The revised ABC's of rational-emotive therapy (RET)

Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy - Tập 9 - Trang 139-172 - 1991
Albert Ellis1
1Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy, New York

Tóm tắt

Although I was perceptive enough to realize, in my first paper on rational-emotive therapy (RET) in 1956, that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors almost always are not pure or disparate but significantly include each other, I have appreciably added to this concept and have stressed forceful emotive and educative, as well as strong behavioral, techniques of RET in recent years. I have also increasingly pointed out that the ABC's of RET-A standing for Activating Events, B for Beliefs about these events, and C for emotional and behavioral Consequences of these Beliefs-also influence, include, and interact with each other. The present paper gives salient details of how A's, B's, and C's, as well as cognitions, emotions, and behaviors all importantly affect one another and how they become combined into dysfunctional, demanding core Basic Philosophic Assumptions that lead to neurotic disturbances. To change and to keep changing these dysfunctional basic assumptions, RET uses a number of intellectual, affective, and action techniques that often are applied in a forceful, persistent, active-directive manner. It is more cognitive than most of the other cognitive-behavior therapies in that it tries to help many (not all) clients to make an elegant or profound philosophic change (Ellis, 1979b, 1985b). But it is also more emotive and behavioral than most other popular therapies in that it assumes that neurotic individuals' core basic philosophies assumptions are, as Muran (in press) points out, “tacit cognitive-affective-motoric structures that account for emotional experiences in the face of external stimuli,” and that therefore therapists had better teach their clients (and the general public) several powerful cognitive-emotive-behavioral methods of helping themselves change.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Beck, A.T., & Emery, G. (1985).Anxiety disorders and phobias. New York: Basic Books.

Beck, A.T., Ruch, A.J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979).Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.

Bernard, M.E. (1986).Staying alive in an irrational world: Albert Ellis and rational-emotive therapy. South Melbourne, Australia: Carlson/Macmillan.

Bernard, M.E., & DiGiuseppe, R. (1989).Inside rational-emotive therapy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Brown, G. & Beck, A.T. (1989). The role of imperatives in psychopathology: A reply to Ellis.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 315–321.

Crawford, T. (1990, May 7, May 11, May 26). Letters to Albert Ellis.

DeSilvestri, C. (1989). Clinical models in RET: An advanced model of the organization of emotional and behavioral disorders.Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 7, 51–58.

DiGiuseppe, R. (1986). The implication of the philosophy of science for rational-emotive theory and therapy.Psychotherapy, 23, 634–639.

DiGiuseppe, R.A., Miller, N.J., & Trexler, L.D. (1979). A review of rational-emotive psychotherapy outcome studies. In A. Ellis & J.M. Whiteley (Eds.),Theoretical and empirical foundations of rational-emotive therapy (pp. 218–235). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Dryden, W. (1984). Rational-emotive therapy. In W. Dryden (Ed.),Individual therapy in Britain, (pp. 235–263). London: Harper & Row.

Ellis, A. (1956). An operational reformulation of some of the basic principles of psychoanalysis. In H. Feigl & M. Scriven (Eds.),The foundations of science and the concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis. (pp. 131–154). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (Also:Psychoanalytic Review, 43, 163–180).

Ellis, A. (1957).How to live with a neurotic: At home and at work. New York: Crown. Rev. ed., Hollywood, CA: Wilshire Books, 1975.

Ellis, A. (1958). Rational psychotherapy.Journal of General Psychology, 59, 35–49. Reprinted: New York: Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy.

Ellis, A. (1962).Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel.

Ellis, A. (1968).Homework report. New York: Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy.

Ellis, A. (1969a). A cognitive approach to behavior therapy.International Journal of Psychiatry, 8, 896–900.

Ellis, A. (1969b). A weekend of rational encounter.Rational Living, 4(2), 1–8. Reprinted in A. Ellis & W. Dryden,The practice of rational-emotive therapy. New York: Springer, 1987.

Ellis, A. (1971).Growth through reason. North Hollywood, CA: Wilshire Books.

Ellis, A. (1972).Psychotherapy and the value of a human being. New York: Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy. Reprinted in A. Ellis & W. Dryden,The Essential Albert Ellis. New York: Springer, 1990.

Ellis, A. (1973).Humanistic psychotherapy: The rational-emotive approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Ellis, A. (1976). RET abolishes most of the human ego.Psychotherapy, 13, 343–348. Reprinted: New York: The Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy.

Ellis, A. (1977).Anger—how to live with and without it. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.

Ellis, A. (1979a). Rational-emotive therapy: Research data that support the clinical and personality hypotheses of RET and other modes of cognitive-behavior therapy. In A. Ellis & J.M. Whiteley (Eds.),Theoretical and empirical foundations of rational-emotive therapy, (pp. 101–173). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Ellis, A. (1979b). Rejoinder: Elegant and inelegant RET. In A. Ellis & J.M. Whiteley (Eds.),Theoretical and empirical foundations of rational-emotive therapy (pp. 240–271). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Ellis, A. (1981). The place of Immanuel Kant in cognitive psychotherapy.Rational Living, 11(2), 13–16.

Ellis, A. (1983).The case against religiosity. New York: Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy.

Ellis, A. (1984). The essence of RET—1984.Journal of Rational-Emotive Therapy, 2(1), 19–25.

Ellis, A. (1985a). Expanding the ABC's of rational-emotive therapy. In M. Mahoney & A. Freeman (Eds.)Cognition and psychotherapy (pp. 313–323). New York: Plenum.

Ellis, A. (1985b).Overcoming resistance: Rational-emotive therapy with difficult clients. New York: Springer.

Ellis, A. (1987a). The impossibility of achieving consistently good mental health.American Psychologist, 42, 364–375.

Ellis, A. (1987b). A sadly neglected cognitive element in depression.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 121–146.

Ellis, A. (1989). A rational-emotive constructivist approach to couples and family therapy. In Ellis, A., Sichel, J., Yeager, R., DiMattia, D., & Di-Giuseppe, R.,Rational-emotive couples therapy (pp. 106–115). New York: Pergamon.

Ellis, A. (1990a). Is rational-emotive therapy (RET) “rationalist” or “constructivist”? In Ellis, A., & Dryden, W.,The essential Albert Ellis (pp. 114–141). New York: Springer.

Ellis, A. (1990b). Rational and irrational beliefs in counselling psychology.Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 8, 221–233.

Ellis, A. (in press, a). A rational-emotive approach to peace.Journal of Cognitive Therapy, Boston, August 10.

Ellis, A. (in press, b). First- and second-order change in rational-emotive therapy: A reply to Lyddon.Journal of Counseling and Development,70.

Ellis, A., & Dryden, W. (1987).The practice of rational-emotive therapy. New York: Springer.

Ellis, A., & Dryden, W. (1990).The essential Albert Ellis. New York: Springer.

Ellis, A., & Dryden, W. (1991).A dialogue with Albert Ellis. Stony Stratford, England: Open University Press.

Ellis, A., & Grieger, R. (Eds.). (1977).Handbook of rational-emotive therapy. Vol. 1. New York: Springer.

Ellis, A., & Grieger, R. (Eds.). (1986).Handbook of rational-emotive therapy. Vol. 2. New York: Springer.

Ellis, A., & Harper, R.A. (1975).A new guide to rational living. North Hollywood, CA: Wilshire Books.

Ellis, A., Sichel, J., Yeager, R., DiMattia, D., & DiGiuseppe, R. (1989).Rational emotive couples therapy. New York: Pergamon.

Ellis, A., & Watzlawick, P. (Speakers). (1986).Debate: Direct vs. indirect psychotherapy. Cassette recording. Garden Grove, CA: InfoMedix and Milton H. Erickson Foundation.

Ellis, A., & Zeig, J. (Speakers). (1988).Dialogue. Cassette recording. Garden Grove, CA: InfoMedix and Milton H. Erickson Foundation.

Engels, G.I., & Diekstra, R.F.W. (1986). Meta-analysis of rational emotive therapy outcome studies. In P. Eelen & O. Fontaine (Eds.),Behavior therapy: Beyond the Conditioning Framework (pp. 121–140). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Epstein, S. (1990). Cognitive experiential self-theory. In L. Pervin (Ed.),Handbook of personality and research. New York: Guilford.

Freud, S. (1920/1959).Beyond the pleasure principle. New York: Basic Books.

Glasser, W. (1965).Reality therapy. New York: Harper & Row.

Goldfried, M.R. & Davison, G.C. (1976).Clinical behavior therapy. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Greenberg, L.S. & Safran, J.D. (1984). Integrating affect and cognition: A perspective on the process of therapeutic change.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 591–598.

Grieger, R. (1985). From a linear to a contextual model of the ABCs of RET.Journal of Rational-Emotive Therapy, 3(2), 75–99.

Grieger, R. (1990). Personal communication.

Guidano, V.F. (1988). A systems, process oriented approach to cognitive therapy. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.),Handbook of cognitive behavior therapies (pp. 307–356). New York: Guilford.

Guidano, V.F., & Liotti, G. (1983).Cognitive processes and emotional disorders. New York: Guilford.

Haaga, D.A., & Davison, G.C. (1989). Outcome studies of rational-emotive therapy. In M.E. Bernard & R. DiGiuseppe, Eds.,Inside rational-emotive therapy (pp. 155–197). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Heidegger, M. (1962).Being and time. New York: Harper and Row.

Hollon, S.D., & Bemis, K.M. (1981). Self-report and the assessment of cognitive functions. In M. Hersen & A.S. Bellack (Eds.),Behavioral Assessment (pp. 125–174). New York: Pergamon.

