The role of dopamine in drug abuse viewed from the perspective of its role in motivation

Abercrombie, 1989, Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens and medial frontal cortex, J. Neurochem., 52, 1655, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09224.x

Ackerman, 1990, A10 somatodendritic dopamine autoreceptor sensitivity following withdrawal from repeated cocaine treatment, Neurosci. Lett., 117, 181, 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90141-U

Acquas, 1992, Depression of mesolimbic dopamine transmission and sensitization to morphine during opiate abstinence, J. Neurochem., 58, 1620, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10033.x

Acquas, 1994, D1 receptors blockade stereospecifically impairs the acquisition of drug-conditioned placepreference and place-aversion, Behav. Pharmacol., 5, 555, 10.1097/00008877-199410000-00001

Acquas, 1989, SCH 23390 blocks drug-conditioned place-preference and place-aversion: anhedonia (lack of reward) or apathy (lack of motivation) after dopamine-receptor blockade?, Psychopharmacology, 99, 151, 10.1007/BF00442800

Acquas, 1991, Profound depression of mesolimbic dopamine release after morphine withdrawal in dependent rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 193, 133, 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90214-B

Ahmed, 1993, Controlling interindividual differences in the unconditioned response to amphetamine in the study of environment-dependent sensitization, Behav. Pharmacol., 4, 355, 10.1097/00008877-199308000-00009

Ahtee, 1989, Changes in brain monoamine metabolism during withdrawal from chronic oral self-administration of morphine and in response to a morphine challenge in the withdrawal state, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 249, 303

Akimoto, 1989, Subchronic cocaine treatment enhances cocaine-induced dopamine efflux, studies by in vivo intracerebral dialysis, Brain Res., 490, 339, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90251-5

Alexander, 1986, Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 9, 357, 10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041

Alheid, 1988, New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid and corticopetal components of substantia innominata, Neuroscience, 27, 1, 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90217-5

Amalric, 1985, Low doses of methylnaloxonium in the nucleus accumbens antagonize hyperactivity induced by heroin in the rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 23, 411, 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90014-0

Antelman, 1981, Dopamine autoreceptor subsensitivity: a mechanism common to the treatment of depression and the induction of amphetamine psychosis, Biological Psychiatry, 16, 717

Antelman, 1980, Interchange ability of stress and amphetamine in sensitization, Science, 207, 329, 10.1126/science.7188649

Asin, 1985, Failure to establish a conditioned place preference with ethanol in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 22, 169, 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90372-7

Ayhan, 1973, Behavioral and pharmacological studies on morphine-induced excitation of rats. Possible relation to brain catecholamines, Psychopharmacology, 29, 317, 10.1007/BF00429279

Babbini, 1972, Time-dose relationships for locomotor activity effects of morphine after acute or repeated treatment, Br. J. Pharmacol., 46, 213, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb06866.x

Babbini, 1975, Persistence of chronic morphine effects upon activity in rats 8 months after ceasing the treatment, Neuropharmacol., 14, 611, 10.1016/0028-3908(75)90129-X

Bailey, 1985, Hedonic reactivity to sucrose in rats: modification by pimozide, Physiol. Behav., 38, 447, 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90409-9

Baldwin, 1989, Evidence that the increased anxiety detected in the elevated plus-maze during chlordiazepoxide withdrawal is not due to enhanced noradrenergic activity, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 34, 931, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90298-0

Baldwin, 1993, Rapid induction of conditioned opiate withdrawal, Neuropsychopharmacol., 8, 15, 10.1038/npp.1993.3

Baldwin, 1991, CRF antagonist blocks alcohol withdrawal ‘anxiogenic’ response, Psychopharmacol., 103, 227, 10.1007/BF02244208

Balster, 1973, A comparison of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1, 67, 10.1016/0091-3057(73)90057-9

Balster, 1973, Fixed-interval schedule of cocaine reinforcement: effect of dose and infusion duration, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 20, 119, 10.1901/jeab.1973.20-119

Bardo, 1989, Novelty-induced place preference behavior in rats: effects of opiate and dopaminergic drugs, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 32, 683, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90018-X

Barone, 1994, Behavioral sensitization in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats involves the dopamine signal transduction: changes in DARPP-32 phosphorylation, Neuroscience, 61, 867, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90409-X

Barr, 1985, Place conditioning with morphine and phencyclidine: dose dependent effects, Life Sci., 36, 363, 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90122-5

Barren, 1989, Effects of stimulation and blockage of dopamine receptor subtypes on the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine, Psychopharmacology, 99, 13, 10.1007/BF00634445

Barrett, 1992, Tolerance, withdrawal, and supersensitivity to dopamine mediated cues in a drug-drug discrimination, Psychopharmacology, 109, 63, 10.1007/BF02245481

Bartoletti, 1983, Long-term sensitization to the excitatory effects of morphine, Neuropharmacology, 22, 1193, 10.1016/0028-3908(83)90080-1

Benimato, 1988, The cholinergic innervation of the rat substantia nigra: a light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study, Exp. Brain Res., 72, 178, 10.1007/BF00248513

Beninger, 1983, The role of dopamine in locomotor activity and learning, Brain Res. Rev., 6, 173, 10.1016/0165-0173(83)90038-3

Beninger, 1980, The effect of pimozide on the establishement of conditioned reinforcement, Psychopharmacology, 68, 147, 10.1007/BF00432132

Beninger, 1981, The effects of pimozide during pairing on the transfer of classical conditioning to an operant discrimination, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 14, 101, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90110-6

Beninger, 1980, The use of extinction to investigate the nature of neuroleptic-induced avoidance deficits, Psychopharmacology, 69, 11, 10.1007/BF00426515

Beninger, 1981, The acquisition of responding with conditioned reinforcement: effects of cocaine, (+)-amphetamine and pipradrol, Br. J. Pharmacol., 74, 149, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09967.x

Berger, 1974, Histochemical confirmation for dopaminergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex after destruction of the noradrenergic ascending pathways, Brain Res., 81, 332, 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90948-2

Berger, 1991, Dopaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: unexpected differences between rodents and primates, TINS, 14, 21

Bergman, 1989, Effects of cocaine and related drugs in non-human primates. III. Self-administration by squirrel monkeys, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 251, 150

Bergman, 1990, Antagonism of cocaine self-administration by selective dopamine D1 and D2 antagonists, Behav. Pharmacol., 1, 355, 10.1097/00008877-199000140-00009

Bernheimer, 1973, Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington, J. Neurol. Sci., 20, 415, 10.1016/0022-510X(73)90175-5

Bickerdike, 1993, Social isolation attenuates rat forebrain serotonin release induced by potassium chloride stimulus or exposure to a novel environment, Behav. Pharmacol., 10.1097/00008877-199306000-00005

Bindra, 1976

Björklund, 1984, Dopamine containing systems in the CNS, volume 2, 55

Blackburn, 1987, Dopamine and preparatory behavior: I. Effects of pimozide, Behav. Neurosci., 101, 352, 10.1037/0735-7044.101.3.352

Blackburn, 1989, Dopamine and preparatory behavior: II. A neurochemical analysis, Behav. Neurosci., 103, 15, 10.1037/0735-7044.103.1.15

Bolles, 1975

Bozarth, 1990, Evidence for the rewarding effects of ethanol using the conditioned place preference method, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 35, 485, 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90191-J

Bozarth, 1981, Heroin reward is dependent on a dopaminergic substrate, Life Sci., 29, 1881, 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90519-1

Bradberry, 1991, The anxiogenic β- carboline FG 7142 selectively increases dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex as measured by microdialysis, J. Neurochem., 56, 748, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb01987.x

Brazell, 1990, Acute administration of nicotine increases the in vivo extracellular levels of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and ascorbic acid preferentially in the nucleus accumbens of the rat: comparison with caudate-putamen, Neuropharmacol., 29, 1177, 10.1016/0028-3908(90)90042-P

Britton, 1991, Evidence for involvement of both D1 and D2 receptors in maintaining cocaine self-administration, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 39, 911, 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90052-4

Brodie, 1990, Ethanol increases the firing rate of dopamine neurons of the rat ventral tegmental area in vitro, Brain Res., 508, 65, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91118-Z

Broekkamp, 1979, Stimulant effects of enkephalin microinjection into the dopaminergic A10 area, Nature, 278, 560, 10.1038/278560a0

Broekkamp, 1975, The effect of microinjections of amphetamine into the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens on self-stimulation behavior, Psychopharmacol., 42, 179, 10.1007/BF00429550

Broekkamp, 1976, Separation of inhibiting and stimulating effects of morphine on self-stimulation behavior by intracerebral microinjections, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 36, 443, 10.1016/0014-2999(76)90099-6

Brown, 1992, Cocaine-induced conditioned locomotion: absence of associated increases in dopamine release, Neurosci., 48, 621, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90406-R

Brown, 1982, Lack of effect of dopamine receptor blockade on voluntary ethanol consumption in rats, Behav. Neural Biol., 36, 291, 10.1016/S0163-1047(82)90915-3

Buxbaum, 1973, Biogenic amines and narcotic effects. I. Modification of morphine-induced analgesia and motor activity after alteration of cerebral amine levels, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 185, 317

Cadoni, 1995, Role of vesicular dopamine in the in vivo stimulation of striatal dopamine transmission by amphetamine: evidence from microdialysis and fos immunohistochemistry, Neuroscience, 65, 1027, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00507-2

Calabresi, 1987, Intracellular studies on the dopamine-induced firing inhibition of neostriatal neurons in vivo: evidence for D-1 involvement, Neurosci., 20, 757, 10.1016/0306-4522(87)90239-9

Calabresi, 1989, Nicotinic excitation of rat ventral tegmental neurones in vitro studied by intracellular recording, Br. J. Pharmacol., 98, 135, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb16873.x

Calabresi, 1992, Longterm potentiation in the striatum is unmasked by removing the voltage-dependent magnesium block of NMDA receptor channels, Eur. J. Neurosci., 4, 929, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00119.x

