Sự thay đổi về phủ thực vật và sự hiện diện của con người tại khu vực núi thấp và núi cận alpin ở Val Febbraro, thung lũng Valle di Spluga (Alpi trung tâm Italia), từ thời kỳ đồ đá mới đến thời kỳ La Mã

Vegetation History and Archaeobotany - Tập 16 - Trang 431-451 - 2007
Dagfinn Moe1, Francesco G. Fedele2, Agnete Engan Maude3, Mons Kvamme4
1Natural History Collection (Botany), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
2Laboratory and Museum of Anthropology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
3Ålesund, Norway
4Bergen, Norway

Tóm tắt

Một nghiên cứu liên ngành về cổ sinh thái học ở khu vực núi thấp và núi cận alpin của Val Febbraro, thung lũng Valle di Spluga (Ý), ở độ cao từ 1830 đến 2304 m so với mực nước biển, gợi ý về sự hiện diện tạm thời của các nhóm người thời kỳ đồ đá mới khoảng 6000 năm trước công nguyên. Có bằng chứng cho thấy việc khai thác rừng địa phương và sự hiện diện của bụi than củi. Các giai đoạn rừng và sự đảo lộn của đường biên cây cối, cùng những dấu hiệu cho thấy sự gia tăng hiện diện của con người rõ ràng ở khoảng 5500, 5100, và 4000 năm trước công nguyên. Một sự gia tăng đáng chú ý về sự biến động, chủ yếu liên quan đến việc chăn thả gia súc, được xác định vào đầu thời kỳ đồ đồng. Giai đoạn chính thức cuối cùng của tác động của con người lên hệ thực vật trùng với giai đoạn đồ đồng cuối và sự khởi đầu của thời kỳ đồ sắt, với một sự giảm nhẹ tạm thời trong thời kỳ La Mã. Các địa điểm khảo cổ học và hiện vật được xác định bằng phương pháp 14C phù hợp chung với các pha tác động của con người lên thực vật. Một hình tổng hợp được trình bày. Không có bất kỳ biến đổi khí hậu đáng kể nào ở địa phương được ghi nhận trong suốt 6000 năm qua, và nếu có, chúng có thể bị che lấp bởi những thay đổi thực vật do hoạt động của con người gây ra.

Từ khóa

#Cổ sinh thái học #thời kỳ đồ đá mới #thực vật #con người #thung lũng Valle di Spluga #thời kỳ đồ đồng #thời kỳ đồ sắt #biến đổi khí hậu.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aescimann D, Guisan A (1995) Introduction to the Alps. In: Guisan A, Holten JI, Spichiger R, Tessier L (eds) Potential ecological impacts of climate changes in the Alps and Fennoscandian mountains. Conservatoire Jardin Botanique Genève, pp 81–85 Bagolini B, Pedrotti A (1992) Vorgeschichtliche Höhefunde im Trentino Südtirol und im Dolomitenraum vom Spätpaläolitikum bis zu den Anfangen der Metallurgie. In: Höpfel F, Platzer W, Spindler K (eds) Der Mann im Eis. Veröff Univ Innsbruck 187, Innsbruck, pp 359–377 Beaulieu JL de, Edouard JL, Ponel P, Rolando C, Tessier L, Thinon M, Thomas A (1990) Timber line and human impact in the French Alps. The state of the art and research programs. In: Moe D, Hicks S (eds) Impact of prehistoric and medieval man on the vegetation: man at the forest limit. Pact 31:63–80 Berchtel R (1990) Alpwirtschaft im Bregenzerwald. Innsbrucker geographische Studien 18 Birks HJB (1986) Numerical zonation, comparison and correlation of Quaternary pollen stratigraphical data. In: Berglund BE (ed) Handbook of palaeoecology and palaeohydrology. Wiley, Chichester, pp 743–774 Broglio A (1994) Mountain sites in the context of the North-East Italian Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Preistoria Alpina (Trento) 28(1992):293–310 Broglio A, Guerreschi A, Anconetani P, Crovetto C, Fontana F (eds) (1992) Adaptations au milieu montagnard – Au paléolithique superieur et au Mesolithique. Università di Ferrara, Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Livret-guide des excursions (5–11 Oct) Burga CA (1980) Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Vegetationsgeschichte des Schams und des San Bernadino-Passgebietes (Graubünden, Schweiz). Diss Bot 56 Cantù V (1977) The climate of Italy. In: Wallén CC (ed) World survey of climatology, Vol. 6, Climates of central Amsterdam and southern Europe. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 127–174 Consonni G (ed) (1999) Flora della Valchiavenna e delle zone limitrofe. Elementi per una ricerca 6 (Museo della Valchiavenna), Chiavenna Deline F, Orombelli G (2005) Galcier fluctuations in the swwestern Alps during the Neoglacial, as indicated by the Miage morainic amphitheatre (Mont Blanc massif, Italy). Boreas 34:456–467 Della Casa Ph (1997) La formazione d‘un paesaggio archeologico: la Mesolcina. Archäol Schweiz 20:15–24 Della Casa Ph (2000) Mesolcina praehistorica. Mensch und Naturraum in einem Bündner Südalpental vom Mesolithikum bis in römische Zeit. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 67, Habelt, Bonn Ellenberg H (1996) Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer Sicht. Ulmer, Stuttgart Engan A (1996) Vegetation history and development of the cultural landscape at the summer settlement Borghetto sotto, northern Italy. University of Bergen, Cand Scient Fægri K, Iversen J (1989) In: Fægri K, Kaland PE, Krzywinski K (eds) Textbook of pollen analysis, 4th edn. Wiley, Chichester Fedele F (1981) Il popolamento delle Alpi nel Paleolitico. Le Scienze 27(160):22–39 Fedele F (1990a) Prehistoric and ancient man at higher altitudes and latitudes. European mountains: the Alps. In: Moe D, Hicks S (eds) Impact of prehistoric and medieval man on the vegetation: man at the forest limit. Pact 31:25–29 Fedele F (1990b) Terminal Palaeolithic hunters within the Alps. Discoveries near the Splügen Pass, Italy. In: Moe D, Hicks S (eds) Impact of prehistoric and medieval man on the vegetation: man at the forest limit. Pact 31:81–85 Fedele F (1992) Steinzeitliche Jäger in den Zentralalpen: Piano dei Cavalli (Splügenpass). Helvetia Archaeologica 89:2–22 Fedele F (1993) Zoo-archéologie sans les os: hypothèses sur la chasse épipaléolithique d’altitude dans les Alpes. In: Desse J, Audoin-Rouzeau F (eds) (1992) Exploitation des animaux sauvages à travers le temps. Juan-les-Pins. Editions APDCA, pp Actes XIIIe Recontres int. d’Archéologie et d’Histoire d’Antibes Fedele F (1998) Borghetto, val Febbraro, Isola: archeologia e storia ambientale. Quaderni Alpi Centrali 2. Torino: Progetto Alpi Centrali Fedele F (1999a) Le ricerche del Pian dei Cavalli nel contesto del popolamento preistorico della Valchiavenna. In: Poggiani Keller R (ed) Atti del II Convegno archeologico provinciale. Grosio 20 e 21 ottobre 1995. Consorzio per il Parco delle Incisioni rupestri di Grosio, Sondrio, pp 17–34 Fedele F (1999b) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna: sintesi delle campagne di ricerca 1998 e 1999. Clavenna 38:9–42 Fedele F (2002) Pian dei Cavalli: archeologia e paleoambiente. Guida-catalogo/Archäologie und Urlandschaft. Führer-Inventar. Comunità Montana della Valchiavenna, Chiavenna Fedele F, Buzzetti M (1993) Pian dei Cavalli: sui passi dei primi uomini nelle Alpi. Museo della Valchiavenna, Chiavenna Fedele F, Mottura A (1988) Preistoria e paleoecologia umana della Valchiavenna: campagna 1988, Borghetto e alta val Febbraro. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 27:9–50 Fedele FG, Wick L (1996) Glacial/Postglacial transition south of Splügen Pass: environment and human activity. Il Quaternario 9:541–550 Fedele F, Kvamme M, Mottura A, Wick L (1989) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna, campagna di ricerche 1989: Pian dei cavalli, Baldiscio e Spluga. