The excitatory:inhibitory ratio model (EIR model): An integrative explanation of acute autonomic overactivity syndromes

Onofrj, 2005, Acute akinesia in Parkinson disease, Neurology, 64, 1162, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000157058.17871.7B

Kipps, 2005, Movement disorder emergencies, Movement Disord, 20, 322, 10.1002/mds.20325

Philbrick, 1994, Malignant Catatonia, J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci, 6, 1, 10.1176/jnp.6.1.1

Boyer, 2005, The serotonin syndrome, New Eng J Med, 352, 1112, 10.1056/NEJMra041867

Isbister, 2005, The pathophysiology of serotonin toxicity in animals and humans: implications for diagnosis and treatment, Clin Neuropharmacol, 28, 205, 10.1097/01.wnf.0000177642.89888.85

Ener, 2003, Serotonin syndrome and other serotonergic disorders, Pain Med, 4, 63, 10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03005.x

Baguley, 1999, Dysautonomia after traumatic brain injury: a forgotten syndrome?, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat, 67, 39, 10.1136/jnnp.67.1.39

Baguley, 2006, Dysautonomia and heart rate variability following severe traumatic brain injury, Brain Inj, 10.1080/02699050600664715

Pranzatelli, 1991, Hypothalamic-midbrain dysregulation syndrome: hypertension, hyperthermia, hyperventilation, and decerebration, J Child Neurol, 6, 115, 10.1177/088307389100600204

Soloman, 1973, Diencephalic autonomic epilepsy caused by a neoplasm, J Pediatrics, 83, 277, 10.1016/S0022-3476(73)80492-5

Talman, 1988, A hyperthermic syndrome in two subjects with acute hydrocephalus, Arch Neurol, 45, 1037, 10.1001/archneur.1988.00520330129022

Becker, 2000, Intrathecal baclofen alleviates autonomic dysfunction in severe brain injury, J Clin Neurosci, 7, 316, 10.1054/jocn.1999.0227

Rossitch, 1988, The autonomic dysfunction syndrome: aetiology and treatment, Br J Neurosurg, 2, 471, 10.3109/02688698809029601

Thorley, 2001, Acute hypothalamic instability in traumatic brain injury: a case report, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82, 246, 10.1053/apmr.2001.18698

Baguley, 2004, Pharmacological management of Dysautonomia following traumatic brain injury, Brain Inj, 18, 409, 10.1080/02699050310001645775

Wilkinson, 1999, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by haloperidol following traumatic brain injury, Brain Inj, 13, 1025, 10.1080/026990599121034

Coffey, 2002, Abrupt withdrawal from intrathecal baclofen: recognition and management of a potentially life-threatening syndrome, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 735, 10.1053/apmr.2002.32820

Mohammed, 2004, Intrathecal baclofen withdrawal syndrome – a life-threatening complication of baclofen pump: a case report, BMC Clin Pharmacol, 4, 6, 10.1186/1472-6904-4-6

Guillaume, 2005, A clinical study of intrathecal baclofen using a programmable pump for intractable spasticity, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86, 2165, 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.05.018

Cuny, 2001, Dysautonomia syndrome in the acute recovery phase after traumatic brain injury: relief with intrathecal Baclofen therapy, Brain Inj, 15, 917, 10.1080/02699050110065277

Green, 1999, Death after acute withdrawal of intrathecal baclofen: case report and literature review, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 80, 1600, 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90337-4

Bensmail, 2006, Effect of intrathecal baclofen on sleep and respiratory function in patients with spasticity, Neurology, 67, 1432, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000239827.38036.23

Winkel, 2005, Cardiovascular actions of the venom from the Irukandji (Carukia barnesi) jellyfish: effects in human, rat and guinea-pig tissues in vitro and in pigs in vitro, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 32, 777, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04258.x

Macrokanis, 2004, Irukandji syndrome in northern Western Australia: an emerging health problem, Med J Austral, 181, 699, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06527.x

Fenner, 2002, Fatal envenomation by jellyfish causing Irukandji syndrome, Med J Austral, 177, 362, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04838.x

Teasell, 2000, Cardiovascular consequences of loss of supraspinal control of the sympathetic nervous system after spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81, 506, 10.1053/mr.2000.3848

Weaver, 2006, Autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury: central mechanisms and strategies for prevention, Prog Brain Res, 152, 245, 10.1016/S0079-6123(05)52016-8

Rabchevsky, 2006, Segmental organization of spinal reflexes mediating autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury, Prog Brain Res, 152, 265, 10.1016/S0079-6123(05)52017-X

Campagnolo DI. Autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injury. emedicine.com 24-5-2001.

