematic analysis. child health epidemiology reference group of WHO and UNICEF, Lancet, 375(9730), 1969, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60549-1
A Vergison, 2010, Otitis media and its consequences: Beyond the earache, Lancet Infect Dis, 10(3), 195, 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70012-8
KBH Watson, 2006, Upper respiratory tract bacterial carriage in aboriginal and non-aboriginal children in a semi-arid area of western Australia, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 25(9), 782, 10.1097/01.inf.0000232705.49634.68
MJ Blaser, 2009, What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota, Nat Rev Microbiol, 7(12), 887, 10.1038/nrmicro2245
T Murphy, 2009, Microbial interactions in the respiratory tract, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 28(10), S121, 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181b6d7ec
G Hardin, 1960, The competitive exclusion principle, Science, 131(3409), 1292, 10.1126/science.131.3409.1292
A Spor, 2011, Unravelling the effects of the environment and host genotype on the gut microbiome, Nat Rev Microbiol, 9(4), 279, 10.1038/nrmicro2540
D Bogaert, 2004, Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: The key to pneumococcal disease, Lancet Infect Dis, 4, 144, 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00938-7
JA Garcia-Rodriguez, 2002, Dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by potential respiratory pathogens, J Antimicrob Chemother, 50(suppl_3), 59, 10.1093/jac/dkf506
E Margolis, 2010, The ecology of nasal colonization of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus: The role of competition and interactions with host's immune response, BMC Microbiology, 10(1), 59, 10.1186/1471-2180-10-59
P Chesson, 2000, General theory of competitive coexistence in spatially-varying environments, Theor Popul Biol, 58(3), 211, 10.1006/tpbi.2000.1486
KA Brogden, 2005, Human polymicrobial infections, Lancet, 365(9455), 253, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70155-0
B Kwambana, 2011, Early acquisition and high nasopharyngeal co-colonisation by streptococcus pneumoniae and three respiratory pathogens amongst Gambian new-borns and infants, BMC Infect Dis, 11(1), 175, 10.1186/1471-2334-11-175
S Jourdain, 2011, Differences in nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in preschool children from different socio-economic origins, Clin Microbiol Infect, 17(6), 907, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03410.x
G Mackenzie, 2010, Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory bacterial pathogens in children and adults: Cross-sectional surveys in a population with high rates of pneumococcal disease, BMC Infect Dis, 10(1), 304, 10.1186/1471-2334-10-304
I Brook, 2006, Increased recovery of moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae in association with group A β-haemolytic streptococci in healthy children and those with pharyngo-tonsillitis, J Med Microbiol, 55(8), 989, 10.1099/jmm.0.46325-0
ER Lafontaine, 2004, <italic>Moraxella catarrhalis</italic> coaggregates with <italic>streptococcus pyogenes</italic> and modulates interactions of <italic>S. pyogenes</italic> with human epithelial cells, Infect Immun, 72, 6689, 10.1128/IAI.72.11.6689-6693.2004
K Tano, 1999, In vitro inhibition of S. pneumoniae, nontypable H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis by alpha-hemolytic streptococci from healthy children, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 47(1), 49, 10.1016/S0165-5876(98)00174-8
K Tano, 2002, Bacterial interference between pathogens in otitis media and alpha-haemolytic streptococci analysed in an in vitro model, Acta Otolaryngol, 122(1), 78, 10.1080/00016480252775788
K Tano, 2002, Bacterial adherence to pharyngeal cells: In vitro studies with alpha-haemolytic streptococci and haemophilus influenzae, Acta Otolaryngol, 122(7), 745, 10.1080/00016480260349827
G Regev-Yochay, 2006, Interference between streptococcus pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus: In vitro hydrogen peroxide-mediated killing by streptococcus pneumoniae, J Bacteriol, 188(13), 4996, 10.1128/JB.00317-06
CD Pericone, 2000, Inhibitory and bactericidal effects of hydrogen peroxide production by streptococcus pneumoniae on other inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract, Infect Immun, 68(7), 3990, 10.1128/IAI.68.7.3990-3997.2000