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 28:9–78 Fedele F, Ciaraldi M, Hansen JW, Moe D, Mottura A, Rosskopf C (1990) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna, ricerche 1990: Pian dei Cavalli e valle Spluga. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 29:13–91 Fedele F, Castaldi R, Hjelle K, Kvamme M, Moe D, Rosskopf C, Wick L (1993) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna: ricerche 1993. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 32:9–74 Fedele F, Campajola L, Castaldi R, Comolli R, Previtali F, Roca V, Romano M, Romoli M, Rosskopf C, Terrasi F, Tuniz C (1994) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna 1994: S. Caterina di Gordona, Pian dei Cavalli, Montespluga. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 33:9–86 Fedele F, Castaldi R, Comolli R, Engan A, Hjelle K, Mariotti Lippi M, Moe D, Mori Secci M, Nystad M, Previtali F, Romano M, Rosskopf C (1995) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna: ricerche 1995. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 34:9–78 Gansser A (1937) Der Nordrand der Tambodecke. Schweiz mineral-petrogr Mitt 17:294–523 Gobet E, Tinner W, Hochuli PA, van Leeuwen JFN, Amman B (2003) Middle to Late Holocene vegetation history of the Upper Engadine (Swiss Alps): the role of man and fire. Veget Hist Archaeobot 12:143–163 Gobet E, Hochuli PA, Ammann B, Tinner W (2004) Vom Urwald zur Kulturlandschaft des Oberengadins. Jb Schweiz Ges Ur-Frühgesch 87:255–270 Guisan A, Holten JI, Spichiger R, Tessier (eds) (1995) Potential ecological impacts of climate change in the Alps and Fennoscandian mountains. Publication hors-série n 8. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 194 pp Haas JN, Richoz I, Tinner W, Wick L (1998) Synchronous Holocene climatic oscillations recorded on the Swiss Plateau and at timberline in the Alps. The Holocene 8:301–309 Heiri O, Tinner W, Lotter AF (2004) Evidence for cooler European summer during periods of changing meltwater flux to the North Atlantic. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 101:15285–15288 Hormes A, Muller BU, Schlüchter C (2001) The Alps with little ice: evidence for eight Holocene phases of reduced glacier extent in the central Swiss Alps. The Holocene 11:255–265 Hougen B (1947) Fra seter til gård. Johan Grundt Tanum (Norsk arkeologisk selskap), Oslo Hüttemann H, Bortenschlager S (1987) Beiträge zur Vegetationsgeschichte Tirols VI: Riesengebirge, Hohe Tatra - Zillertal, Kühtai. Ber naturwiss-med Ver Innsbruck 74:81–112 Indrelid S, Moe D (1990) Neolithic man and domestic animals at high altitudes in South Norway. In: Moe D, Hicks S (eds) Impact of prehistoric and medieval man on the vegetation: man at the forest limit. Pact 31:47–52 Körner C (1995) Impact of atmospheric changes on alpine vegetation: The ecophysiological perspective. In: Guisan A, Holten JI, Spichiger R, Tessier L (eds) Potential ecological impacts of change in the Alps and Fennoscandian mountains. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, h.-s. 8, pp 113–120 Körner C, Paulsen J (2004) A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures. J Biogeogr 31:713–732 Kral F (1971) Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Waldgeschichte des Dachsteinmassivs. Veröff Inst Waldbau, Hochschule für Bodenkultur, Wien Kvamme M (1988) Pollen analytical studies of mountain summer-farms in the western Norway. In: Birks HH, Birks HJB, Kaland PE, Moe D (eds) The cultural landscape - Past, present and future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 349–365 Kvamme M (1989) Richerche