Jorm, A.P. (1987). Modifiability of a personality trait which is a risk factor for neurosis. Paper presented at World Psychiatric Association, Reykjavik.

Kant, I. (1929).Critique of pure reason. New York: St. Martin's. (Original pub., 1798).

Kelly, G. (1955).The psychology of personal constructs. 2 vols. New York: Norton.

Lazarus, A.A. (1971).Behavior therapy and beyond. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Lazarus, R. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion.American Psychologist, 46, 352–367.

Ledwidge, B. (1978). Cognitive behavior modifications: A step in the wrong direction.Psychological Bulletin, 85, 353–375.

Lyddon, W.J. (1990). First- and second-order change: Implications for rationalist and constructivist therapies.Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 122–127.

Lyons, L.C., & Woods, P.J. (in press). The efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: A qualitative review of the outcome research.Clinical Psychology Review.

Mahoney, M.J. (1977). Personal science: A cognitive learning theory. In A. Ellis & R. Grieger (Eds.)Handbook of rational-emotive therapy (pp. 352–366). New York: Springer.

Mahoney, M.J. (1988). The cognitive sciences and psychotherapy: Patterns in a developing relationship. In K.S. Dobson (Ed.),Handbook of the cognitive-behavioral therapies (pp. 357–386). New York: Guilford.

Maultsby, M.C., Jr. (1984).Rational behavior therapy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Maultsby, M.C., Jr., & Ellis, A. (1974).Technique for using rational emotive imagery. New York: Institute for Rational Emotive Therapy.

McGovern, T.E., & Silverman, M.S. (1984). A review of outcome studies of rational-emotive therapy from 1977–1982.Journal of Rational-Emotive Therapy, 2(1), 7–18.

Meichenbaum, D. (1977).Cognitive-behavior modification. New York: Plenum.

Meichenbaum, D. (1990). Cognitive-behavior modification. Invited address to Evolution of Psychotherapy Conference, Anaheim, CA, December 13.

Muran, J.C. (in press). A reformulation of the ABC model in cognitive psychotherapies: Implications for assessment and treatment.Clinical Psychology Review.

Popper, K.R. (1985).Popper Selections. Ed. by David Miller. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rachlin, H. (1977). Reinforcing and punishing thoughts.Behavior Therapy, 8, 659–665.

Raimy, V. (1975).Misunderstandings of the self. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Rorer, L.G. (1989). Rational-emotive theory: An integrated psychological and philosophical basis.Cognitive Therapy and Research.

Schwartz, R.M. (1982). Cognitive-behavior modification: A conceptual review.Clinical Psychology Review, 2, 267–293.

Seligman, M.E.P. (1991).Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.

Skinner, B.F. (1971).Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Knopf.

Smith, T.W., & Allred, K.D. (1986). Rationality revisited: A reassessment of the empirical support for the rational-emotive model. In P.C. Kendall (Ed.),Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy (Vol. 5) (pp. 63–87). New York: Academic Press.

Wessler, R.L. (1984). Alternative conceptions of rational-emotive therapy: Toward a philosophically neutral psychotherapy. In M.A. Reda & M.L. Mahoney (Eds.),Cognitive psychotherapies: Recent developments in theory, research and practice (pp. 65–79). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Wessler, R.L., & Hankin-Wessler, S.W.R. (1986). Cognitive appraisal therapy. In W. Dryden & W. Golden (Eds.),Cognitive-behavioural approaches to psychotherapy (pp. 196–223). London: Harper & Row.

Wessler, R.A., & Wessler, R.L. (1980).The principles and practice of rational-emotive therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Wolfe, J.L., & Naimark, H. (1991). Psychological messages and social context: Strategies for increasing RET's effectiveness with women. In M. Bernard (Ed.),Using rational-emotive therapy effectively. New York: Plenum.

Woods, P.J. (1987a). Do you really want to maintain that a flat tire can upset your stomach? Using the findings of the psychophysiology of stress to bolster the argument that people are not directly disturbed by events.Journal of Rational-Emotive Therapy, 5, 149–161.

Woods, P.J. (1987b). Reductions in type A behavior, anxiety, anger, and physical illness as related to changes in irrational beliefs.Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 5, 213–237.

Woods, P.J. (1990, October 23). Personal communication.

Woods, P.J., & Lyons, L.C. (1990). Irrational beliefs and psychosomatic disorders.Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 8, 3–20.

Woods, P.J., Silverman, E.S., Gentilini, J.M., & Cunningham, D.K. (1990, June). Cognitive variables related to suicidal contemplation in adolescents with implications for long-range prevention. Paper presented at the World Congress on Mental Health Counseling, Keystone, CO.

Yankura, J., & Dryden, W. (1990).Doing RET: Albert Ellis in action. New York: Springer.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Tập 9

139-172

Thông tin tác giả