E Margolis, 2009, Hydrogen peroxide-mediated interference competition by streptococcus pneumoniae has no significant effect on staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization of neonatal rats, J Bacteriol, 191(2), 571, 10.1128/JB.00950-08
G Regev-Yochay, 2008, In vitro bactericidal activity of streptococcus pneumoniae and bactericidal susceptibility of staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cocolonized versus noncocolonized children, J Clin Microbiol, 46(2), 747, 10.1128/JCM.01781-07
EA Shakhnovich, 2002, Neuraminidase expressed by streptococcus pneumoniae desialylates the lipopolysaccharide of neisseria meningitidis and haemophilus influenzae: A paradigm for interbacterial competition among pathogens of the human respiratory tract, Infect Immun, 70(12), 7161, 10.1128/IAI.70.12.7161-7164.2002
D Cundell, 1995, Streptococcus pneumoniae anchor to activated human cells by the receptor for platelet-activating factor, Nature, 377(6548), 435, 10.1038/377435a0
JN Weiser, 1997, Decoration of lipopolysaccharide with phosphorylcholine: A phase-variable characteristic of haemophilus influenzae, Infect Immun, 65, 943, 10.1128/IAI.65.3.943-950.1997
N Tanaka, 2007, Intranasal immunization with phosphorylcholine induces antigen specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice, Vaccine, 25(14), 2680, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.014
HB Goldenberg, 2004, Cross-reactivity of human immunoglobulin G2 recognizing phosphorylcholine and evidence for protection against major bacterial pathogens of the human respiratory tract, J Infect Dis, 190(7), 1254, 10.1086/424517
E Lysenko, 2005, The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces, PLoS Pathog, 1(1), e1, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001
ES Lysenko, 2010, Within-host competition drives selection for the capsule virulence determinant of streptococcus pneumoniae, Curr Biol, 20(13), 1222, 10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.051
SA Madhi, 2007, Long-term effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal colonization by <italic>streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>—and associated interactions with <italic>staphylococcus aureus</italic> and <italic>haemophilus influenzae</italic> colonization—in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children, J Infect Dis, 196(11), 1662, 10.1086/522164
D Bogaert, 2006, Lack of interference between <italic>streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> and <italic>staphylococcus aureus</italic> in HIV-infected individuals, J Infect Dis, 194(11), 1617, 10.1086/508886
TT Tan, 2007, <italic>Haemophilus influenzae</italic> survival during complement-mediated attacks is promoted by <italic>moraxella catarrhalis</italic> outer membrane vesicles, J Infect Dis, 195(11), 1661, 10.1086/517611
MM Pettigrew, 2011, Viral-bacterial interactions and risk of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract infection, J Clin Microbiol, 49(11), 3750, 10.1128/JCM.01186-11
JA McCullers, 2006, Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus, Clin Microbiol Rev, 19, 571, 10.1128/CMR.00058-05
JA McCullers, 2002, Lethal synergism between influenza virus and streptococcus pneumoniae: Characterization of a mouse model and the role of platelet-activating factor receptor, J Infect Dis, 186(3), 341, 10.1086/341462
JH Wang, 2009, Rhinovirus enhances various bacterial adhesions to nasal epithelial cells simultaneously, Laryngoscope, 119(7), 1406, 10.1002/lary.20498
S Ishizuka, 2003, Effects of rhinovirus infection on the adherence of streptococcus pneumoniae to cultured human airway epithelial cells, J Infect Dis, 188(12), 1928, 10.1086/379833
US Sajjan, 2006, H. influenzae potentiates airway epithelial cell responses to rhinovirus by increasing ICAM-1 and TLR3 expression, FASEB J, 20(12), 2121, 10.1096/fj.06-5806fje
SC Whiteman, 2003, Human rhinovirus selectively modulates membranous and soluble forms of its intercellular adhesion Molecule–1 (ICAM-1) receptor to promote epithelial cell infectivity, J Biol Chem, 278, 11954, 10.1074/jbc.M205329200
JH Wang, 2007, Staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B enhance rhinovirus replication in A549 cells, Am J Rhinol, 21(6), 670, 10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3101