Callahan, 1991, Dopamine D1 and D2 mediation of the discriminative stimulus properties of d-amphetamine and cocaine, Psychopharmacology, 103, 50, 10.1007/BF02244073

Cappell, 1977, Gustatory avoidance conditioning by drugs of abuse: relationships to general issues in research on drug dependence, 133

Carboni, 1989, Amphetamine, cocaine, phencyclidine and nomifensine increase extracellular dopamine concentrations preferentially in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats, Neuroscience, 28, 653, 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90012-2

Carboni, 1989, 5HT3 receptor antagonists block morphine- and nicotine- but not amphetamine-induced reward, Psychopharmacol., 97, 175, 10.1007/BF00442245

Carlson, 1992, Oscillation of interspike length in substantia nigra dopamine neurons: effects of nicotine and the dopaminergic D2 agonist LY 163502 on electrophysiological activity, Synapse, 11, 229, 10.1002/syn.890110308

Carr, 1989, Conditioned place preference as a measure of drug reward, 264

Carroll, 1987, Cocaine withdrawal produces behavioral disruptions in rats, Life Sci., 40, 2183, 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90009-9

Carroll, 1972, Monoamine mediation of the morphine induced activation of mice, Br. J. Pharmacol., 46, 124, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb06855.x

Carter, 1982, Topographical distribution of possible glutamatergic pathways from the frontal cortex to the striatum and substantia nigra in rats, Neuropharmacol, 21, 379, 10.1016/0028-3908(82)90019-3

Cass, 1992, Differences in dopamine clearance and diffusion in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens following systemic cocaine administration, J. Neurochem., 59, 259, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08899.x

Cass, 1993, Reduced clearance of exogenous dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens but not in dorsal striatum, following cocaine challenge in rats withdrawn from repeated cocaine administration, J. Neurochem., 61, 273, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03565.x

Castaneda, 1988, The long-term effects of repeated amphetamine treatment in vivo on amphetamine, KCl and electrical stimulation evoked striatal dopamine release in vitro, Life Sci., 42, 2447, 10.1016/0024-3205(88)90343-8

Castellano, 1991, Post-training dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists affect memory storage in mice irrespective of their selectivity for D1 or D2 receptors, Behav. Neural Biol., 56, 283, 10.1016/0163-1047(91)90439-W

Cepeda, 1993, Neuromodulatory actions of dopamine in the neostriatum are dependent upon the excitatory amino acid receptor, 90, 9576

Cherubini, 1988, Excitatory amino acids in synaptic excitation of striatal neurones in vitro, J. Physiol., 400, 677, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017143

Chesselet, 1984, Presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release in the brain, Neurosci., 12, 37, 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90058-7

Christie, 1985, Excitotoxin lesions suggest an aspartatergic projection from rat medial prefrontal cortex to ventral tegmental area, Brain Res., 333, 169, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90140-4

Church, 1987, Extracellular dopamine in rat striatum following uptake inhibition by cocaine, nomifensine, and benztropine, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 139, 345, 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90592-9

Church, 1987, Detecting behaviorally relevant changes in extracellular dopamine with microdialysis, Brain Res., 412, 397, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91150-4

Clarke, 1985, Autoradiography evidence for nicotine receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons, Brain Res., 348, 355, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90456-1

Clarke, 1987, Apparent absence of nicotine induced conditioned place preference in rats, Psychopharmacol., 92, 84, 10.1007/BF00215484

Clarke, 1985, Electrophysiological actions of nicotine on substantia nigra single units, Br. J. Pharmac., 85, 827, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1985.tb11081.x

Clarke, 1987, Innervation of substantia nigra neurons by cholinergic afférents from pedunculopontine nucleus in the rat: neuroanatomical and electrophysiological evidence, Neurosci., 23, 1011, 10.1016/0306-4522(87)90176-X

Colle, 1988, Effects of nucleus accumbens amphetamine on lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward, Brain Res., 459, 361, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90653-1

Colpaert, 1987, Drug discrimination: methods of manipulation, measurement and analysis, 341

Colpaert, 1978, Discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine and (d-amphetamine, and antagonism by haloperidol: a comparative study, Neuropharmacol., 17, 937, 10.1016/0028-3908(78)90135-1

Colpaert, 1978, Studies on the regulation of sensitivity to the narcotic cue, Neuropharmacol., 17, 705, 10.1016/0028-3908(78)90084-9

Colpaert, 1980, Fentanyl and apomorphine: asymmetrical generalization of discriminative stimulus properties, Neuropharmacol., 19, 705, 10.1016/0028-3908(80)90061-1

Corrigall, 1990, Selective D1 and D2 antagonists decrease response rates of food-maintained behavior and reduce the discriminative stimulus produced by heroin, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 35, 351, 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90168-H

Corrigall, 1991, Selective dopamine antagonists reduce nicotine self-administration, Psychopharmacol., 104, 171, 10.1007/BF02244174

Corrigall, 1992, The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine, Psychopharmacol., 107, 285, 10.1007/BF02245149

Cotman, 1987, Anatomical organization of excitatory amino acid receptors and their pathways, TINS, 10, 273

Crippens, 1994, Withdrawal from morphine or amphetamine: different effects in the ventral-medial striatum studied with microdialysis, Brain Res., 650, 56, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90206-2

Cunningham, 1981, Spatial aversion conditioning with ethanol, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 14, 263, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90255-0

Cunningham, 1991, Assessment of ethanol's hedonic effects in mice selectively bred for sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypothermia, Psychopharmacol., 105, 84, 10.1007/BF02316868

Cunningham, 1992, Genetic differences in the rewarding and activating effects of morphine and ethanol, Psychopharmacol., 107, 385, 10.1007/BF02245166

Dackis, 1985, New concepts in cocaine addiction: the dopamine depletion hypothesis, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 9, 469, 10.1016/0149-7634(85)90022-3

Dahlstrom, 1964, Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons, Acta Physiol. Scand., 62, 1

Dauge, 1988, Comparison of the behavioural effects induced by administration in rat nucleus accumbens or nucleus caudatus of selective μ and δ opioid peptides or kelatorphan, an inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading-enzymcs, Psychopharmacology, 96, 343, 10.1007/BF00216060

Davis, 1975, Effect of haloperidol on (+)- amphetamine self-administration, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 27, 540, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1975.tb09502.x

Deneau, 1969, Self-administration of psychoactive substances by the monkey: a measure of psychological dependence, Psychopharmacologia, 16, 30, 10.1007/BF00405254

Denoble, 1976, Response suppression on a mixed schedule of reinforcement during alcohol withdrawal, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 5, 227, 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90042-3

Deutch, 1992, Pharmacological characterization of dopamine systems in the nucleus accumbens core and shell, Neuroscience, 46, 49, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90007-O

de Wit, 1977, Blockade of cocaine reinforcement in rats with the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide, but not with the noradrenergic blocker sphentolamine or phenoxybenzamine, Can. J. Psychol., 31, 195, 10.1037/h0081662

de Wit, 1983, Drug reinstatement of heroin-reinforced responding in the rat, Psychopharmacology, 79, 29, 10.1007/BF00433012

Diana, 1993, Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: electrophysiological and biochemical evidence, 90, 7966

Di Chiara, 1990, In vivo brain dialysis of neurotransmitters, Trends Pharmac. Sci., 11, 116, 10.1016/0165-6147(90)90197-G

Di Chiara, 1991, On the preferential release of mesolimbic dopamine by amphetamine, Neuropsychopharmacol., 5, 243

Di Chiara, 1993, Searching for the hidden order in chaos. Commentary on Kalivas et al. ‘The pharmacology and neural circuity of sensitization to psychostimulants’, Behav. Pharmacol., 4, 335

Di Chiara, 1985, Ethanol preferentially stimulates dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 115, 131, 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90598-9

Di Chiara, 1988, Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats, 85, 5274

Di Chiara, 1988, Opposite effects of mu and kappa opiate agonists on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 244, 1067

Di Chiara, 1992, Neurobiology of opiate abuse, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 13, 185, 10.1016/0165-6147(92)90062-B

Di Chiara, 1992, Drug motivation and abuse: a neurobiological perspective, 654, 207

Di Chiara, 1993, On the preferential release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by amphetamine: further evidence obtained by vertically implanted concentric dialysis probes, Psychopharmacology, 112, 398, 10.1007/BF02244939

Di Chiara, 1993, Drugs of abuse: biochemical surrogates of specific aspects of natural reward?, 59, 65

Di Chiara, 1994, Modulatory functions of neurotransmitters in the striatum: ACh/dopamine/NMDA interactions, Trends Neurosci., 17, 228, 10.1016/0166-2236(94)90005-1

Dickinson, 1994, Motivational control of goaldirected action, Anim. Learn. Behav., 22, 1, 10.3758/BF03199951

Di Scala, 1989, Conditioned place aversion produced by FG 7142 is attenuated by haloperidol, Psychopharmacol., 99, 176, 10.1007/BF00442804

Domesick, 1983, The cytology of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the rat: a light and electronmicroscopic study, Neurosci., 8, 743, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90007-6

Dougherty, 1981, Chronic d-amphetamine in nucleus accumbens: lack of tolerance or reverse tolerance of locomotor activity, Life Sci., 28, 2295, 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90582-8

Downs, 1976, Naloxone as a negative reinforcer in rhesus monkeys: effects of dose, schedule and narcotic regimen, Pharmacol. Rev., 27, 397

Druhan, 1993, d-amphetaminelike stimulus properties are produced by morphine injections into the ventral tegmental area but not into the nucleus accumbens, Behav. Brain Res., 59, 41, 10.1016/0166-4328(93)90150-O

Dunn, 1993, Effects of antipsychotic drugs on latent inhibition: sensitivity and specificity of an animal behavioural model of clinical drug action, Psychopharmacol., 112, 315, 10.1007/BF02244927

Dworkin, 1988, Lack of an effect of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens on intravenous morphine self-administration, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 36, 1051, 10.1016/0091-3057(88)90138-4