paleoambientali: storia della vegetazione e del paesaggio. Clavenna 28:53–60 Mangerud J, Andersen ST, Berglund B, Donner J (1974) Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden, a proposal for terminology and classification. Boreas 3:109–128 Mariotti Lippi M, Mori Secci M (1995) I carboni del sito CA22J sul Pian dei Cavalli. In: Fedele F, Castaldi R, Comolli R, Engan A, Hjelle K, Mariotti Lippi M, Moe D, Mori Secci M, Nystad M, Previtali F, Romano M, Rosskopf C (eds) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna: ricerche 1995. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 34:53–58 Maude AE, Moe D (2005) Contribution to the history of Rumex alpinus by a palaeobotanical study from Val Febbraro, Valle Spluga, Italian Central Alps. Veget Hist Archaeobot 14:171–178 Moe D (1973) Studies in the Holocene vegetation development on Hardangervidda, southern Norway. I. The occurrence and origin of pollen of plants favoured by man’s activity. Norw Arch Rev 6:67–73 Moe D (1993) Copertura boschiva potenziale tra val Febbraro e valle di S. Sisto (alta valle Spluga). In: Fedele F, Castaldi R, Hjelle K, Kvamme M, Moe D, Rosskopf C, Wick L (eds) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna: ricerche 1993. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 32:54–65 Moe D (1996) The utilisation of un-cultivated rural land in southern Norway during the last 2000/2500 years - from the coastal areas to the arctic-alpine zone: a pollen analytical survey. In: Colardelle M (ed) Proc Ve Congrès international d’archeologie Médiévale (Grenoble) 1993. Editions Errance, Paris, pp 122–128 Moe D (1998) Pollen production of Alnus incana at its south Norwegian altitudinal ecotone. Grana 37:35–39 Moe D (2001) Examples of traffic in the Alps in the past elucidated by pollen analysis. (Extended abstract). AmS-Varia 37:99–102 Moe D (ed) (2004)Landscape and Man: 20 000 years in Val Spluga, Southern Alps/Landschaft und Mensch: 20 000 Jahre im Splügental, Südalpen. Guide to an exhibition. University of Bergen, Bergen Museum Moe D, Fedele FG (1999) A pollen analytical study on the ancient use of a present-day path in the Central Alps. Proc 5th EPPC (Krakow). Acta Palaeobotanica 2(Suppl):573–580 Moe D, Fedele FG (2001) Pollen analytical study on the early use of a present-day trail in the Central Alps. Preistoria Alpina (Trento) 33(1997):171–175 Moe D, Hicks S (eds)(1990) Impact of prehistoric and medieval man on the vegetation: man at the forest limit. Pact 31 Moe D, Hjelle KL (1999) Mesolithic human adaption to changing alpine/subalpine vegetation in the Central and Eastern Alps, based on a vegetational historical study from Val Febbraro, Spluga Valley (Italy). Universitätsforsch prähist Archäol 55:207–214 Moe D, Knaap WO van der (1990) Transhumance in mountain areas: Additional interpretation of three pollen diagrams from Norway, Portugal and Switzerland. In: Moe D, Hicks S (eds) Impact of prehistoric and medieval man on the vegetation: man at the forest limit. Pact 31:91–105 Moe D, Indrelid S, Fasteland A (1988) The Halne area, Hardangervidda. Use of a high mountain area during 5000 years - interdisciplinary case study. In: Birks HH, Birks HJB, Kaland PE, Moe D (eds) The cultural landscape—past, present and future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 429–444 Moe D, Engan A, Hjelle K, Nystad M (1995) Ricerche paleoambientali in alta valle Spluga: rapporto Bergen 1995. In: Fedele F, Castaldi R, Comolli R, Engan A, Hjelle K, Mariotti Lippi M, Moe D, Mori Secci M, Nystad M, Previtali F, Romano M, Rosskopf C (eds) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna: ricerche 1995. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 34:58–61 Moe D, Maude AE, Fedele F, Kvamme M (2004) Vegetational changes and human presence in the low- and subalpine zone in Val Febbraro, upper Spluga Valley (Italian Central Alps), from the Neolithic to 1 a.d. Abstract 11. IPC, Granada Montserrat Martí JM (1992) Evolution glaciar y postglaciar del clima y la vegetación en la vertiente sur del Pirineo: Estudio palinológico. Monografias del Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia Barcelona 6 Morucchio GB, Cornara L, Cavaliere S, Placereani S (1993) Analisi polliniche nella torbiera del Ghighel (Val Formazza - Alpi Occidentali) e ricostruzione della paleovegetazione. Candollea 48:475–484 Nystad M (1996) Development of the vegetation and the cultural landscape at Val de San Sisto, Northern Italy. University of Bergen, Department of Botany, Cand. Scient Oeggl K (1994) The palynological record of human impact on highland zone ecosystems. Monografie di Natura Bresciana 20:107–122 Ortolani F, Pagliuca S (2003) Cyclical climatic-environmental changes in the Mediterranean area (2500 b.p.- Present day). Pages News 11:15–17 Ozenda P (1985) La végétation de la chaine alpine dans l’espace montagnard europèen. Masson, Paris Paldele B (1994) Die aufgelassenen Almen Tirols. Innsbrucker Geogr Studien 23 Panovska H, Bozilova E, Tonkov S (1995) A palaeoecological investigation on the vegetation history in the southern Pirin Mts. (Southwestern Bulgaria). In: Bozilova E, Tonkov S (eds) Advances in Holocene palaeoecology in Bulgaria. Pensoft, Sofia, pp 32–46 Porter SC, Orombelli G (1985) Glacier contraction during the middle Holocene in the western Italian Alps: Evidence and implications. Geologi 13:296–298 Prevosti M, Sanmarti J, Santacana J (1986) Algunes hipòtesis sobre els objectivs i estratègies de la colonització romana a la costa central de Catalunya. Journal Internacionals d’Arquelogia Romana: de les estructures indigenes a l’organitzacio provincial romana de la Hispania Citerior Granollers. Actes, pp 85–96 Rageth J (1992) Eisenzeitliche Grabfunde in Mesocco. In: Archäologie in Graubünden, Funde und Befunde (ed) Archäologischer Dienst Graubünden, Bündner Monatsblatt/ADG, Chur (CH), pp 92–96 Riera-Mora S, Esteban-Amat A (1994) Vegetation history and human activity during the last 6000 years on the central Catalan coast (northeastern Iberian Peninsula). Veget Hist Archaeobot 3:7–23 Ruddiman WF (2004) Early anthropogenic overprints on Holocene climate. Pages News 12:18–19 Sayce RU (1956) The old summer pastures. The Montgomeryshire collections. Trans Powys-land Club 54:117–145 Sciesa E (1991) Geologia della Alpi Centrali lungo la traversa Colico-Passo dello Spluga (Provincie di Sondrio e Como). Il Naturalista Valtellinese. Atti Museo Civ. Storia naturale Morbegno 2:3–34 Seiwald A (1980) Beiträge zur Vegetationsgeschichte Tirols IV: Natzer Plateau – Villander Alm. Ber naturwiss-med Ver Innsbruck 67:31–72 Sobrino CM, Ramil-Rego P, Gómez-Orellana L, Varela RD (2005) Palynological data on major Holocene climatic events in NW Iberia. Boreas 34:381–400 Stockmarr J (1971) Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen et Spores 13:615–621 Stuiver M, Becker B (1993) High-precision decadal calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, a.d. 1950–6000 b.c.. Radiocarbon 35:35–65 Tinner W, Ammann B (2001) Timberline paleoecology in the Alps. Pages News 9:9–11 Tinner W, Theurillat JP (2003) Uppermost limit, extent,and fluctuations of the timberline and treeline ecoline in the Swiss Central Alps during the past 11 500 