Topical application of glycolic acid suppresses the UVB induced IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and COX-2 inflammation by modulating NF-κB signaling pathway in keratinocytes and mice skin

Bernstein, 2001, Glycolic acid treatment increases type I collagen mRNA and hyaluronic acid content of human skin, Dermatol. Surg., 27, 429 Sarkar, 2016, Comparative evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of glycolic acid, salicylic mandelic acid, and phytic acid combination peels in melasma, Dermatol. Surg., 42, 384, 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000642 Atzori, 1999, Glycolic acid peeling in the treatment of acne, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 12, 119, 10.1111/j.1468-3083.1999.tb01000.x Lavker, 1992, Effects of topical ammonium lactate on cutaneous atrophy from a potent topical corticosteroid, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 26, 535, 10.1016/0190-9622(92)70076-R Abdel-Daim, 2010, Effect of chemical peeling on photocarcinogenesis, J. Dermatol., 37, 864, 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00859.x Ahn, 2002, Inhibitory effect of glycolic acid on ultraviolet B-induced c-fos expression, AP-1 activation and p53-p21 response in a human keratinocyte cell line, Cancer Lett., 186, 125, 10.1016/S0304-3835(02)00283-5 Hong, 2001, Inhibitory effect of glycolic acid on ultraviolet-induced skin tumorigenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice and its mechanism of action, Mol. Carcinog., 31, 152, 10.1002/mc.1050 Tang, 2016, Glycolic acid silences inflammasome complex genes, NLRC4 and ASC, by inducing DNA methylation in HaCaT cells, DNA Cell Biol., 35, 124, 10.1089/dna.2015.2993 Imokawa, 2015, Biological mechanisms underlying the ultraviolet radiation-induced formation of skin wrinkling and sagging II: over-expression of neprilysin plays an essential role, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 7776, 10.3390/ijms16047776 Nakajima, 2012, Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during UVB-induced up-regulation of neutral endopeptidase, Biochem. J., 443, 297, 10.1042/BJ20111876 Kennedy Crispin, 2013, Gene profiling of narrowband UVB-induced skin injury defines cellular and molecular innate immune responses, J. Invest. Dermatol., 133, 692, 10.1038/jid.2012.359 Oh, 2014, A nuclear factor kappa B-derived inhibitor tripeptide inhibits UVB-induced photoaging process, J. Dermatol. Sci., 76, 196, 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.10.002 Singh, 2011, Platelet-activating factor blockade inhibits the T-helper type 17 cell pathway and suppresses psoriasis-like skin disease in K5.hTGF-beta1 transgenic mice, Am. J. Pathol., 178, 699, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.008 Quist, 2016, Kinetic profile of inflammation markers in human skin in vivo following exposure to ultraviolet B indicates synchronic release of cytokines and prostanoids, Acta Derm. Venereol., 10.2340/00015555-2406 Tsang, 2016, Anti-inflammatory activities of pentaherbs formula, berberine, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid in atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation, Molecules, 21, 519, 10.3390/molecules21040519 Bae, 2015, Chemical allergens stimulate human epidermal keratinocytes to produce lymphangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 283, 147, 10.1016/j.taap.2015.01.008 Kondo, 2002, Immunohistochemical detection of chemokines in human skin wounds and its application to wound age determination, Int. J. Legal Med., 116, 87, 10.1007/s004140100260 Choi, 2014, MHY884, a newly synthesized tyrosinase inhibitor, suppresses UVB-induced activation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway through the downregulation of oxidative stress, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 24, 1344, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.040 Divya, 2015, Blackberry extract inhibits UVB-induced oxidative damage and inflammation through MAP kinases and NF-kappaB signaling pathways in SKH-1 mice skin, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 284, 92, 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.003 Afaq, 2003, Suppression of UVB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa B by green tea polyphenol in SKH-1 hairless mice, Oncogene, 22, 9254, 10.1038/sj.onc.1207035 Pal, 2015, Fisetin inhibits UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation and activation of PI3K/AKT/NFkappaB signaling pathways in SKH-1 hairless mice, Photochem. Photobiol., 91, 225, 10.1111/php.12337 Rhodes, 2013, Oral green tea catechin metabolites are incorporated into human skin and protect against UV radiation-induced cutaneous inflammation in association with reduced production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoid 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Br. J. Nutr., 110, 891, 10.1017/S0007114512006071 Kim, 2016, Oral supplementation with cocoa extract reduces UVB-induced wrinkles in hairless mouse skin, J. Invest. Dermatol., 136, 1012, 10.1016/j.jid.2015.11.032 Lai, 2011, Synergistic phototoxic effects of glycolic acid