Dyr, 1993, Effects of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agents on ethanol consumption in the high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) line of rats, Alcohol, 10, 207, 10.1016/0741-8329(93)90037-O

Egawa, 1988, Use of microdialysis to measure brain noradrenergic function in vivo, Brain Res., 458, 303, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90472-6

Emmett-Oglesby, 1990, Tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol, Behav. Pharmacol., 1, 497, 10.1097/00008877-199000160-00003

Emmett-Oglesby, 1990, Animal models of drug withdrawal symptoms, Psychopharmacol., 101, 292, 10.1007/BF02244046

Emmett-Oglesby, 1992, Tolerance to the reinforcing effects of cocaine, Behav. Pharmacol., 3, 193, 10.1097/00008877-199206000-00002

Emmett-Oglesby, 1993, Tolerance to self-administration of cocaine in rats: time course and dose-response determination using a multi-dose method, Drug Alcohol Depend., 32, 247, 10.1016/0376-8716(93)90089-9

Ettenberg, 1982, Heroin and cocaine intravenous self-administration in rats: mediation by separate neural systems, Psychopharmacol., 78, 204, 10.1007/BF00428151

Fibiger, 1993, Mesolimbic dopamine: an analysis of its role in motivated behavior, Neurosci., 5, 321

Finlay, 1992, Benzodiazepineinduced decreases in extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after acute and repeated administration, Psychopharmacol., 106, 202, 10.1007/BF02801973

Finnerty, 1979, Morphine suppression of substantia nigra zona reticulata neurons in the rat: implicated role for a novel striato-nigral feedback mechanism, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 59, 307, 10.1016/0014-2999(79)90296-6

Fiorino, 1993, Electrical stimulation of reward sites in the ventral tegmental area increases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens of the rat, Behav. Brain Res., 55, 131, 10.1016/0166-4328(93)90109-4

Fischmen, 1985, Acute tolerance development to the cardiovascular and subjective effects of cocaine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 235, 677

Fudala, 1985, Pharmacologic characterization of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference, Pharmacol. Biochem., 22, 237, 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90384-3

Fudala, 1986, Further studies on nicotineinduced conditioned place preference, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 22, 237, 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90384-3

Gaiardi, 1986, Sensitivity to the narcotic cue in non-dependent, morphinedependent and post-dependent rats, Neuropharmacol., 25, 119, 10.1016/0028-3908(86)90032-8

Gaiardi, 1991, Role of repeated exposure to morphine in determining its affective properties: place and taste conditioning studies in rats, Psychopharmacol., 103, 183, 10.1007/BF02244201

Gardner, 1988, Facilitation of brain stimulation reward by 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Psychopharmacol., 96, 142, 10.1007/BF02431546

Gariano, 1988, Burst firing induced in midbrain dopamine neurons by stimulation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, Brain Res., 462, 194, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90606-3

Gawin, 1986, Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 43, 107, 10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020013003

Geary, 1985, Pimozide decreases the positive reinforcing effect of sham fed sucrose in the rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 22, 787, 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90528-3

George, 1990, Genetic approaches to studying drug abuse: correlates of drug self-administration, Alcohol, 7, 207, 10.1016/0741-8329(90)90006-X

Gerber, 1975, Drug-induced reinstatement of extinguished self-administration behavior in monkeys, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 3, 1055, 10.1016/0091-3057(75)90016-7

Gerfen, 1992, The neostriatal mosaic: multiple levels of compartmental organization in the basal ganglia, Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 15, 285, 10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.001441

Gerrits, 1994, Lack of evidence for an involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 receptors in the initiation of heroin self-administration in the rat, Psychopharmacol., 114, 486, 10.1007/BF02249340

Gessa, 1985, Low doses of ethanol activate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area, Brain Res., 348, 201, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90381-6

Goeders, 1994, Non-contingent electric footshock facilitates the acquisition of intravenous cocaine selfadministration in rats, Psychopharmacol., 114, 63, 10.1007/BF02245445

Goeders, 1983, Cortical dopaminergic involvement in cocaine reinforcement, Science, 221, 773, 10.1126/science.6879176

Goeders, 1986, Neuropharmacological assessment of cocaine self-administration into the medial prefrontal cortex, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 24, 1429, 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90206-6

Goldberg, 1973, Comparable behavior maintained under fixedratio and second-order schedules of food presentation, cocaine injection or d-amphetamine injection in the squirrel monkey, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 186, 18

Goldberg, 1976, Stimuli associated with drug injections as events that control behavior, Pharmacol. Rev., 27, 325

Goldberg, 1969, Morphine: conditioned increases in self-administration in rhesus monkeys, Science, 166, 1306, 10.1126/science.166.3910.1306

Goldberg, 1971, Nalorphineinduced changes in morphine self-administration in rhesus monkeys, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 176, 464

Goldberg, 1971, A comparison of pentobarbital and cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effects of dose and fixed ratio parameter, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 179, 277

Goldberg, 1975, Second-order schedules of drug injection, 34, 1771

Goudie, 1979, Aversive stimulus properties of drugs, Neuropharmacol., 18, 971, 10.1016/0028-3908(79)90161-8

Gould, 1989, Cholinergic projections to the substantia nigra form the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, Neurosci., 28, 611, 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90008-0

Grace, 1984, The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: single spike firing, J. Neurosci., 4, 2866, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-11-02866.1984

Grace, 1984, The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: burst firing, J. Neurosci., 4, 2877, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-11-02877.1984

Grace, 1991, Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: a hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia, Neurosci., 41, 1, 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90196-U

Grant, 1991, Ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of non-competitive n-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists, Behav. Pharmacol., 2, 87, 10.1097/00008877-199104000-00002

Gray, 1980, Effects of pimozide on lever-pressing behavior maintained on an intermittent reinforcement schedule, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 12, 931, 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90455-4

Gray, 1991, The neuropsychology of schizophrenia, Behav. Brain Sci., 14, 1, 10.1017/S0140525X00065055

Graybiel, 1990, Amphetamine and cocaine induce drug-specific activation of the c-fos gene in striosomematrix and limbic subdivisions of the striatum, 87, 6912

Grenhoff, 1986, Nicotinic effects on the firing pattern of midbrain dopamine neurons, Acta Physiol. Scand., 128, 351, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07988.x

Griffiths, 1979, Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons, Psychopharmacol., 65, 125, 10.1007/BF00433038

Gysling, 1983, Morphine-induced activation of A10 dopamine neurons in the rat brain, Brain Res., 277, 119, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90913-7

Heimer, 1975, The subcortical projections of allocortex: similarities in the neuronal associations of the hippocampus, the piriform cortex and the neocortex, 173

Heimer, 1991, ‘Perestroika’ in the basal forebrain: opening the border between neurology and psychiatry, Prog. Brain Res., 87, 109, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)63050-2

Heimer, 1991, Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat, Neurosci., 41, 89, 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90202-Y

Hemby, 1992, Conditioned locomotor activity but not conditioned place preference following intra-accumbens infusions of cocaine, Psychopharmacol., 106, 330, 10.1007/BF02245413

Henry, 1991, Repeated cocaine administration causes persistent enhancement of D1 dopamine receptor sensitivity within the rat nucleus accumbens, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 258, 882

Henry, 1989, Electrophysiological effects of cocaine in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system: repeated administration, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 251, 833

Herling, 1980, Chlorpromazine effects on cocainereinforced responding in rhesus monkeys: reciprocal modification of rate-altering effects of the drugs, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 214, 354

Hernandez, 1988, Food reward and cocaine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis, Life Sci., 42, 1705, 10.1016/0024-3205(88)90036-7

Hernandez, 1988, Phencyclidine (PCP) injected in the nucleus accumbens increases extracellular dopamine and serotonin as measured by microdialysis, Life Sci., 42, 1713, 10.1016/0024-3205(88)90037-9

Hernandez, 1991, Bidirectional microdialysis in vivo shows differential dopaminergic potency of cocaine, procaine and lidocaine in the nucleus accumbens using capillary electrophoresis for calibration of drug outward diffusion, Psychopharmacol., 105, 264, 10.1007/BF02244320

Herrling, 1985, Pharmacology of the corticocaudate excitatory postsynaptic potential in the cat: evidence for its mediation by quisqualate or kainate receptors, Neurosci., 14, 417, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90301-X

Hervé, 1982, Reduction of dopamine utilization in the prefrontal cortex but not in the nucleus accumbens after selective destruction of noradrenergic fibers innervating the ventral tegmental area in the rat, Brain Res., 237, 510, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90464-4

Hervé, 1987, Serotonin axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area of the rat: fine structure and synaptic input to dopaminergic neurons, Brain Res., 435, 71, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91588-5

Higashi, 1989, Enhancement of dopamine actions on rat nucleus accumbens neurones in vitro after methamphetamine pretreatment, J. Physiol., 408, 587, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017478

Hill, 1970, Facilitation of conditioned reinforcement as a mechanism of psychomotor stimulation

Himmelsbach, 1943, Morphine, with reference to physical dependence, 2, 201

Hitzemann, 1980, Brain locations controlling the behavioral effects of chronic amphetamine intoxication, Psychopharmacol., 72, 93, 10.1007/BF00433812

Hodos, 1961, Progressive ratio as a measure of reward strength, Science, 134, 943, 10.1126/science.134.3483.943

Hodos, 1962, An evaluation of response rate as a measure of rewarding intracranial stimulation, J. Comb. Physicol., 53, 502

Hoffman, 1989, The use of place conditioning in studying the neuropharmacology of drug reinforcement, Brain Res. Bull., 23, 373, 10.1016/0361-9230(89)90224-4

Hoffman, 1989, The effects of selective dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonists on the establishment of agonist-induced place conditioning in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 33, 273, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90499-1

Hollinger, 1973, Effect of reserpine, α-methyl-p-tyrosine, p-chlorophenylalanine and pargyline on levorphanol induced running activity in mice, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 179, 419

Hommer, 1983, The action of opiates in the rat substantia nigra: an electrophysiological analysis, Peptides, 4, 603, 10.1016/0196-9781(83)90004-9

