The influence of prehospital time on trauma patients outcome: A systematic review

U.S Department of health & Human Services USA gov. NIH fact sheet on burns and traumatic injury. Available from: http://report.nih.gov/NIHfactsheets/ViewFactSheet.aspx?csid=33&key=B#B.

World Health Organization. The 10 leading causes of death in the world, 2000 and 2011. Available from: http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/.

Kivell, 1999, Trauma systems and major injury centres for the 21st century: an option, Health Place, 5, 99, 10.1016/S1353-8292(98)00042-2

Boyd, 1983, Comprehensive regional trauma/emergency medical services (EMS) delivery systems: the United States experience, World J Surg, 7, 149, 10.1007/BF01655923

Esposito, 1995, The impact of variation in trauma care times: urban versus rural, Prehosp Disaster Med, 10, 161, 10.1017/S1049023X00041947

Feero, 1995, Does out-of-hospital EMS time affect trauma survival?, Am J Emerg Med, 13, 133, 10.1016/0735-6757(95)90078-0

Gervin, 1982, The importance of prompt transport of salvage of patients with penetrating heart wounds, J Trauma, 22, 443, 10.1097/00005373-198206000-00001

Grossman, 1997, Urban-rural differences in prehospital care of major trauma, J Trauma, 42, 723, 10.1097/00005373-199704000-00024

Pepe, 1987, The relationship between total prehospital time and outcome in hypotensive victims of penetrating injuries, Ann Emerg Med, 16, 293, 10.1016/S0196-0644(87)80174-9

van Olden, 2003, Trauma resuscitation time, Injury, 34, 191, 10.1016/S0020-1383(02)00202-4

Grande, 2005

Petri, 1995, The effect of prehospital transport time on the mortality from traumatic injury, Prehosp Disaster Med, 10, 24, 10.1017/S1049023X00041625

Trunkey, 1983, Trauma. Accidental and intentional injuries account for more years of life lost in the U.S. than cancer and heart disease. Among the prescribed remedies are improved preventive efforts, speedier surgery and further research, Sci Am, 249, 28, 10.1038/scientificamerican0883-28

Schuurman, 2008, The spatial epidemiology of trauma: the potential of geographic information science to organize data and reveal patterns of injury and services, Can J Surg, 51, 389

Dinh, 2013, Redefining the golden hour for severe head injury in an urban setting: the effect of prehospital arrival times on patient outcomes, Injury, 44, 606, 10.1016/j.injury.2012.01.011

Gonzalez, 2009, Does increased emergency medical services prehospital time affect patient mortality in rural motor vehicle crashes? A statewide analysis, Am J Surg, 197, 30, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.11.018

Ringburg, 2007, Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS): impact on on-scene times, J Trauma, 63, 258, 10.1097/01.ta.0000240449.23201.57

Liberati, 2009, The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration, BMJ, 339, b2700, 10.1136/bmj.b2700

Von Elm, 2007, The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies, Lancet, 370, 1453, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X

Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM). Levels of evidence. Available from: http://www.cebm.net/?o=1025.

Kidher, 2012, The effect of prehospital time related variables on mortality following severe thoracic trauma, Injury, 43, 1386, 10.1016/j.injury.2011.04.014

Newgard, 2010, Emergency medical services intervals and survival in trauma: assessment of the golden hour in a North American prospective cohort, Ann Emerg Med, 55, 235, 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.07.024

Funder, 2011, On-scene time and outcome after penetrating trauma: an observational study, Emerg Med J, 28, 797, 10.1136/emj.2010.097535

Swaroop, 2013, Pre-hospital transport times and survival for hypotensive patients with penetrating thoracic trauma, J Emerg Trauma Shock, 6, 16, 10.4103/0974-2700.106320

Eachempati, 2002, Factors associated with mortality in patients with penetrating abdominal vascular trauma, J Surg Res, 108, 222, 10.1006/jsre.2002.6543

Honigman, 1990, Prehospital advanced trauma life support for penetrating cardiac wounds, Ann Emerg Med, 19, 145, 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81799-8

McCoy, 2013, Emergency medical services out-of-hospital scene and transport times and their association with mortality in trauma patients presenting to an urban Level I trauma center, Ann Emerg Med, 61, 167, 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.08.026

McGuffie, 2005, Scottish urban versus rural trauma outcome study, J Trauma, 59, 632

Báez, 2006, Predictive effect of out-of-hospital time in outcomes of severely injured young adult and elderly patients, Prehosp Disaster Med, 21, 427, 10.1017/S1049023X00004143

Ryb, 2013, Does helicopter transport improve outcomes independently of emergency medical system time?, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 74, 149, 10.1097/TA.0b013e31827890cc

Brooke Lerner, 2003, Is total-out-of-hospital time a significant predictor of trauma patient mortality?, Acad Emerg Med, 10, 949, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00650.x

Osterwalder, 2002, Can the golden hour of shock safely be extended in blunt polytrauma patients? Prospective cohort study at a level I hospital in eastern Switzerland, Prehosp Disaster Med, 17, 75, 10.1017/S1049023X00000212

Tohira, 2011, Comparisons of the outcome prediction performance of injury severity scoring tools using the abbreviated injury scale 90 update 98 (AIS 98) and 2005 update 2008 (AIS 2008), Ann Adv Automot Med, 55, 255

Tien, 2011, Reducing time-to-treatment decreases mortality of trauma patients with acute subdural hematoma, Ann Surg, 253, 1178, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318217e339

Härtl, 2006, Direct transport within an organized state trauma system reduces mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, J Trauma, 60, 1250, 10.1097/01.ta.0000203717.57821.8d

Gonzalez, 2006, Increased mortality in rural vehicular trauma: identifying contributing factors through data linkage, J Trauma, 61, 404, 10.1097/01.ta.0000229816.16305.94

Carr, 2006, A meta-analysis of prehospital care times for trauma, Prehosp Emerg Care, 10, 198, 10.1080/10903120500541324

Damhuis, 2012, Comparison of 30-day, 90-day and in-hospital postoperative mortality for eight different cancer types, Br J Surg, 99, 1149, 10.1002/bjs.8813

Weiss, 2013, Does ambulance response time influence patient condition among patients with specific medical and trauma emergencies?, South Med J, 106, 230, 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3182882c70

The Cochrane collaboration. Summary statistics for dichotomous outcome data. Available from: http://www.cochrane-net.org/openlearning/html/mod11-2.htm.

Van der Velden, 2008, Prehospital interventions: time wasted or time saved? An observational cohort study of management in initial trauma care, Emerg Med J, 25, 444, 10.1136/emj.2007.052662