The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: A global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers

Acta Tropica - Tập 166 - Trang 155-163 - 2017
Sandra V. Mayer1, Robert B. Tesh2,3,1,4, Nikos Vasilakis2,3,1,4
1Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
2Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, USA
3Center for Tropical Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
4Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Anderson, 1961, Oropouche virus: a new human disease agent from Trinidad, West Indies, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 10, 574, 10.4269/ajtmh.1961.10.574

Arias-Goeta, 2013, Dissemination and transmission of the E1-226V variant of chikungunya virus in Aedes albopictus are controlled at the midgut barrier level, PLoS One, 8, e57548, 10.1371/journal.pone.0057548

Aubry, 2015, Serosurvey of dengue, Zika and other mosquito-borne viruses in French Polynesia

Barber, 2010, Economic cost analysis of west nile virus outbreak, sacramento county, california, USA, 2005, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 16, 480, 10.3201/eid1603.090667

Bennett, 2002, Variation in vector competence for dengue 2 virus among 24 collections of Aedes aegypti from Mexico and the United States, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 67, 85, 10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.85

Bisset, 2013, Insecticide resistance in two aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae) strains from Costa Rica, J. Med. Entomol., 50, 352, 10.1603/ME12064

Bogovic, 2015, Tick-borne encephalitis: a review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management, World J. Clin. Cases, 3, 430, 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i5.430

Busch, 2015, An overview of Chikungunya virus, JAAPA, 28, 54, 10.1097/01.JAA.0000470441.99693.e1

Bylon, 1780, Korte Aantekening, wegens eene Algemeene Ziekte: Doorgaans Genaamd de Knokkel-Koorts, 17

CDC, 2003, Revised U.S. surveillance case definition for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and update on SARS cases–United States and worldwide, December 2003, MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 52, 1202

CDC, 2010

CDC, 2013

CDC, 2013

CDC, 2014

CDC, 2015

CDC, 2015

CDC, 2015

CDC, 2016

CDC, 2016

CFSPH, 2015

Calisher, 1988, Arbovirus serogroups: definition and geographic distribution, vol. 1, 19

Calisher, 1989, Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera, J. Gen. Virol., 70, 37, 10.1099/0022-1317-70-1-37

Calisher, 2006, Bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 19, 531, 10.1128/CMR.00017-06

Campos, 2015, Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 21, 1885, 10.3201/eid2110.150847

Cao-Lormeau, 2011, Recent emergence of dengue virus serotype 4 in French Polynesia results from multiple introductions from other South Pacific Islands, PLoS One, 6, e29555, 10.1371/journal.pone.0029555

Cao-Lormeau, 2014, Zika virus, French polynesia, South pacific, 2013, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 20, 1085, 10.3201/eid2006.140138

Carrington, 2005, Invasion and maintenance of dengue virus type 2 and type 4 in the Americas, J. Virol., 79, 14680, 10.1128/JVI.79.23.14680-14687.2005

Chinikar, 2008, Surveillance and laboratory detection system of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Iran, Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 55, 200, 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01028.x

Chretien, 2007, Drought-associated chikungunya emergence along coastal East Africa, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 76, 405, 10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.405

Christie, 1881, On epidemics of dengue fever: their diffusion and etiology, Glasg. Med. J., 16, 161

Diallo, 1999, Vectors of Chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 60, 281, 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.281

Diallo, 2012, Landscape ecology of sylvatic chikungunya virus and mosquito vectors in southeastern Senegal, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6, e1649, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001649

Diaz, 2006, Dengue virus circulation and evolution in Mexico: a phylogenetic perspective, Arch. Med. Res., 37, 760, 10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.02.004

Dick, 1952, Zika virus. I: Isolations and serological specificity, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 46, 509, 10.1016/0035-9203(52)90042-4

Duffy, 2009, Zika virus outbreak on Yap island, Federated states of Micronesia, N. Engl. J. Med., 360, 2536, 10.1056/NEJMoa0805715