Hooks, 1991, Response to novelty predicts the locomotor and nucleus accumbens response to cocaine, Synapse, 9, 121, 10.1002/syn.890090206

Hooks, 1991, Individual differences in locomotor activity and sensitization, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 38, 467, 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90308-O

Hooks, 1994, Behavioral and neurochemical sensitization following cocaine selfadministration, Psychopharmacol., 115, 265, 10.1007/BF02244782

Hope, 1992, Regulation of IEG expression and AP-1 binding by chronic cocaine in the rat nucleus accumbens, 89, 5764

Horger, 1990, Preexposure sensitizes rats to the rewarding effects of cocaine, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 37, 707, 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90552-S

Horger, 1992, Preexposure to amphetamine and nicotine predisposes rats to self-administer a low dose of cocaine, Psychopharmacol., 107, 271, 10.1007/BF02245147

Horger, 1991, Caffeine preexposure sensitizes rats to the reinforcing effects of cocaine, Neuroreport, 2, 53, 10.1097/00001756-199101000-00013

Horowitz, 1975, Alcohol-induced conditioned aversion: genotypic specificity in mice (mus musculus), J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 89, 340, 10.1037/h0076803

Howell, 1991, Characterization of the effects of cocaine and GBR 12909, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, on behavior in the squirrel monkey, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 258, 178

Hubner, 1991, Effects of selective D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists on cocaine self-administration in the rat, Psychopharmacol., 105, 151, 10.1007/BF02244301

Hunt, 1987, Conditioned taste aversion induced by self-administered drugs: paradox revisited, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 11, 107, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80005-2

Hurd, 1989, Cocaine: an in vivo microdialysis evaluation of its acute action on dopamine transmission in rat striatum, Synapse, 3, 48, 10.1002/syn.890030107

Hurd, 1989, Cocaine reinforcement and extracellular dopamine overflow in rat nucleus accumbens: an in vivo microdialysis study, Brain Res., 498, 199, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90422-8

Hutson, 1990, Activation of postsynaptic striatal dopamine receptors, monitored by efflux of cAMP in vivo, Neuropharmacol., 29, 1011, 10.1016/0028-3908(90)90106-2

Imperato, 1986, Preferential stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats by ethanol, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 239, 219

Imperato, 1986, Nicotine preferentially stimulates dopamine released in the limbic system of freely moving rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 132, 337, 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90629-1

Imperato, 1989, Stress-induced enhancement of dopamine and acetylcholine release in limbic structures: role of corticosterone, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 165, 337, 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90735-8

Imperato, 1992, Chronic cocaine alters limbic extracellular dopamine. Neurochemical basis for addiction, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 212, 299, 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90349-9

Iwamoto, 1986, Place-aversion conditioned by phencyclidine in rats: development of tolerance and pharmacologic antagonism, Alcohol Drug Res., 6, 265

Iwatsubo, 1977, Effect of morphine and haloperidol on electrical activity of rat nigrostriatal neurons, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 202, 429

Izenwasser, 1990, Daily cocaine treatment produces a persistent reduction of [3H]dopamine uptake in vitro in rat nucleus accumbens but not in striatum, Brain Res., 531, 338, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90797-F

Jaffe, 1992, Current concepts of addiction, 1

Janssen, 1965, Is it possible to predict the clinical effects of neuroleptic drugs (major tranquillisers) from animal data?, Arzneim. Forsch., 15, 104

Jenck, 1987, Opioid receptor subtypes associated with ventral tegmental facilitation of lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward, Brain Res., 423, 34, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90821-3

Johanson, 1978, Drugs as reinforcers, 325

Johanson, 1981, Animal models of drug self-administration, vol. II, 219

Johanson, 1989, The pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse, Pharmacol. Rev., 41, 3

Johnson, 1992, Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons, J. Neurosci., 12, 483, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-02-00483.1992

Jorenby, 1990, Aversion instead of preference learning indicated by nicotine place conditioning in rats, Psychopharmacol., 101, 533, 10.1007/BF02244233

Joyce, 1979, The effect of morphine applied locally to mesencephalic dopamine cell bodies on spontaneous activity in the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 14, 207, 10.1016/0304-3940(79)96149-4

Joyce, 1981, The behavioural effects of enkephalin analogues injected into the ventral tegmental area and globus pallidus, Brain Res., 221, 359, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90784-8

Kalivas, 1985, Sensitization to repeated enkephalin administration into the ventral tegmental area of the rat. II. Involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 235, 544

Kalivas, 1993, Neurotransmitter regulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, Brain Res., 18, 75, 10.1016/0165-0173(93)90008-N

Kalivas, 1985, Mesolimbic dopamine lesions produce an augmented behavioral response to enkephalin, Neuropharmacol., 24, 931, 10.1016/0028-3908(85)90117-0

Kalivas, 1987, Sensitization to repeated morphine injection in the rat: possible involvement of A10 dopamine neurons, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 241, 204

Kalivas, 1988, Amphetamine into the ventral mesencephalon sensitizes rats to peripheral amphetamine and cocaine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 245, 1095

Kalivas, 1991, Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity, Brain Res. Rev., 16, 223, 10.1016/0165-0173(91)90007-U

Kalivas, 1993, Time course of extracellular dopamine and behavioral sensitization to cocaine. I. Dopamine axon terminals, J. Neurosci., 13, 266, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-01-00266.1993

Kalivas, 1983, Enkephalin action on the mesolimbic dopamine system: a dopamine-dependent and a dopamine-independent increase in locomotor activity, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 227, 229

Kamata, 1984, Long-term amphetamine treatment attenuates of reverses the depression of neuronal activity produced by dopamine agonists in the ventral tegmental area, Life Sci., 34, 2419, 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90431-4

Karler, 1989, Blockade of ‘reverse tolerance’ to cocaine and amphetamine by MK-801, Life Sci., 45, 599, 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90045-3

Katz, 1992, Effects of quinpirole and SKF 38393 alone and in combination in squirrel monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine, Psychopharmacol., 107, 217, 10.1007/BF02245140

Kazahaya, 1989, Subchronic methamphetamine treatment enhances methamphetamine or cocaine-induced dopamine efflux in vivo, Biol. Psych., 25, 909

Kelley, 1991, Dopamine and conditioned reinforcement. I. Differential effects of amphetamine microinjections into striatal subregions, Psychopharmacol., 103, 187, 10.1007/BF02244202

Kelley, 1991, Dopamine and conditioned reinforcement. II. Contrasting effects of amphetamine microinjection into the nucleus accumbens with peptide microinjection into the ventral tegmental area, Psychopharmacol., 103, 197, 10.1007/BF02244203

Kiianmaa, 1979, On the role of ascending dopamine systems in the control of voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol intoxication, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 10, 603, 10.1016/0091-3057(79)90240-5

Killcross, 1993, Differential effects of intraaccumbens and systemic amphetamine on latent inhibition using an on-baseline, within-subject conditioned suppression paradigm, Psychopharmacol., 110, 449, 10.1007/BF02244656

Killcross, 1994, Amphetamineinduced disruptions of latent inhibition are reinforcer mediated: implications for animal models of schizophrenic attentional dysfunction, Psychopharmacol., 115, 185, 10.1007/BF02244771

Killcross, 1994, Effects of the neuroleptic α-flupenthixol on latent inhibition in aversively- and appetitively-motivated paradigms: evidence for dopamine-reinforcer interactions, Psychopharmacol., 115, 196, 10.1007/BF02244772

Kitai, 1993, Cholinergic and dopaminergic modulation of potassium conductances in neostriatal neurons, Adv. Neurol., 60, 40

Kiyatkin, 1988, Morphine-induced modification of the functional properties of ventral tegmental area neurons in conscious rat, Intern. J. Neurosci., 41, 57, 10.3109/00207458808985741

Kleven, 1990, Effects of continuous infusions of SCH 23390 on cocaine or food maintained behavior in rhesus monkeys, Behav. Pharmacol., 1, 365, 10.1097/00008877-199000140-00010

Kleven, 1990, Pharmacological characterization of the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 254, 312

Koff, 1994, Chronic cocaine administration is associated with behavioral sensitization and timedependent changes in striatal dopamine transporter binding, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 268, 277

Kokkinidis, 1990, Postcocaine depression and sensitization of brain stimulation reward: analysis of reinforcement and performance effects, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 36, 463, 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90242-A

Kokkinidis, 1986, Amphetamine withdrawal: a behavioral evaluation, Life Sci., 38, 1617, 10.1016/0024-3205(86)90501-1

Kolta, 1985, Time course of the development of the enhanced behavioral and biochemical responses to amphetamine after pretreatment with amphetamine, Neuropharmacol., 24, 823, 10.1016/0028-3908(85)90032-2

Konorski, 1967

Koob, 1992, Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement, vol. 654, 171

Koob, 1992, Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways, TIPS, 131, 177

Koob, 1988, Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence, Science, 242, 715, 10.1126/science.2903550

Koob, 1987, The D-1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH-23390 increases cocaine self-administration in the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 79, 315, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90451-4

Koob, 1989, Opponent process theory of motivation: neurobiological evidence from studies of opiate dependence, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 13, 135, 10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80022-3

Kornetsky, 1979, Intracranial self-stimulation thresholds: a model for the hedonic effects of drugs of abuse, Arch. Gen. Psychiatr., 36, 289, 10.1001/archpsyc.1979.01780030055004

Kuczenski, 1992, Differential effects of amphetamine and dopamine uptake blockers (cocaine, nomifensine) on caudate and accumbens dialysate dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 262, 1085

Kuczenski, 1991, Amphetamine, fencamfamine and cocaine: relationships between locomotor and stereotypy response profiles and caudate and accumbens dopamine dynamics, J. Neurosci., 11, 2703, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-09-02703.1991

Leeb, 1991, Effects of pimozide on the hedonic properties of sucrose: analysis by the taste reactivity test, Pharm. Biochem. Behav., 39, 895, 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90050-C

Leith, 1976, Amphetamine and the reward system: evidence for tolerance and post-drug depression, Psychopharmacol., 46, 19, 10.1007/BF00421544