NJ Verkaik, 2011, Streptococcus pneumoniae exposure is associated with human metapneumovirus seroconversion and increased susceptibility to in vitro HMPV infection, Clin Microbiol Infect, 17(12), 1840, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03480.x
J Hament, 2005, Direct binding of respiratory syncytial virus to pneumococci: A phenomenon that enhances both pneumococcal adherence to human epithelial cells and pneumococcal invasiveness in a murine model, Pediatr Res, 58(6), 1198, 10.1203/01.pdr.0000188699.55279.1b
J Hament, 2004, Enhanced adherence of streptococcus pneumoniae to human epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus, Pediatr Res, 55(6), 972, 10.1203/01.PDR.0000127431.11750.D9
V Avadhanula, 2006, Respiratory viruses augment the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to respiratory epithelium in a viral species- and cell type-dependent manner, J Virol, 80(4), 1629, 10.1128/JVI.80.4.1629-1636.2006
S Yokota, 2010, Fosfomycin suppresses RS-virus-induced streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells via the platelet-activating factor receptor, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 310(1), 84, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02049.x
MW Raza, 2000, Bactericidal activity of a monocytic cell line (THP-1) against common respiratory tract bacterial pathogens is depressed after infection with respiratory syncytial virus, J Med Microbiol, 49(3), 227, 10.1099/0022-1317-49-3-227
V Avadhanula, 2007, Nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae bind respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein, J Med Microbiol, 56(9), 1133, 10.1099/jmm.0.47086-0
Z Jiang, 1999, Fimbria-mediated enhanced attachment of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae to respiratory syncytial virus-infected respiratory epithelial cells, Infect Immun, 67(1), 187, 10.1128/IAI.67.1.187-192.1999
A Hakansson, 1994, Adenovirus infection enhances in vitro adherence of streptococcus pneumoniae, Infect Immun, 62(7), 2707, 10.1128/IAI.62.7.2707-2714.1994
I Kukavica-Ibrulj, 2009, Infection with human metapneumovirus predisposes mice to severe pneumococcal pneumonia, J Virol, 83(3), 1341, 10.1128/JVI.01123-08
JM Stark, 2006, Decreased bacterial clearance from the lungs of mice following primary respiratory syncytial virus infection, J Med Virol, 78(6), 829, 10.1002/jmv.20631
G McGillivary, 2009, Respiratory syncytial virus-induced dysregulation of expression of a mucosal beta-defensin augments colonization of the upper airway by non-typeable haemophilus influenzae, Cell Microbiol, 11(9), 1399, 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01339.x
J Goulding, 2011, Lowering the threshold of lung innate immune cell activation alters susceptibility to secondary bacterial superinfection, J Infect Dis, 204(7), 1086, 10.1093/infdis/jir467
VT Peltola, 2005, Influenza virus neuraminidase contributes to secondary bacterial pneumonia, J Infect Dis, 192(2), 249, 10.1086/430954
MC Plotkowski, 1986, Adherence of type I streptococcus pneumoniae to tracheal epithelium of mice infected with influenza A/PR8 virus, Am Rev Respir Dis, 134(5), 1040, 10.1164/arrd.1986.134.5.1040
DA Diavatopoulos, 2010, Influenza A virus facilitates streptococcus pneumoniae transmission and disease, FASEB J, 24(6), 1789, 10.1096/fj.09-146779
LA Pittet, 2010, Influenza virus infection decreases tracheal mucociliary velocity and clearance of streptococcus pneumoniae, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 42(4), 450, 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0417OC
LN Lee, 2010, A mouse model of lethal synergism between influenza virus and haemophilus influenzae, Am J Pathol, 176(2), 800, 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090596
A Iverson, 2011, Influenza virus primes mice for pneumonia from staphylococcus aureus, J Infect Dis, 203(6), 880, 10.1093/infdis/jiq113
C Small, 2010, Influenza infection leads to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial superinfection by impairing NK cell responses in the lung, J Immunol, 184(4), 2048, 10.4049/jimmunol.0902772
K Suzuki, 1994, Synergistic effect of adenovirus type 1 and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae in a chinchilla model of experimental otitis media, Infect Immun, 62(5), 1710, 10.1128/IAI.62.5.1710-1718.1994
