Trypanosoma brucei dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase: gene isolation and expression and characterization of the enzyme

Blakley, 1984, Dihydrofolate reductase, 191 Santi, 1984, Folates in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, 345 Ferone, 1980, Dihydrofolate reductase: thymidylate synthase, a bifunctional polypeptide from Crithidia fasciculata, 77, 5802 Garrett, 1984, A bifunctional thymidylate synthetase-dihydrofolate reductase in protozoa, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 11, 257, 10.1016/0166-6851(84)90070-7 Grumont, 1986, Bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase from Leishmania tropica: sequence homology with the corresponding monofunctional protein, 83, 5387 Bzik, 1987, Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene, 84, 8360 Hughes, 1989, Structure, genomic organization and transcription of the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene from Crithidia fasciculata, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 34, 155, 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90007-8 Lazar, 1993, The origin of the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase isogenes of Arabidopsis thaliana, Plant J., 3, 657, 10.1111/j.1365-313X.1993.00657.x Luo, 1993, Molecular cloning and analysis of a cDNA coding for the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylatesynthase of Daucus carota, Plant Mol. Biol., 22, 427, 10.1007/BF00015973 Roos, 1993, Primary structure of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene from Toxoplasma gondii, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 6269, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53249-X Reche, 1994, Cloning and expression of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene from Trypanosoma cruzi, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 65, 247, 10.1016/0166-6851(94)90076-0 Grumont, 1988, Heterologous expression of the bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase from Leishmania major, Biochemistry, 27, 3776, 10.1021/bi00410a039 Sirawaraporn, 1990, Heterologous expression of active thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase from Plasmodium falciparum, Biochemistry, 29, 10779, 10.1021/bi00500a009 Hall, 1991, Functional expression of the dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase activities of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in Eschericia coli, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 45, 317, 10.1016/0166-6851(91)90100-K Sirawaraporn, 1988, Selective inhibition of Leishmania dihydrofolate reductase and Leishmania growth by 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 31, 79, 10.1016/0166-6851(88)90147-8 Sambrook, 1989 Climie, 1992, A complete replacement set of amino acids at the C terminus of thymidylate synthase. Quantitative structure activity relationship of mutants of an enzyme, Biochemistry, 31, 6032, 10.1021/bi00141a011 Ahrweiler, 1988, Construction of a fol mutant strain of Escherichia coli for use in dihydrofolate reductase mutagenesis experiments, J. Bacteriol., 170, 3301, 10.1128/jb.170.7.3301-3304.1988 Amann, 1985, ‘ATG vectors’ for regulated high-level expression of cloned genes in Eschericia coli, Gene, 40, 183, 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90041-1 Brosius, 1984, Regulation of ribosomal RNA promoters with a synthetic lac operator, 78, 6929 Meek, 1985, Purification and characterization of the bifunctional thymidylate synthetase-dihydrofolate reductase from methotrexate-resistant Leishmania tropica, Biochemistry, 24, 678, 10.1021/bi00324a021 Edman, 1989, Isolation and expression of the Pneumocystis carinii thymidylate synthase gene, 86, 6503 Short, 1988, λZAP: a bacteriophage λ expression vector with in vivo excision properties, Nucleic Acids Res., 16, 7583, 10.1093/nar/16.15.7583 Bradford, 1976, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Anal. Biochem., 72, 248, 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 Ellis, 1982, Buffers of constant ionic strength for studying pH-dependent processes, Methods Enzymol., 87, 405, 10.1016/S0076-6879(82)87025-0 Segel, 1975, Enzyme Kinetics: Behavior and Analysis of Rapid-Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems, 957 Santi, 1987, Kinetics and thermodynamics of the interaction of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridylate with thymidylate synthase, Biochemistry, 26, 8606, 10.1021/bi00400a017 Carreras, 1992, Thymidylate synthase with a C-terminal deletion catalyzes partial reactions but is unable to catalyze thymidylate formation, Biochemistry, 31, 6038, 10.1021/bi00141a012 Laemmli, 1970, Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4, Nature, 227, 680, 10.1038/227680a0 Chamberlain, 1979, Fluorographic detection of radioactivity in polyacrylamide gels with the water-soluble fluor, sodium salicylate, Anal. Biochem., 98, 132, 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90716-4 Bollag, 1991, Protein Methods, 181 Garvey, 1985, Limited proteolysis of the bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase from Leishmania tropica, 82, 7188 Livi, 1994, Cloning, expression and characterization of thymidylate synthase from Cryptococcus neoformans, Gene, 150, 221, 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90430-8 Montfort, 1990, Structure, multiple site binding and segmental accommodation in thymidylate synthase on binding dUMP and antifolate, Biochemistry, 29, 6964, 10.1021/bi00482a004 Margosiak, 1993, Dhydrofolate rdeuctase from the pathogenic fungus Pneumocystis carinii: catalytic properties and interaction with antifolates, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 305, 499, 10.1006/abbi.1993.1453 Cruz, 1991, Double targeted gene replacement for creating null mutants, 88, 7170 Knighton, 1994, Structure and kinetic channelling in bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase, Nature Struct. Biol., 1, 186, 10.1038/nsb0394-186 Davies, 1990, Crystal structures of recombinant human dihydrofolate reductase complexed with folate and 5-deazafolate, Biochemistry, 29, 9467, 10.1021/bi00492a021 Bolin, 1982, Crystal structures of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase refined at 1.7 Å resolution. I. General features and binding of methotrexate, J. Biol. Chem., 257, 13650, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33497-5 Climie, 1990, Saturation site-directed mutagenesis of thymidylate synthase, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 18776, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30579-3 Cisneros, 1993, Studies of FdUMP binding to carboxypeptidase A-inactivated thymidylate synthase from Lactobacillus casei, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 10102, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82177-9 Jaffe, 1969, Dihydrofolate reductases within the genus Trypanosoma, Exp. Parasitol., 25, 311, 10.1016/0014-4894(69)90076-9 Pepin, 1994, The treatment of human African trypanosomiasis, Adv. Parasitol., 33, 1, 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60410-8