Le Moal, 1991, Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic network: functional and regulatory roles, Physiol. Rev., 71, 155, 10.1152/physrev.1991.71.1.155

Le Moine, 1990, Dopamine receptor gene expression by enkephalin neurons in rat forebrain, 87, 230

Le Moine, 1991, Phenotypical characterization of the rat striatal neurons expressing the D1 dopamine receptor gene, 88, 4205

Leone, 1987, Blockade of D-1 receptors by SCH 23390 antagonizes morphine- and amphetamine-induced place preference conditioning, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 135, 251, 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90621-2

Lester, 1970, Aversive conditioning by ethanol in the rat, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol, 31, 578, 10.15288/qjsa.1970.31.578

Lett, 1989, Repeated exposures intensify rather than diminish the rewarding effects of amphetamine, morphine and cocaine, Psychopharmacol., 98, 357, 10.1007/BF00451687

Levy, 1991, Microinjection of sulpiride into the nucleus accumbens increases ethanol drinking in alcohol-preferring (P) rats, Alcohol, 1, 417

Lichtensteiger, 1982, Stimulation of nigrostriatal dopamine neurones by nicotine, Neuropharmacol., 21, 963, 10.1016/0028-3908(82)90107-1

Lindesmith, 1947

Lindvall, 1974, The organisation of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic and fluorescence method, Acta Physiol. Scand. (Suppl.), 412, 1

Lindvall, 1974, Mesencephalic dopamine neurons projecting to neocortex, Brain Res., 81, 325, 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90947-0

Linesman, 1990, Effects of dopaminergic agents on alcohol consumption by rats in a limited access paradigm, Psychopharmacol., 100, 195, 10.1007/BF02244405

Ljungberg, 1991, Reponses of monkey midbrain dopamine neurons during delayed alternation performance, Brain Res., 567, 337, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90816-E

Ljungberg, 1992, Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions, J. Neurophysiol., 67, 145, 10.1152/jn.1992.67.1.145

Llinas, 1984, Electrophysiology of pars compacta cells in the in vitro substantia nigra — a possible mechanism for dendritic release, Brain Res., 294, 127, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91316-7

Longoni, 1987, Dopaminergic D-1 receptors: essential role in morphine-induced hypermotility, Psychopharmacol., 93, 401, 10.1007/BF00187265

Longoni, 1991, (d-Ala2)Deltorphin II: D1-dependent stereotypies and stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, J. Neurosci., 11, 1565, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-06-01565.1991

Lubow, 1973, Latent inhibition, Psychol. Bull., 79, 398, 10.1037/h0034425

Lynd-Balta, 1994, The organization of midbrain projections to the ventral striatum in the primate, Neurosci., 59, 609, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90181-3

Lyness, 1992, Influence of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons on intravenous ethanol self-administration in the rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 42, 187, 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90465-R

Lyness, 1979, Destration of dopaminergic nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens: effect of d-amphetamine self-administration, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 11, 663, 10.1016/0091-3057(79)90040-6

Mackey, 1985, Neuroleptics block the positive reinforcing effects of amphetamine but not of morphine as measured by place conditioning, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 22, 101, 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90492-7

Mackintosh, 1974

Mackintosh, 1975, A theory of attention: variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement, Psychol. Rev., 82, 276, 10.1037/h0076778

Mansbach, 1988, Dopaminergic stimulation disrupts sensorimotor gating in the rat, Psychopharmacol., 94, 507, 10.1007/BF00212846

Marglin, 1989, PCP and conditioned place preferences, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 33, 281, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90500-5

Markou, 1991, Post-cocaine anhedonia: an animal model of cocaine withdrawal, Neuropharmacol., 4, 17

Markou, 1993, Animal models of drug craving, Psychopharmacol., 112, 163, 10.1007/BF02244907

Marsden, 1982, The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia, Neurol., 32, 514, 10.1212/WNL.32.5.514

Marsden, 1984, An introduction to in vivo electrochemistry

Marshall, 1971, Sensory neglect produced by lateral hypothalamic damage, Science, 174, 523, 10.1126/science.174.4008.523

Martin, 1994, D1 agonist-induced excitation of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons: mediation by D1 receptors on striatonigral terminals via a pertussis toxin-sensitive coupling pathways, Neurosci., 14, 4494, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04494.1994

Martin-Iverson, 1986, 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex fail to influence intravenous self-administration of cocaine, Psychopharmacol., 88, 310, 10.1007/BF00180830

Mas, 1990, Increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of copulating male rats as evidenced by in vivo voltammetry, Neurosci. Lett., 110, 303, 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90864-6

Matthews, 1984, Electrophysiological evidence for excitation of rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons by morphine, Neurosci., 11, 617, 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90048-4

Maura, 1988, Release-regulating D-2 dopamine receptors are located on striatal glutamatergic nerve terminals, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 247, 680

McClearn, 1961, Genetic factors in alcohol preference of laboratory mice, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 54, 116, 10.1037/h0042530

McCullough, 1992, Anxiogenic drugs β-CCE and FG 7142 increase extracellular dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens, Psychopharmacol., 109, 379, 10.1007/BF02245888

McCullough, 1992, Involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in the motor activity induced by periodic food presentation: a microdialysis, Brain Res., 592, 29, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91654-W

McCullough, 1992, Increases in extracellular dopamine levels and locomotor activity after direct infusion of phencyclidine into the nucleus accumbens, Brain Res., 577, 1, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90530-M

McDonald, 1993, A triple dissociation of memory systems: hippocampus, amygdala and dorsal striatum, Behav. Neurosci., 107, 3, 10.1037/0735-7044.107.1.3

Mereu, 1987, Preferential stimulation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons by nicotine, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 141, 395, 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90556-5

Mifsud, 1989, Nicotine infused into the nucleus accumbens increases synaptic dopamine as measured by in vivo microdialysis, Brain Res., 478, 365, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91518-7

Miller, 1981, Mesencephalic dopaminergic unit activity in the behaviorally conditioned rat, Life Sci., 29, 1255, 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90231-9

Mirenowicz, 1994, Responses of dopamine neurons are largely restricted to appetitive stimuli, Behav. Pharmacol., 5, 50

Mithani, 1986, The effects of haloperidol on amphetamine- and methylphenidate-induced conditioned place preferences and locomotor activity, Psychopharmacol., 90, 247, 10.1007/BF00181251

Mogenson, 1987, Limbic-motor integration, vol. 12, 117

Mogenson, 1991, Neuromodulatory functions of the mesolimbic dopamine system: electrophysiological and behavioural studies

Moghaddam, 1989, Differential effect of cocaine on extracellular dopamine levels in the rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens: a comparison with amphetamine, Synapse, 4, 156, 10.1002/syn.890040209

Morelli, 1988, Nigral dopamine autoreceptors are exclusively of the D2 type: quantative autoradiography of (125I)iodosulpiride and (125I)SCH 23982 in adjacent brain section, Neurosci., 27, 865, 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90189-3

Morelli, 1989, Substantia nigra as a site of origin of dopamine-dependent motor syndromes induced by stimulation of μ and δ opioid receptors, Brain Res., 487, 120, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90947-5

Morelli, 1992, Combined microdialysis and Fos immunohistochemistry for the estimation of dopamine neurotransmission in the rat caudate putamen, J. Neurochem., 59, 1158, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08359.x

Morelli, 1993, ‘Priming’ to dopamine agonist-induced contralateral turning as a model of non-associative sensitization to the expression of the post-synaptic dopamine message, Behav. Pharmacol., 4, 389, 10.1097/00008877-199308000-00012

Morency, 1986, Dopaminergic substrates of cocaine-induced place conditioning, Brain Res., 399, 33, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90598-6

Mucha, 1987, Is the motivational effect of opiate withdrawal reflected by common somatic indices of precipitated withdrawal? A place conditioning study in the rat, Brain Res., 418, 214, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90088-6

Muscat, 1989, Effects of selective dopamine receptor antagonists on sucrose consumption and preference, Psychopharmacol., 99, 98, 10.1007/BF00634461

Myers, 1975, Alcohol drinking in the rat after destruction of serotoninergic and catecholaminergic neurons in the brain, Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 10, 363

Nakahara, 1989, Increased dopamine and serotonin metabolism in rat nucleus accumbens produced by intracranial self-stimulation of medial forebrain bundle as measured by in vivo microdialysis, Brain Res., 495, 178, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91234-1

Nauta, 1978, Efferent connections and nigral afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat, Neurosci., 3, 385, 10.1016/0306-4522(78)90041-6

Nestler, 1992, Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction, J. Neurosci., 12, 2439, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02439.1992

Ng Cheong Ton, 1988, Effects of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on potassium-evoked release of dopamine in the rat caudate nucleus: an in vivo electrochemical and in vivo microdialysis study, Brain Res., 451, 59, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90749-4

Nissbrandt, 1994, Pharmacologically induced cessation of burst activity in nigral dopamine neurons: significance for the terminal dopamine efflux, Synapse, 17, 217, 10.1002/syn.890170402

Nowycky, 1978, Dopaminergic neurons: effect of acute and chronic morphine administration on single cell activity and transmitter metabolism, J. Neural Transm., 42, 99, 10.1007/BF01675349

Oades, 1987, Ventral tegmental (A10) system: neurobiology. 1. Anatomy and connectivity, Brain Res., 12, 117, 10.1016/0165-0173(87)90011-7

O'Brien, 1992, Classical conditioning in drug-dependent humans, 654, 400

Oliviero, 1972, Genetic analysis of avoidance, maze, and wheel-running behaviors in the mouse, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 79, 459, 10.1037/h0032835

Packard, 1991, Dissociation of hippocampus and caudate nucleus memory systems by post-training intracerebral injection of dopamine agonists, Behav. Neurosci., 105, 295, 10.1037/0735-7044.105.2.295

Parker, 1992, Place conditioning in a three- or four-choice apparatus: role of stimulus novelty in drug-induced place conditioning, Behav. Neurosci., 106, 294, 10.1037/0735-7044.106.2.294