years. Arctic Antarctic Alpine Res 35:158–169 Tinner W, Ammann B, Germann P (1996) Treeline fluctuations recorded for 12,500 years by soil profiles, pollen, and plant macrofossils in the central Swiss Alps. Arctic Alpine Res 28:131–147 Tinner W, Hubschmid P, Wehrli M, Ammann B, Conedera M (1999) Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in southern Switzerland. J Ecol 87:273–289 Tinner W, Lotter AF, Ammann B, Conedra M, Hubschmid P, Leeuwen JFN van, Wehrli M (2003) Climatic change and contemporaneous land-use phases north and south of the Alps 2300 b.c. to 800 a.d.. Quat Sci Rev 22:1447–1460 Troels-Smith J (1955) Karakterisering af løse jordater (Characterization of unconsolidated sediments). Danmarks geologiske Undersøgelse 4, Række 3 Vorren K-D, Mørkved B, Bortenschlager S (1993) Human impact on the Holocene forest line in the Central Alps. Veget Hist Archaeobot 2:145–156 Weber W (1966) Zur Geologie zwischen Chiavenna und Mesocco. Mitt Geol Inst ETH Zürich, NF 57 Wegmüller S (1977) Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur spät- und postglazialen Vegetationsgeschichte der französischen Alpen (Dauphiné). Haupt, Bern Wegmüller S, Lotter AF (1990) Palynostratigraphische Untersuchungen zur spät- und postglazialen Vegetationsgeschichte der nordwestlichen Kalkvoralpen. Botanica Helvetica 100:37–73 Weirich J, Bortenschlager S (1980) Beiträge zur Vegetationsgeschichte Tirols III: Stubaier Alpen – Zillertaler Alpen. Ber Naturwiss-med Ver Innsbruck 67:7–30 Welten M (1982) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen in den westlichen Schweizer Alpen: Bern - Wallis. Denkschrift Schweiz Naturforsch Ges 95 Wick L (1989) Ricerche paleoambientali: palinologia dei sedimenti lacustri. In: Fedele F, Kvamme M, Mottura A, Wick L (eds) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna, campagna di ricerche 1989: Pian dei cavalli, Baldiscio e Spluga. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 28:60–62 Wick L (1991) Indagini paleoecologiche al Lago Basso, Pian dei Cavalli (area dello Spluga): primi risultati. In: Fedele F, Campajola L, Cascini A, Matteis F de, Gialanella PR, Godio A, Incoronato A, Ranieri G, Romano M, Sambuelli L, Terrasi F, Wick L (eds) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna: Pian dei Cavalli 1991. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 30:66–80 Wick L (1992) Studi paleoecologici: lago Basso e palinologia dei siti CA1 e CA13. In: Fedele F, Buzzetti M, Campajola L, Mottura A, Roca V, Romoli M, Terrasi F, Wick L (eds) Preistoria e paleoambienti della Valchiavenna: ricerche 1992. Clavenna (Chiavenna) 31:82–86 Wick L (1994a) Vegetation development and human impact at the forest limit: palaeoecological studies in the Splügen pass area (North Italy). Monografie di Natura Bresciana 20:123–132 Wick L (1994b) Early-Holocene reforestation and vegetation change at a lake near the Alpine forest limit: Lago Basso (2250 m asl.), Northern Italy. In: Lotter AF, Ammann B (eds) Festschrift Lang. Diss Bot 234:555–563 Wick L (1996) Holozäne Vegetationsentwicklung und menschlicher Einfluss am Lago di Annone (226 m), Norditalien. In: Spät- und postglaziale Vegetationsgeschichte in den Südalpen zwischen Comersee und Splügenpass (Norditalien). Univ Bern, Thesis Wick L, Tinner W (1997) Vegetation changes and timberline fluctuations in the central Alps as indicators of Holocene climatic oscillations. Arctic Alpine Res 29:445–458 Wick L, Leeuwen FN van, Knaap WO van der, Lotter AF (2003) Holocene vegetation development in the catchment of Sägistalsee (1935 m asl), a small lake in the Swiss Alps. J Paleolimnol 30:261–272