RH Michaels, 1983, Viral enhancement of nasal colonization with haemophilus influenzae type b in the infant rat, Pediatr Res, 17(6), 472, 10.1203/00006450-198306000-00009
SP Wiertsema, 2011, High detection rates of nucleic acids of a wide range of respiratory viruses in the nasopharynx and the middle ear of children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media, J Med Virol, 83(11), 2008, 10.1002/jmv.22221
HCBS Moore, 2010, The interaction between respiratory viruses and pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic aboriginal and non-aboriginal children, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 29(6), 540, 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181d067cb
A Pitkäranta, 2006, Presence of viral and bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children: A prospective study, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 70(4), 647, 10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.08.018
M Vareille, 2011, The airway epithelium: Soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses, Clin Microbiol Rev, 24, 210, 10.1128/CMR.00014-10
KF van der Sluijs, 2004, IL-10 is an important mediator of the enhanced susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia after influenza infection, J Immunol, 172(12), 7603, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7603
M van der Flier, 1995, Adherence of streptococcus pneumoniae to immobilized fibronectin, Infect Immun, 63(11), 4317, 10.1128/IAI.63.11.4317-4322.1995
C Heilmann, 2011, Adhesion mechanisms of staphylococci, Adv Exp Med Biol, 715, 105, 10.1007/978-94-007-0940-9_7
TT Tan, 2005, The respiratory pathogen <italic>moraxella catarrhalis</italic> adheres to epithelial cells by interacting with fibronectin through ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2, J Infect Dis, 192(6), 1029, 10.1086/432759
U Sajjan, 2008, Rhinovirus disrupts the barrier function of polarized airway epithelial cells, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 178(12), 1271, 10.1164/rccm.200801-136OC
T Ganz, 2003, Defensins: Antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity, Nat Rev Imm, 3, 710, 10.1038/nri1180
JH Wang, 2010, Clarithromycin inhibits rhinovirus-induced bacterial adhesions to nasal epithelial cells, Laryngoscope, 120(1), 193, 10.1002/lary.20670
KF van der Sluijs, 2006, Involvement of the platelet-activating factor receptor in host defense against streptococcus pneumoniae during postinfluenza pneumonia, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 290(1), L194, 10.1152/ajplung.00050.2005
VTP Peltola, 2004, Respiratory viruses predisposing to bacterial infections: Role of neuraminidase, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 23(1), S87, 10.1097/01.inf.0000108197.81270.35
IV Alymova, 2005, The novel parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitor BCX 2798 prevents lethal synergism between a paramyxovirus and streptococcus pneumoniae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49(1), 398, 10.1128/AAC.49.1.398-405.2005
JA McCullers, 2003, Role of neuraminidase in lethal synergism between influenza virus and <italic>streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>, J Infect Dis, 187(6), 1000, 10.1086/368163
M Hedlund, 2010, Sialidase-based anti-influenza virus therapy protects against secondary pneumococcal infection, J Infect Dis, 201(7)
A Kadioglu, 2008, The role of streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease, Nat Rev Microbiol, 6(4), 288, 10.1038/nrmicro1871
KF van der Sluijs, 2010, Bench-to-bedside review: Bacterial pneumonia with influenza - pathogenesis and clinical implications, Crit Care, 14(2), 219, 10.1186/cc8893
LA McNamee, 2006, Both influenza-induced neutrophil dysfunction and neutrophil-independent mechanisms contribute to increased susceptibility to a secondary streptococcus pneumoniae infection, Infect Immun, 74(12), 6707, 10.1128/IAI.00789-06
ML Colamussi, 1999, Influenza A virus accelerates neutrophil apoptosis and markedly potentiates apoptotic effects of bacteria, Blood, 93(7), 2395, 10.1182/blood.V93.7.2395
G Engelich, 2001, Neutrophil survival is markedly reduced by incubation with influenza virus and streptococcus pneumoniae: Role of respiratory burst, J Leukoc Biol, 69(1), 50, 10.1189/jlb.69.1.50
A Shahangian, 2009, Type I IFNs mediate development of postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia in mice, J Clin Invest, 119(7), 1910, 10.1172/JCI35412