Parsons, 1992, Extracellular concentration and in vivo recovery of DA in the nucleus accumbens using microdialysis, J. Neurochem., 58, 212, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09298.x

Parsons, 1991, Basal extracellular dopamine is decreased in the rat nucleus accumbens during abstinence from chronic cocaine, Synapse, 9, 60, 10.1002/syn.890090109

Patrick, 1991, Concomitant sensitization of amphetamine-induced behavioral stimulation and in vivo dopamine release from rat caudate nucleus, Brain Res., 538, 343, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90453-3

Pehek, 1990, Effects of cathinone and amphetamine on the neurochemistry of dopamine in vivo, Neuropharmacol., 29, 1171, 10.1016/0028-3908(90)90041-O

Pei, 1993, 5-HT3 receptors antagonists inhibit morphine-induced stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine release and function in the rat, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 230, 63, 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90410-J

Peris, 1987, One injection of cocaine produces a long-lasting increase in [3H]dopamine release, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 27, 533, 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90361-3

Pert, 1977, Neuroanatomical focus for morphine- and enkephalin-induced hypermotility, Nature, 265, 645, 10.1038/265645a0

Pettit, 1989, Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during cocaine self-administration as studied by in vivo microdialysis, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 34, 899, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90291-8

Pettit, 1991, Effect of dose on cocaine self-administration behavior and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, Brain Res., 539, 94, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90690-W

Pettit, 1984, Destruction of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens selectively attenuates cocaine but not heroin self-administration in rats, Psychopharmacol., 84, 167, 10.1007/BF00427441

Pfaus, 1990, Sexual behavior enhances central dopamine transmission in the male rat, Brain Res., 530, 345, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91309-5

Pfeffer, 1985, Oral ethanol reinforcment: interactive effects of amphetamine, pimozide and food restriction, Alcohol Drug Res., 6, 37

Pfeffer, 1986, Effect of pimozide on home cage ethanol drinking in the rat: dependence on drinking session length, Drug Alcohol Depend., 17, 47, 10.1016/0376-8716(86)90035-9

Phillips, 1979, Decreased resistance to extinction after haloperidol: implications for the role of dopamine in reinforcement, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 10, 751, 10.1016/0091-3057(79)90328-9

Phillips, 1990, Role of reward and enhancement of conditioned reward in persistence of responding for cocaine, Behav. Pharmacol., 1, 269, 10.1097/00008877-199000140-00002

Phillips, 1991, Dopamine and motivated behavior: insights provided by in vivo analysis, 199

Phillips, 1991, Time-, schedule-, and reinforcer-dependent effects of pimozide and amphetamine, Psychopharmacol., 104, 125, 10.1007/BF02244566

Phillips, 1991, Suppression or facilitation of operant behaviour by raclopride dependent on concentration of sucrose reward, Psychopharmacol., 105, 239, 10.1007/BF02244316

Phillips, 1991, Reward-dependent suppression or facilitation of consummatory behaviour by raclopride, Psychopharmacol., 105, 355, 10.1007/BF02244430

Phillips, 1993, Increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat elicited by a conditional stimulus for food: an electrochemical study, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 71, 387, 10.1139/y93-059

Phillips, 1994, Mesoaccumbens dopamine-opiate interactions in the control over behaviour by a conditioned reinforcer, Psychopharmacol., 114, 345, 10.1007/BF02244858

Phillips, 1994, Bilateral intraaccubens self-administration of d-amphetamine: antagonism with intra-accumbens SCH-23390 and sulpiride, Psychopharmacol., 114, 477, 10.1007/BF02249339

Phillips, 1994, Isolation rearing enhances the locomotor response to cocaine and a novel environment, but impairs the intravenous self-administration of cocaine, Psychopharmacol., 115, 407, 10.1007/BF02245084

Phillips, 1994, Isolation rearing impairs the reinforcing efficacy of intravenous cocaine or intra-accumbens d-amphetamine: impaired response to intra-accumbens D1 and D2D3 dopamine receptor antagonists, Psychopharmacol., 115, 419, 10.1007/BF02245085

Piazza, 1989, Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration, Science, 245, 1511, 10.1126/science.2781295

Piazza, 1990, Stressand pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration, Brain Res., 514, 22, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90431-A

Piazza, 1991, Dopaminergic activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex and increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats predisposed to develop amphetamine self-administration, Brain Res., 567, 169, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91452-7

Piazza, 1991, Individual vulnerability to drug self-administration: action of corticosterone on dopaminergic systems as a possible pathophysiological mechanism, 473

Pickens, 1968, Cocaine reinforced behavior in rats: effects of reinforcement magnitude and fixed-ratio size, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 161, 122

Pickens, 1978, Drug self-administration: an analysis of the reinforcing effects of drugs, 1

Pleim, 1990, Correlation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens with masculine sexual behavior in rats, Brain Res., 524, 160, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90507-8

Pollock, 1989, Evidence for the role of dopamine D1 receptors in morphine induced Stereotypie behavior, Neurosci. Lett., 102, 291, 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90094-3

Porrino, 1993, Functional consequences of acute cocaine treatment depend on route of administration, Psychopharmacol., 112, 343, 10.1007/BF02244931

Posluns, 1962, An analysis of chlorpromazine-induced suppression of the avoidance response, Psychopharmacol., 3, 361, 10.1007/BF00408321

Post, 1987, Chronic cocaine administration: sensitization and kindling effects, 109

Pothos, 1991, Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment, Brain Res., 566, 348, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91724-F

Pycock, 1984, A neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological analysis of basal ganglia output, vol. 18

Quarfordt, 1991, Ethanol drinking following 6-OHDA lesions of nucleus accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium of the rat, Alcohol, 8, 211, 10.1016/0741-8329(91)90854-P

Radhakishun, 1988, Scheduled eating increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of food-deprived rats as assessed with on-line brain dialysis, Neurosci. Lett., 85, 351, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90591-5

Ramsey, 1993, Emotional but not physical stress enhances intravenous cocaine self-administration in drug-naive rats, Brain Res., 608, 216, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91461-Z

Rassnick, 1992, Oral ethanol self-administration in rats is reduced by the administration of dopamine and glutamate receptor antagonists into the nucleus accumbens, Psychopharmacol., 109, 92, 10.1007/BF02245485

Rassnick, 1993, The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens and the mesolimbic dopamine system on oral self-administration of ethanol in the rat, Brain Res., 623, 16, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90004-7

Reicher, 1977, Location preference and flavor aversion reinforced by amphetamine in rats, Anim. Learn. Behav., 5, 343, 10.3758/BF03209576

Reid, 1985, Toward understanding ethanol's capacity to be reinforcing: a conditioned place preference following injection of ethanol, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 22, 483, 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90051-6

Reid, 1989, Measuring morphine's capacity to establish a place preference, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 13, 765, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90468-1

Rescorla, 1967, Two-process learning theory: relationship between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning, Psychol. Rev., 74, 151, 10.1037/h0024475

Risinger, 1992, Haloperidol reduces ethanol-induced motor activity stimulation but not conditioned place preference, Psychopharmacol., 107, 453, 10.1007/BF02245175

Risner, 1976, Role of noradrenergic and dopaminergic processes in amphetamine self-administration, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 5, 477, 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90113-1

Ritz, 1987, Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self- administration of cocaine, Science, 237, 1219, 10.1126/science.2820058

Robbins, 1975, The potentiation of conditioned reinforcement by psychomotor stimulant drugs: DA test of Hill's hypothesis, Psychopharmacol., 45, 103, 10.1007/BF00426218

Robbins, 1983, Contrasting interactions of pipradrol, d-amphetamine, cocaine, cocaine analogues, apomorphine and other drugs with conditioned reinforcment, Psychopharmacol., 80, 113, 10.1007/BF00427952

Robbins, 1989, Limbic striatal interactions in reward-related processes, Neurosci. Behav. Rev., 13, 155, 10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80025-9

Roberts, 1993, Self-administration of GBR 12909 on a fixed ratio and progressive ratio schedule in rats, Psychopharmacol., 111, 202, 10.1007/BF02245524

Roberts, 1984, Atypical neuroleptics increase self-administration of cocaine: an evaluation of a behavioral screen for antipsychotic activity, Psychopharmacol., 82, 135, 10.1007/BF00426397

Roberts, 1993, Heroin self-administration in rats under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcment, Psychopharmacol., 111, 215, 10.1007/BF02245526

Roberts, 1977, On the role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 6, 615, 10.1016/0091-3057(77)90084-3

Roberts, 1980, Extinction and recovery of cocaine self-administration following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 12, 781, 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90166-5

Roberts, 1989, Self-administration of cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule in rats: dose-response relationship and effect of haloperidol pretreatment, Psychopharmacol., 97, 535, 10.1007/BF00439560

Robertson, 1991, Apparent synaptic deficiency induced by withdrawal from chronic cocaine treatment, Brain Res., 538, 337, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90451-Z

Robinson, 1982, Behavioral sensitization is accompainied by an enhancement in amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release from striatal tissue in vitro, Eur. Pharmacol., 85, 253, 10.1016/0014-2999(82)90478-2

Robinson, 1986, Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis, Brain Res. Rev., 11, 157, 10.1016/0165-0173(86)90002-0

Robinson, 1990, Does amphetamine preferentially increase the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats?, Neuropsychopharmacol., 3, 163

Robinson, 1993, The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, Brain Res. Rev., 18, 247, 10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-P

Robinson, 1988, Persistent sensitization of dopamine neurotransmission in ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) produced by prior experience with (+)- amphetamine: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats, Brain Res., 462, 211, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90549-5

Rossetti, 1992, Marked inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine release: a common feature of ethanol, morphine, cocaine and amphetamine abstinence in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 221, 227, 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90706-A

Salamone, 1988, Dopaminergic involvement in activational aspects of motivation: effects of haloperidol on schedule-induced activity, feeding and foraging in rats, Psychobiol., 16, 196, 10.3758/BF03327307

Salamone, 1992, Complex motor and sensorimotor functions of striatal and accumbens dopamine: involvement in instrumental behavior processes, Psychopharmacol., 107, 160, 10.1007/BF02245133

Samson, 1993, Effect of dopamine agonists and antagonists on ethanol reinforced behavior: the involvement of the nucleus accumbens, Brain Res. Bull., 30, 133, 10.1016/0361-9230(93)90049-H

Schecter, 1974, Effect of propranolol, d-amphetamine and caffeine on ethanol as a discriminative cue, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 29, 52, 10.1016/0014-2999(74)90169-1

Scheeter, 1981, Effect of fenfluramine and nicotine upon a stimulant-depressant continuum, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 15, 371, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90265-3

Scheeter, 1993, Trends in place preference conditioning with a cross-indexed bibliography 1957–1991, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 17, 21, 10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80228-3

Schenk, 1987, Cocaine self-administration in rats influenced by environmental conditions: implications for the etiology of drug abuse, Neurosci. Lett., 81, 227, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)91003-2

Schenk, 1991, Supersensitivity to the reinforcing effects of cocaine following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex in rats, Brain. Res., 543, 227, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90032-Q

Schenk, 1991, Pre-exposure to amphetamine but not nicotine sensitizes rats to the motor activating effect of cocaine, Psychopharmacol., 103, 62, 10.1007/BF02244075

Schenk, 1993, Development and expression of sensitization to cocaine's reinforcing properties: role of NMDA receptors, Psychopharmacol., 111, 332, 10.1007/BF02244949

Schultz, 1993, Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task, J. Neurosci., 13, 900, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-03-00900.1993

Schultz, 1990, Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to stimuli eliciting immediate behavioral reactions, J. Neurophysiol., 63, 607, 10.1152/jn.1990.63.3.607

Schuster, 1969, Self-administration of and behavioral dependence on drugs, Ann. Res. Pharmacol., 9, 483, 10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.002411

Segal, 1983, Animal models of stimulant-induced psychosis, 131

Segal, 1992, Repeated cocaine administration induces behavioral sensitization and corresponding decreased extracellular dopamine responses in caudate and accumbens, Brain Res., 577, 351, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90297-M

Segal, 1992, In vivo microdialysis reveals a diminished amphetamine-induced DA response corresponding to behavioral sensitization produced by repeated amphetamine pretreatment, Brain Res., 571, 330, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90672-V

Sesack, 1992, Prefrontal cortical efferents in the rat synapse on unlabeled neuronal targets of catecholamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens septi and on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, J. Comp. Neurol., 320, 145, 10.1002/cne.903200202

Shaefer, 1983, Morphine withdrawal produces differential effects on the rate of lever-pressing for brain self-stimulation in the hypothalamus and midbrain in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 18, 571, 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90283-6

Shaefer, 1986, Changes in response rates and reinforcement thresholds for intracranial self-stimulation during morphine withdrawal, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 25, 1263, 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90121-8

Shaham, 1994, Exposure to mild stress enhances the reinforcing efficacy of intravenous heroin self-administration in rats, Psychopharmacol., 114, 523, 10.1007/BF02249346

Sharp, 1987, A direct comparison of amphetamine-induced behaviours and regional brain dopamine release in the rat using intracerebral dialysis, Brain Res., 401, 322, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91416-8

Sharpe, 1991, Withdrawal of repeated cocaine decreases autoradiographic [3H]mazindol labeling of dopamine transporter in rat nucleus accumbens, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 203, 141, 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90804-Y

Shippenberg, 1987, Place preference conditioning reveals the involvement of D-1 dopamine receptors in the motivational properties of μ- and κ-opioid agonists, Brain Res., 436, 169, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91571-X

Shippenberg, 1988, Motivational effects of opioids: influence of D-1 vs.D-2 receptor antagonists, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 151, 233, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90803-5

Shippenberg, 1991, Neuroanatomical substrates mediating the aversive effects of D-1 dopamine receptor antagonists, Psychopharmacol., 103, 209, 10.1007/BF02244205

Shippenberg, 1993, Examination of the neurochemical substrates mediating the motivational effects of opioids: role of the mesolimbic dopamine system and Dl-1 vs. D-2 dopamine receptors, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 265, 53

Shoaib, 1992, MK801 attenuates behavioural adaptation to chronic nicotine administration in rats, Br. J. Pharmacol., 105, 514, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb09010.x

Shoaib, 1994, Nicotine-induced place preferences following prior nicotine exposure in rats, Psychopharmacol, 113, 445, 10.1007/BF02245221

Siegfried, 1979, Conditioning compensates the neglect due to unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of substantia nigra in rats, Brain Res., 167, 139, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90269-5

Signs, 1988, The role of dopamine and serotonin receptors in the mediation of the ethanol interoceptive cue, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 30, 55, 10.1016/0091-3057(88)90424-8

Sijbesma, 1991, 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino) tetralin increases the activity of adenylate cyclase in the hippocampus of freely moving rats, Neuropharmacol., 30, 967, 10.1016/0028-3908(91)90110-W

Skinner, 1935, Two types of conditioned reflex and a pseudotype, J. Gen. Psychol., 12, 66, 10.1080/00221309.1935.9920088

Smith, 1985, Effects of 6-OHDA lesions of the central medial nucleus accumbens on rat intravenous morphine self-administration, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 23, 843, 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90080-2

Solomon, 1977, An opponent-process theory of motivation: IV. The affective dynamics of addiction

Spanagel, 1993, Modulation of morphine induced sensitization by endogenous κ opioid systems in the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 153, 232, 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90329-J

Spanagel, 1993, Long lasting changes in morphine-induced mesolimbic dopamine release after chronic morphine exposure, Synapse, 14, 243, 10.1002/syn.890140307

Spanagel, 1994, Endogenous κ-opioid systems in opiate withdrawal: role in aversion and accompanying changes in mesolimbic dopamine release, Psychopharmacol., 115, 121, 10.1007/BF02244761

Spano, 1977, Localization of nigral dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase on neurons originating from corous striatum, Sci. N.Y., 196, 1343, 10.1126/science.17159

Spealman, 1991, Discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys: involvement of dopamine receptor subtypes, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 258, 945

Spyraki, 1982, Dopaminergic substrates of amphetamine-induced place preference conditioning, Brain Res., 253, 185, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90685-0

Spyraki, 1983, Attenuation of heroin reward in rats by disruption of the mesolimbic dopamine system, Psychopharmacol., 79, 278, 10.1007/BF00427827

Stamford, 1986, In vivo voltammetry: some methodological considerations, J. Neurosci. Meth., 17, 1, 10.1016/0165-0270(86)90031-2

Starke, 1981, Presynaptic receptors, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21, 7, 10.1146/annurev.pa.21.040181.000255

Steinfels, 1983, Behavioral correlates of dopaminergic unit activity in freely moving cats, Brain Res., 258, 217, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91145-9

Stewart, 1984, Reinstatement of heroin and cocaine self-administration behavior in the rat by intracerebral application of morphine in the ventral tegmental area, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 20, 917, 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90017-0

Stewart, 1993, Development of both conditioning and sensitization of the behavioral activating effects of amphetamine is blocked by the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, Psychopharmacol., 110, 125, 10.1007/BF02246961

Stewart, 1987, Environment-specific enhancement of the hyperactivity induced by systemic or intra-VTA morphine injections in rats pre-exposed to amphetamine, Psychobiol, 15, 144, 10.3758/BF03333103

Stewart, 1988, A comparison of the effects of intraaccumbens injection of amphetamine and morphine on reinstatement of heroin intravenous self-administration behavior, Brain Res., 457, 287, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90698-1

Stewart, 1989, Microinjections of SCH 23390 into the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars reticulata attenuate the development of sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of systemic amphetamine, Brain Res., 495, 401, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90236-9

Stewart, 1992, Reinstatement of heroin self-administration habits: morphine prompts and naltrexone discourages renewed responding after extinction, Psychopharmacol., 108, 79, 10.1007/BF02245289

Stewart, 1993, Tolerance and sensitization to the behavioral effects of drugs, Behav. Pharmacol., 4, 289, 10.1097/00008877-199308000-00003

Stewart, 1984, Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants, Psychol. Rev., 91, 251, 10.1037/0033-295X.91.2.251

Stewart, 1986, Conditioned place aversion mediated by orally self-administered ethanol in the rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 24, 1369, 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90197-8

Stinus, 1980, Locomotor activation induced by infusion of endorphin into the ventral tegmental area: evidence for opiate-dopamine interactions, 77, 2323

Stinus, 1985, Chronic neuroleptic treatment and mesolimbic dopamine denervation induce behavioral supersensitivity to opiates, Psychopharmacol., 85, 323, 10.1007/BF00428196

Stinus, 1986, Chronic treatment with five different neuroleptics elicits behavioral supersensitivity to opiate infusion into the nucleus accumbens, Biol. Psychiatry, 21, 34, 10.1016/0006-3223(86)90006-5

Stolerman, 1992, Drugs of abuse: behavioural principles, methods and terms, TIPS, 13, 170

Stolerman, 1981, Role of training conditions in discrimination of central nervous system stimulants by rats, Psychopharmacol., 73, 295, 10.1007/BF00422421

Stolerman, 1991, The neurobiology of tobacco addiction, TIPS, 12, 467

Stone, 1990, In vivo measurement of extracellular cyclic AMP in the brain: use in studies of β-adrenoceptor function in non-anesthetized rats, J. Neurochem., 55, 1942, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb05780.x

Stretch, 1973, Drug-induced reinstatement of amphetamine self-administration in monkeys, Can. J. Psychol., 27, 168, 10.1037/h0082466

Striplin, 1992, Correlation between behavioral sensitization to cocaine and G protein ADP-ribosylation in the ventral tegmental area, Brain Res., 579, 181, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90049-F

Striplin, 1993, Robustness of G protein changes in cocaine sensitization shown with immunoblotting, Synapse, 14, 10, 10.1002/syn.890140103