Dupont-Rouzeyrol, 2015, Co-infection with zika and dengue viruses in 2 patients, New Caledonia, 2014, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 21, 381, 10.3201/eid2102.141553

ECDC, 2014

ECDC, 2015

ECDC, 2015

Ehlkes, 2012, Surveillance should be strengthened to improve epidemiological understandings of mosquito-borne Barmah Forest virus infection, West. Pac. Surveill. Response J., 3, 63, 10.5365/wpsar.2012.3.1.004

Erlanger, 2009, Past: present, and future of Japanese encephalitis, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 15, 1, 10.3201/eid1501.080311

Fischer, 2015

Fontenille, 1994, First isolations of arboviruses from phlebotomine sand flies in West Africa, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 50, 570, 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.570

Foy, 2011, Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 17, 880, 10.3201/eid1705.101939

Gershman, 2015

Grandadam, 2011, Chikungunya virus, southeastern France, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 17, 910, 10.3201/eid1705.101873

Gubler, 1995, Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever: the emergence of a global health problem, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 1, 55, 10.3201/eid0102.952004

Gubler, 1994, Emergence of epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health problem in the Americas, Infect. Agents Dis., 2, 383

Gubler, D.J., Vasilakis, N., (2016). The Arboviruses: Quo Vadis? in preparation.

Gubler, 1979, Variation in susceptibility to oral infection with dengue viruses among geographic strains of Aedes aegypti, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 28, 1045, 10.4269/ajtmh.1979.28.1045

Gubler, 1997, Human behaviour and cultural context in disease control, Trop. Med. Int. Health, 2, A1

Gubler, 1998, The global pandemic of dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: current status and prospects for the future, Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, 27, 227

Gubler, 2002, The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems, Arch. Med. Res., 33, 330, 10.1016/S0188-4409(02)00378-8

Gubler, 2006, Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: history and current status, Novartis Found. Symp., 277, 3

Guler, 2012, A sandfly fever virus outbreak in the East Mediterranean region of Turkey, Int. J. Infect. Dis., 16, e244, 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.12.001

Haddow, 2012, Genetic characterization of Zika virus strains: geographic expansion of the Asian lineage, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6, e1477, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001477

Hahn, 2000, AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications, Science, 287, 607, 10.1126/science.287.5453.607

Halstead, 1992, The XXth century dengue pandemic: need for surveillance and research, World Health Stat. Q., 45, 292

Hammon, 1960, Viruses associated with epidemic hemorrhagic fevers of the Philippines and Thailand, Science, 131, 1102, 10.1126/science.131.3407.1102

Han, 2014, Comparison of genotypes I and III in Japanese encephalitis virus reveals distinct differences in their genetic and host diversity, J. Virol., 88, 11469, 10.1128/JVI.02050-14

Harris, 2015, La crosse virus field detection and vector competence of culex mosquitoes, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 93, 461, 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0128

Hayes, 2009, Zika virus outside africa, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 15, 1347, 10.3201/eid1509.090442

Higgs, 2005, 167

Hirsch, 1883, Dengue, a comparatively new desease: its symptoms, Vol. I, 55

Hochedez, 2006, Chikungunya infection in travelers, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 12, 1565, 10.3201/eid1210.060495

Holbrook, 2012, Kyasanur forest disease, Antiviral Res., 96, 353, 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.10.005

Howe, 1977

Huang, 2015, Susceptibility of a north american culex quinquefasciatus to Japanese encephalitis virus, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 15, 709, 10.1089/vbz.2015.1821

I.L.R. Institute, 2012

Jones, 2008, Global trends in emerging infectious diseases, Nature, 451, 990, 10.1038/nature06536

Jupp, 1988, vol. II, 137

Karabatsos, 2001, International catalogue of arboviruses, including certain other viruses of vertebrates, Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. (San Antonio, TX, USA) 1985

Karesh, 2012, Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories, Lancet, 380, 1936, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61678-X

Katzelnick, 2015, Dengue viruses cluster antigenically but not as discrete serotypes, