The risks of antimalarial retinopathy, azathioprine lymphoma and methotrexate hepatotoxicity during the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Alarcon, 1989, Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis; toxic effects as the major factor in limiting long-term treatment, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 32, 671, 10.1002/anr.1780320603 Allenbeck, 1981, Increased mortality among persons with rheumatoid arthritis, but where rheumatoid arthritis does not appear on the death certificate, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 10, 301, 10.3109/03009748109095320 Andersen, 1985, Weekly pulse methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and immunologic effects in a randomized double-blind study, Annals of Internal Medicine, 103, 489, 10.7326/0003-4819-103-4-489 Aponte, 1988, Histopathologic findings in the liver of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with long-term bolus methotrexate, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 31, 1457, 10.1002/art.1780311201 Arden, 1966, Antimalarial therapy and early retinal changes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, British Medical Journal, 1, 270, 10.1136/bmj.1.5482.270 Berliner, 1948, Studies on the chemotherapy of the human malarias. VI. The physiological disposition, antimalarial activity and toxicity of several derivatives of 4-aminoquinoline, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 27, 98, 10.1172/JCI101980 Bernstein, 1983, Ophthalmologic considerations and testing in patients receiving long-term antimalarial therapy, American Journal of Medicine, 75, 25, 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91267-6 Bernstein, 1964, The ocular pathology of chloroquine retinopathy, Archives of Ophthalmology, 71, 238, 10.1001/archopht.1964.00970010254019 Bjorkman, 1988, Hepatic ultrastructure after methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 31, 1465, 10.1002/art.1780311202 Brick, 1989, Prospective analysis of liver biopsies before and after methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid patients, 19, 31 Bridges, 1989, Methotrexate-induced liver abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 16, 1180 Butler, 1965, Retinopathy following the use of chloroquine and allied substances, Ophthalmologica, 149, 204, 10.1159/000304767 Cambioggi, 1957, Unusual ocular lesions in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus, Archives of Ophthalmology, 57, 451, 10.1001/archopht.1957.00930050463019 Carr, 1966, Chloroquine retinopathy. Early detection by retinal threshold test, Archives of Ophthalmology, 75, 171, 10.1001/archopht.1966.00970050173005 Clegg, 1989, Acute, reversible hepatic failure associated with methotrexate treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 16, 1123 Crews, 1961, Chloroquine retinopathy with recovery in early stages, Lancet, ii, 436 Easterbrook, 1984, The use of Amsler grids in early chloroquine retinopathy, Ophthalmology, 91, 1368, 10.1016/S0161-6420(84)34139-2 Easterbrook, 1987, Dose relationships in patients with early chloroquine retinopathy, Journal of Rheumatology, 14, 472 Easterbrook, 1988, Ocular effects and safety of antimalarial agents, American Journal of Medicine, 85, 23, 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90358-0 Ehrenfeld, 1986, Delayed-onset chloroquine retinopathy, British Journal of Ophthalmology, 70, 281, 10.1136/bjo.70.4.281 Elman, 1976, Chloroquine retinopathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 5, 161, 10.3109/03009747609165456 Elner, 1981, Immunophagocytic properties of retinal pigment epithelium cells, Science, 211, 74, 10.1126/science.7444450 Fedorko, 1967, Effects of chloroquine on morphology of cytoplasmic granules in maturing leukocytes—an ultrastructural study, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 46, 1932, 10.1172/JCI105683 Finbloom, 1985, Comparison of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine use and the development of retinal toxicity, Journal of Rheumatology, 12, 692 Francois, 1967, Experimentally induced chloroquine retinopathy in rabbits, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 64, 886, 10.1016/0002-9394(67)92232-5 Fuld, 1959, Retinopathy following chloroquine therapy, Lancet, ii, 617, 10.1016/S0140-6736(59)91722-2 Hakulinen, 1985, Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer studies based on linking nationwide registries in Finland, American Journal of Medicine, 78, 29, 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90242-6 Henkind, 1963, Ocular abnormalities in patients treated with synthetic antimalarial drugs, New England Journal of Medicine, 269, 433, 10.1056/NEJM196308292690901 Hobbs, 1958, The ocular complications of chloroquine therapy, Lancet, i, 1207, 10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91911-1 Hunter, 1975, Azathioprine in rheumatoid arthritis. A long-term follow-up study, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 18, 15, 10.1002/art.1780180103 Isomaki, 1975, Death rate and causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 4, 205, 10.3109/03009747509165257 Isomaki, 1978, Excess riskof lymphomas, leukemia and myeloma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Journal of Chronic Disease, 31, 691, 10.1016/0021-9681(78)90071-1 Kinlen, 1985, Incidence of cancer in rheumatoid arthritis and other disorders after immuno-suppressive treatment, American Journal of Medicine, 78, 44, 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90245-1 Koota, 1977, Death rate and causes of death in rheumatoid arthritis patients during a period of five years, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 6, 241, 10.3109/03009747709095458 Kremer, 1986, The safety and efficacy of the use of methotrexate in long-term therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 29, 822, 10.1002/art.1780290702 Kremer, 1986, Methotrexate metabolism analysis in blood and liver of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Association with hepatic folate deficiency and formation of polyglutamates, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 29, 832, 10.1002/art.1780290703 Kremer, 1989, Liver histology in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long-term methotrexate therapy. A prospective study with baseline and sequential biopsy samples, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 32, 121, 10.1002/anr.1780320202 Krill, 1971, Chloroquine retinopathy. Investigation of discrepancy between dark adaptation and electroretinographic findings in advanced stages, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 71, 530, 10.1016/0002-9394(71)90130-9 Laakso, 1986, Cancer mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 13, 522 Laaksonen, 1974, Dosage of antimalarial drugs for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 3, 103, 10.3109/03009747409115809 Lewis, 1980, Causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with particular reference to azathioprine, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 39, 457, 10.1136/ard.39.5.457 Mackenzie, 1970, An appraisal of chloroquine, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 13, 280, 10.1002/art.1780130310 Mackenzie, 1983, Dose refinements in long-term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with antimalarials, American Journal of Medicine, 75, 40, 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91269-X Mackenzie, 1980, Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in rheumatological therapy, Clinics in Rheumatic Diseases, 6, 545, 10.1016/S0307-742X(21)00317-9 Mackenzie, 1968, Light may provide energy for retinal damage during chloroquine therapy, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 11, 496 Marks, 1979, Is chloroquine obsolete in treatment of rheumatic diseases?, Lancet, i, 371, 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92905-2 Monson, 1976, Mortality among arthritics, Journal of Chronic Disease, 29, 459, 10.1016/0021-9681(76)90086-2 Morgan, 1990, The effect of folic acid supplementation on the toxicity of low dose methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 33, 9, 10.1002/art.1780330102 Nozik, 1964, Ocular complications of chloroquine, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 58, 774, 10.1016/0002-9394(64)90787-1 Nylander, 1967, Ocular damage in chloroquine therapy, Acta Ophthalmologica, 92, 5 Okun, 1963, Chloroquine retinopathy: a report of eight cases with ERG and dark-adaptation findings, Archives of Ophthalmology, 69, 59, 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040065013 Percival, 1969, Ophthalmological safety of chloroquine, British Journal of Ophthalmology, 53, 101, 10.1136/bjo.53.2.101 Prior, 1984, Cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis, British Journal of Rheumatology, 23, 92, 10.1093/rheumatology/23.2.92 Rau, 1989, Liver biopsy findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing long-term treatment with methotrexate, Journal of Rheumatology, 16, 489 Roenigk, 1982, Methotrexate guidelines revisited, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 6, 145, 10.1016/S0190-9622(82)80064-9 Rubin, 1968, The antimalarials and tranquilizers, Diseases of the Nervous System, 29, 67 Rubin, 1966, A mechanism for the toxicity of chloroquine, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 9, 537 Rynes, 1983, Ophthalmologic safety of long-term hydroxychloroquine sulfate treatment, American Journal of Medicine, 75, 35, 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91268-8 Sataline, 1962, Impaired vision after prolonged CQ therapy, New England Journal of Medicine, 265, 346, 10.1056/NEJM196202152660707 Scherbel, 1965, Ocular lesions in rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders with particular reference to retinopathy, New England Journal of Medicine, 273, 360, 10.1056/NEJM196508122730704 Shearer, 1967, Ocular changes induced by long-term hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) therapy, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 64, 245, 10.1016/0002-9394(67)92518-4 Shergy, 1988, Methotrexate-associated hepatotoxicity: retrospective analysis of 210 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, American Journal of Medicine, 85, 771, 10.1016/S0002-9343(88)80019-6 Thompson, 1984, A controlled two-centre trial of parenteral methotrexate therapy for refractory rheumatoid arthritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 11, 760 Tilson, 1985, Pharmaco-epidemiology-drugs, arthritis, and neoplasms: industry contribution to the data, American Journal of Medicine, 78, 69, 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90250-5 Tobin, 1982, Hydroxychloroquine. Seven-year experience, Archives of Ophthalmology, 100, 81, 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030030083006 Tugwell, 1987, Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis, Annals of Internal Medicine, 107, 358, 10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-358 Urowitz, 1982, Long-term effects of azathioprine in rheumatoid arthritis, Annals of Rheumatic Disease, 41, 18, 10.1136/ard.41.Suppl_1.18 Vanderbroucke, 1984, Survival and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 11, 158 Weinblatt, 1985, Efficacy of low-dose methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis, New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 818, 10.1056/NEJM198503283121303 Weinblatt, 1988, Long-term prospective trial of low-dose methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 31, 167, 10.1002/art.1780310203 Williams, 1985, Comparison of low-dose oral pulses of methotrexate and placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled clinical trial, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 28, 721, 10.1002/art.1780280702 Wollheim, 1978, Chloroquine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 7, 161, 10.3109/03009747809095649