Svensson, 1989, Local cooling of pre-frontal cortex induces pacemaker-like firing of dopamine neurons in rat ventral tegmental area in vivo, Acta Physiol. Scand., 136, 135, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08640.x

Swerdlow, 1986, Central dopamine hyperactivity in rats mimics abnormal acoustic startle in schizophrenics, Biol. Psychiatry, 21, 23, 10.1016/0006-3223(86)90005-3

Swerdlow, 1986, Nucleus accumbens opiate-dopamine interactions and locomotor activation in the rat: evidence for a pre-synaptic locus, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 26, 765, 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90609-5

Swerdlow, 1987, Conditioned drug effects on spatial preference: critical evaluation

Swerdlow, 1992, Regionally selective effects of intracerebral dopamine infusion on sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex in rats, Psychopharmacol., 108, 189, 10.1007/BF02245306

Switzerman, 1978, Novel tasting food enhances morphine discriminability in rats

Taylor, 1984, Enhanced behavioral control by conditioned reinforcers following microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens, Psychopharmacol., 84, 405, 10.1007/BF00555222

Thierry, 1973, Dopaminergic terminals in the rat cortex, Science, 182, 499, 10.1126/science.182.4111.499

Tiffany, 1990, A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and non-automatic processes, Psychol. Rev., 97, 147, 10.1037/0033-295X.97.2.147

Towell, 1987, Effects of pimozide on sucrose consumption and preference, Psychopharmacol., 92, 262, 10.1007/BF00177926

Ungerstedt, 1971, Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain, Acta Physiol, Scand. (Suppl.), 367, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-201X.1971.tb10998.x

Ungerstedt, 1984, Measurements of neurotransmitter release by intracranial dialysis, 81

Valentine, 1983, Effects of cocaine, chlordiazepoxide, and chlorpromazine on responding of squirrel monkeys under second-order schedules of IM cocaine injection or food presentation, Psychopharmacol., 81, 164, 10.1007/BF00429013

Van der Kooy, 1983, Motivational properties of ethanol in naive rats as studied by place conditioning, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 19, 441, 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90117-X

Van Ree, 1987, The dopamine hypothesis of opiate reward challenged, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 134, 239, 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90172-5

Vezina, 1984, Conditioning and place-specific sensitization of increases in activity induced by morphine in the VTA, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 20, 925, 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90018-2

Vezina, 1987, Sensitization occurs to the locomotor effects of morphine and the specific μ opioid receptor agonist, DAGO, administered repeatedly to the VTA but not to the nucleus accumbens, Brain Res., 417, 51, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90178-8

Vezina, 1989, Environment-specific cross-sensitization between the locomotor activating effects of morphine and amphetamine, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 32, 581, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90201-3

Vezina, 1989, The effect of dopamine receptor blockade on the development of sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of amphetamine and morphine, Brain Res., 499, 108, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91140-2

Vezina, 1990, Amphetamine administered to the ventral tegmental area but not to the nucleus accumbens sensitizes rats to systemic morphine: lack of conditioned effects, Brain Res., 516, 90, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90902-N

Weeks, 1979, Dose and physical dependence as factors in the self-administration of morphine by rats, Psychopharmacol., 65, 171, 10.1007/BF00433045

Weiner, 1984, Abolition of the expression but not the acquisition of latent inhibition by chronic amphetamine in rats, Psychopharmacol., 83, 194, 10.1007/BF00429734

Weiner, 1987, Facilitation of the expression but not the acquisition of latent inhibition by haloperidol in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 26, 241, 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90112-2

Weiner, 1988, Disruption of latent inhibition by acute administration of low doses of amphetamine, Pharmac. Biochem. Behav., 30, 871, 10.1016/0091-3057(88)90113-X

Weiss, 1992, Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration, Brain Res., 593, 314, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91327-B

Weiss, 1992, Increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by cocaine are inversely related to basal levels: effects of acute and chronic administration, J. Neurosci., 12, 4372, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04372.1992

Weiss, 1993, Oral alcohol self-administration stimulates dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: genetic and motivational determinants, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 267, 250

Weiss, 1994, Neurochemistry of cocaine withdrawal

Wenkstern, 1993, Dopamine transmission increases in the nucleus accumbens of male rats during their first exposure to sexually receptive female rats, Brain Res., 618, 41, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90426-N

Westerink, 1987, Scope and limitations of in vivo brain dialysis: a comparison of its application to various neurotransmitter systems, Life Sci., 41, 1763, 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90695-3

White, 1989, A functional hypothesis concerning the striatal matrix and patches: mediation of S-R memory and reward, Life Sci., 45, 1943, 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90569-9

White, 1991, Localized intracaudate dopamine D2 receptor activation during the post-training period improves memory for visual or olefactory conditioned emotional responses in rats, Behav. Neural Biol., 55, 255, 10.1016/0163-1047(91)90609-T

White, 1992, The psychobiology of reinforcers, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 43, 443, 10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.002303

Wikler, 1973, Dynamics of drug dependence: implications of a conditioning theory for research and treatment, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 28, 611, 10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750350005001

Willner, 1992, Environmental influences on behavioural sensitization to the dopamine agonist quinpirole, Behavioural Pharmacol., 3, 43, 10.1097/00008877-199203010-00007

Wilson, 1971, Psychomotor stimulant self-administration as a function of dosage per injection in the rhesus monkey, Psychopharmacol., 22, 271, 10.1007/BF00401789

Wilson, 1972, The effects of chlorpromazine on psychomotor stimulant self-administration in the rhesus monkey, Psychopharmacol., 26, 155, 10.1007/BF00422098

Wilson, 1990, Basal ganglia, 64

Wise, 1976, Both positive reinforcement and conditioned aversion from amphetamine and from apomorphine in rats, Science, 191, 1273, 10.1126/science.1257748

Wise, 1978, Neurolepticinduced ‘anhedonia’ in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food, Science, 201, 262, 10.1126/science.566469

Wise, 1982, Neuroleptics and operant behavior: the anhedonia hypothesis, Behav. Brain Sci., 5, 39, 10.1017/S0140525X00010372

Wise, 1987, A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction, Psychol. Rev., 94, 469, 10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.469

Wise, 1992, Self-stimulation and drug reward mechanisms, 654, 192

Witkin, 1991, Behavioral effects of selective dopaminergic compounds in rats discriminating cocaine injections, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 257, 706

Wolf, 1991, Repeated administration of MK-801 produces sensitization to its own locomotor stimulant effects but blocks sensitization to amphetamine, Brain Res., 562, 164, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91202-C

Wolf, 1993, Differential development of autoreceptor subsensitivity and enhanced dopamine release during amphetamine sensitization, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 264, 249

Wood, 1984, Acquisition and recovery of tolerance to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine, Neuropharmacol., 23, 1419, 10.1016/0028-3908(84)90083-2

Wood, 1987, Anxiogenic properties of cocaine withdrawal, Life Sci., 41, 1431, 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90619-9

Woodworth, 1918

Woolverton, 1979, Reinforcing properties of some local anesthetics in rheus monkey, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 11, 669, 10.1016/0091-3057(79)90260-0

Woolverton, 1981, Effects of antipsychotic compounds in rhesus monkeys given a choice between cocaine and food, Drug Alcohol Depend., 8, 69, 10.1016/0376-8716(81)90088-0

Woolverton, 1984, Effects of repeated methamfetamine administration on methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 21, 737, 10.1016/S0091-3057(84)80012-X

Woolverton, 1986, Effects of a D1 and a D2 dopamine antagonist on the self-administration of cocaine and piribedil by rhesus monkeys, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 24, 531, 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90553-8

Woolverton, 1987, Evaluation of the role of norepinephrine in the reinforcing effects of psychomotor stimulants in rhesus monkeys, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 26, 835, 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90618-6

Woolverton, 1987, Pharmacological analysis of the apomorphine discriminative stimulus in rhesus monkeys, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 241, 213

Woolverton, 1989, The effects of a D1 and a D2 dopamine antagonist on behavior maintained by cocaine or food, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 32, 691, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90019-1

Wozniak, 1991, Focal application of alcohols elevates extracellular dopamine in rat brain: a microdialysis study, Brain Res., 540, 31, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90489-I

Xenakis, 1981, The effects of pimozide on the consumption of a palatable saccharin-glucose solution in the rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 15, 435, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90274-4

Yamada, 1988, Enhancement of dopamine release from striatal slices of rats that were subchronically treated with methamphetamine, Biol. Psychiatry, 24, 399, 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90176-X

Yanagita, 1973, An experimental framework for evaluation of dependence liability in various types of drugs in monkeys, Bull. Narc., 25, 57

Yanagita, 1977, Brief review on the use of self-administration techniques for predicting drug abuse potential, 231

Yokel, 1974, Drug level of d- and l-amphetamine during intravenous self-administration, Psychopharmacol., 34, 255, 10.1007/BF00421966

Yokel, 1975, Increased lever pressing for amphetamine after pimozide in rats: implications for a dopamine theory of reward, Science, 187, 547, 10.1126/science.1114313

Yokel, 1976, Attenuation of intravenous amphetamine reinforcement by central dopamine blockade in rats, Psychopharmacol., 48, 311, 10.1007/BF00496868

Yoshimoto, 1992, Ethanol enhances the release of dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus accumbens of HAD and LAD lines of rats, Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res., 16, 781, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00678.x

Yoshimoto, 1992, Alcohol stimulates the release of dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus accumbens, Alcohol, 9, 17, 10.1016/0741-8329(92)90004-T

Young, 1986, Discriminative stimulus properties of amphetamine and structurally-related phenalkylamines, Med. Res. Rev., 6, 99, 10.1002/med.2610060105

Young, 1991, Cocaine induces striatal c-fos-immunoreactive proteins via dopaminergic D1 receptors, 88, 1291

Young, 1992, Increased dopamine release in vivo in nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus of the rat during a microdialysis study, Neurosci., 48, 871, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90275-7

Young, 1993, Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens, Neurosci., 54, 5, 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90378-S