The influence of soluble salts on the decay of Moenjodaro, Pakistan

Emerald - Tập 26 Số 3 - Trang 223-241 - 2008
EnricoFodde1
1Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath, Bath, UK

Tóm tắt

PurposeThe World Heritage site of Moenjodaro, located in the Indus flood plain and dating to the early Bronze Age, is believed to be the most important urban centre of the Indus valley culture. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the main conservation threats and the mechanisms of decay affecting the site and to understand the influence of soluble salts on materials such as fired brick and soil. Furthermore, the paper aims to describe the repair methods employed against salt attack and provides a scheme for site management.Design/methodology/approachIn the paper a literature review is followed by laboratory experiments.FindingsThe main result is the experimental assessment of the repair materials and methods traditionally employed in Moenjodaro. No evaluation was undertaken prior to this study and this makes the work the more relevant.Research limitations/implicationsA more complete and detailed study of the materials examined here might have been achieved if more samples had been analysed. The present study is therefore characterised by this limitation which, however, does not undermine the significance of the work.Practical implicationsThe results have practical applicability to the conservation of Moenjodaro in a variety of ways. The experimental analysis of materials will be essential to determine the type of intervention required for conserving the site.Originality/valueThe value of this paper derives from the originality of the work done, being the first of its kind for Moenjodaro. It will be especially useful to those conservators working in the site, but also in similar sites. It stresses the importance of testing before any conservation work is carried out.

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Tài liệu tham khảo

Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro (1987‐1988), Conservation of Structural Remains at Moenjodaro. Priority Estimation of Remaining Conservation Work, Department of Archaeology, Karachi.

Boekwijt, W.O. (1979), A Critical Review of the Brick Conservation Programme at Moenjodaro, restricted technical report, UNESCO, Paris.

Bussagli, M. (1981), Oriental Architecture: India, Indonesia, Indochina, Electa‐Rizzoli, New York, NY.

Cooper, I. and Dawson, B. (1998), Traditional Buildings of India, Thames and Hudson, London.

Fodde, E. (2007), “Fired brick and sulphate attack: the case of Moenjodaro, Pakistan”, Journal of Architectural Conservation, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 69‐80.

Hughes, R. (1995), “Moenjodaro mission report”, unpublished document, UNESCO, Paris.

Shaikh, K.H. and Ashfaque, S.M. (1981), Moenjodaro: A 5000‐year‐old Legacy, UNESCO, Paris.

Teutonico, J.M. (Ed.) (1985), International Architectural Conservation Course Laboratory Manual, ICCROM, Rome.

Goudie, A.S. (1977), “Sodium sulphate weathering and the disintegration of Moenjodaro, Pakistan”, Earth Surface Processes, Vol. 2, pp. 75‐85.

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Emerald

Tập 26 Số 3

223-241

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