Elliott, 2006, Malignant autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injured men, Spinal Cord, 44, 386, 10.1038/sj.sc.3101847

Sandel, 1986, Hypertension after brain injury: case report, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 67, 469

Meinck, 2002, Stiff man syndrome and related conditions, Movement Disord, 17, 853, 10.1002/mds.10279

Fill, 2002, Ryanodine receptor calcium release channels, Physiol Rev, 82, 893, 10.1152/physrev.00013.2002

McCarthy, 2004, Malignant hyperthermia: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment, AACN Clin Issues, 15, 231, 10.1097/00044067-200404000-00009

Cervero, 1996, Mechanisms of touch-evoked pain (allodynia): a new model, Pain, 68, 13, 10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03165-X

Sandrini, 2005, The lower limb flexion reflex in humans, Prog Neurobiol, 77, 353, 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.11.003

Siddall, 1998, Introduction to pain mechanisms: implications for neural blockade

Linderoth, 1999, Physiology of spinal cord stimulation: review and update, Neuromodulation, 2, 10.1046/j.1525-1403.1999.00150.x

Russo, 2000, Bromocriptine for the management of autonomic dysfunction after severe traumatic brain injury, J Paediatr Child Health, 36, 283, 10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00485.x

Price, 2000, Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain, Science, 288, 1769, 10.1126/science.288.5472.1769

Baguley, 2006, Dysautonomia and heart rate variability following severe traumatic brain injury, Brain Inj, 20, 437, 10.1080/02699050600664715

Benarroch, 1993, The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective, Mayo Clin Proc, 68, 988, 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62272-1

Kroin, 1993, Intrathecal baclofen down-regulates GABAB receptors in the rat substantia gelatinosa, J Neurosurg, 79, 544, 10.3171/jns.1993.79.4.0544

Baguley, 2005, Prolonged anti-spasticity effects of bolus intrathecal baclofen, Brain Inj, 19, 545, 10.1080/02699050400025075

Moulton, 2001, Molecular interaction of dihydropyridine receptors with type-1 ryanodine receptors in rat brain, J Biochem, 354, 597, 10.1042/0264-6021:3540597

Ouardouz, 2003, Depolarization-induced Ca2+ release in ischemic spinal cord white matter involves L-type Ca2+ channel activation of ryanodine receptors, Neuron, 40, 53, 10.1016/j.neuron.2003.08.016

Wreathal, 2003, Muscles flex, axons die, Nat Med, 1347, 10.1038/nm1103-1347

DO, 2000, Treatment of paroxysmal sympathetic storm with labetalol, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat, 69, 832, 10.1136/jnnp.69.6.832

Baguley, 2007, Gabapentin in the management of dysautonomia following severe traumatic brain injury: a case series, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat

Sutton, 2002, Gabapentin inhibits high-threshold calcium channel currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, Br J Pharmacol, 135, 257, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704439

Priebe, 1997, Effectiveness of gabapentin in controlling spasticity: a quantitative study, Spinal Cord, 35, 171, 10.1038/sj.sc.3100366

Wissel, 2000, Management of spasticity associated pain with botulinum toxin A, J Pain Symptom Manage, 20, 44, 10.1016/S0885-3924(00)00146-9

van Hilten, 2000, Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of dystonia in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy, New Eng J Med, 343, 625, 10.1056/NEJM200008313430905

Barwood, 2000, Analgesic effects of botulinum toxin A: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Develop Med Child Neurol, 42, 116, 10.1017/S0012162200000220