K Sun, 2008, Inhibition of pulmonary antibacterial defense by interferon-gamma during recovery from influenza infection, Nat Med, 14(5), 558, 10.1038/nm1765
A Didierlaurent, 2008, Sustained desensitization to bacterial toll-like receptor ligands after resolution of respiratory influenza infection, J Exp Med, 205(2), 323, 10.1084/jem.20070891
SK Kuss, 2011, Intestinal microbiota promote enteric virus replication and systemic pathogenesis, Science, 334(6053), 249, 10.1126/science.1211057
M Kane, 2011, Successful transmission of a retrovirus depends on the commensal microbiota, Science, 334(6053), 245, 10.1126/science.1210718
T Jartti, 2008, Identification of respiratory viruses in asymptomatic subjects: Asymptomatic respiratory viral infections, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 27(12), 1103, 10.1097/INF.0b013e31817e695d
I van Benten, 2003, Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 14(5), 363-363-370
RR Jansen, 2011, Frequent detection of respiratory viruses without symptoms: Toward defining clinically relevant cutoff values, J Clin Microbiol, 49(7), 2631, 10.1128/JCM.02094-10
M Kusel, 2006, Role of respiratory viruses in acute upper and lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life: A birth cohort study, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 25(8), 680, 10.1097/01.inf.0000226912.88900.a3
JA Berkley, 2010, Viral etiology of severe pneumonia among Kenyan infants and children, JAMA, 303(20), 2051, 10.1001/jama.2010.675
M Mathisen, 2010, Respiratory viruses in Nepalese children with and without pneumonia: A case-control study, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 29(8), 731, 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181d9bcce
A Fry, 2011, Human rhinovirus infections in rural Thailand: Epidemiological evidence for rhinovirus as both pathogen and bystander, PLoS ONE, 6(3), e17780, 10.1371/journal.pone.0017780
RJ Singleton, 2010, Viral respiratory infections in hospitalized and community control children in Alaska, J Med Virol, 82(7), 1282, 10.1002/jmv.21790
MM van der Zalm, 2009, Respiratory pathogens in children with and without respiratory symptoms, J Pediatr, 154(3), 396, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.08.036
M Garcia-Garcia, 2008, Human bocavirus detection in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children without clinical symptoms of respiratory infection, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 27(4), 358, 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181626d2a
B Winther, 2007, Temporal relationships between colds, upper respiratory viruses detected by polymerase chain reaction, and otitis media in young children followed through a typical cold season, Pediatrics, 119(6), 1069, 10.1542/peds.2006-3294
B Winther, 2006, Picornavirus infections in children diagnosed by RT-PCR during longitudinal surveillance with weekly sampling: Association with symptomatic illness and effect of season, J Med Virol, 78(5), 644, 10.1002/jmv.20588
S Thavagnanam, 2010, Respiratory viral infection in lower airways of asymptomatic children, Acta Paediatr, 99(3), 394, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01627.x
ET Martin, 2010, Frequent and prolonged shedding of bocavirus in young children attending daycare, J Clin Infect Dis, 201(11), 1625, 10.1086/652405
AR Falsey, 2003, Comparison of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to viral culture for assessment of respiratory syncytial virus shedding, J Clin Microbiol, 41(9), 4160, 10.1128/JCM.41.9.4160-4165.2003
SU Kalu, 2010, Persistence of adenovirus nucleic acids in nasopharyngeal secretions: A diagnostic conundrum, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 29(8), 746, 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181d743c8
V Peltola, 2008, Rhinovirus transmission within families with children: Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections, J Infect Dis, 197(3), 382, 10.1086/525542
D Bogaert, 2011, Variability and diversity of nasopharyngeal microbiota in children: A metagenomic analysis, PLoS ONE, 6(2), e17035, 10.1371/journal.pone.0017035
MM Pettigrew, 2012, Upper respiratory tract microbial communities, acute otitis media pathogens, and antibiotic use in healthy and sick children, Appl Environ Microbiol, 78(17), 6262, 10.1128/AEM.01051-12