in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), J. Dermatol. Sci., 64, 191, 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.09.001 Tang, 2013, Glutathione S-transferase mu2 suppresses cancer cell metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer, Mol. Cancer Res., 11, 518, 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-12-0488 Feldmeyer, 2007, The inflammasome mediates UVB-induced activation and secretion of interleukin-1beta by keratinocytes, Curr. Biol., 17, 1140, 10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.074 Tang, 2010, Expression of glutathione S-transferase M2 in stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer and alleviation of DNA damage exposure to benzo[a]pyrene, Toxicol. Lett., 192, 316, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.003 Kaidbey, 2003, Topical glycolic acid enhances photodamage by ultraviolet light, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 19, 21, 10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00013.x Horikoshi, 2005, Effects of glycolic acid on desquamation-regulating proteinases in human stratum corneum, Exp. Dermatol., 14, 34, 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00224.x Kim, 1998, Increased in vivo collagen synthesis and in vitro cell proliferative effect of glycolic acid, Dermatol. Surg., 24, 1054, 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04074.x Rakic, 2000, Comparative caustic and biological activity of trichloroacetic and glycolic acids on keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro, Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol., 13, 52, 10.1159/000029908 Filip, 2013, Inhibition of UVB-induced skin phototoxicity by a grape seed extract as modulator of nitrosative stress, ERK/NF-kB signaling pathway and apoptosis, in SKH-1 mice, Food Chem. Toxicol., 57, 296, 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.031 Lembo, 2014, The modulatory effect of ellagic acid and rosmarinic acid on ultraviolet-B-induced cytokine/chemokine gene expression in skin keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, Biomed. Res. Int., 2014, 346793, 10.1155/2014/346793 Hou, 2015, The protecting effect of deoxyschisandrin and schisandrin B on HaCaT cells against UVB-induced damage, PLoS ONE, 10, e0127177, 10.1371/journal.pone.0127177 Afaq, 2003, Inhibition of ultraviolet B-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappaB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea Constituent (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Oncogene, 22, 1035, 10.1038/sj.onc.1206206 Cho, 2005, Curcumin inhibits the expression of COX-2 in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes (HaCaT) by inhibiting activation of AP-1: p38 MAP kinase and JNK as potential upstream targets, Exp. Mol. Med., 37, 186, 10.1038/emm.2005.25 Sharad, 2013, Glycolic acid peel therapy—a current review, Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol., 6, 281, 10.2147/CCID.S34029 Borkowski, 2014, UVB radiation illuminates the role of TLR3 in the epidermis, J. Invest. Dermatol., 134, 2315, 10.1038/jid.2014.167 Kondo, 1993, IL-8 gene expression and production in human keratinocytes and their modulation by UVB, J. Invest. Dermatol., 101, 690, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371677 Norris, 1990, Ultraviolet radiation can either suppress or induce expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on the surface of cultured human keratinocytes, J. Invest. Dermatol., 95, 132, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12477877 Strickland, 1997, TNF-alpha and IL-8 are upregulated in the epidermis of normal human skin after UVB exposure: correlation with neutrophil accumulation and E-selectin expression, J. Invest. Dermatol., 108, 763, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12292156 Kang, 2007, Regulation of UVB-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 production in skin keratinocytes by increasing vitamin C uptake via the redistribution of SVCT-1 from the cytosol to the membrane, J. Invest. Dermatol., 127, 698, 10.1038/sj.jid.5700572 Muller, 2013, Alterations in the secretory pattern of dermal dendritic cells following melanin uptake, Cell Tissue Res., 352, 599, 10.1007/s00441-013-1577-y Zhai, 2015, P38 and JNK signal pathways are involved in the regulation of phlorizin against UVB-induced skin damage, Exp. Dermatol., 24, 275, 10.1111/exd.12642 Zhang, 2005, Epidermal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as a target for ultraviolet B radiation, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 73, 10.1074/jbc.M409795200 Devary, 1993, NF-kappa B activation by ultraviolet light not dependent on a nuclear signal, Science, 261, 1442, 10.1126/science.8367725 Sharma, 2007, Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UVB-induced oxidative stress and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling in in vivo SKH-1 hairless mice, Mol. Cancer Ther., 6, 995, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0661 Ren, 2016, Naringin protects ultraviolet B-induced skin damage by regulating p38 MAPK signal pathway, J. Dermatol. Sci., 82, 106, 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.12.008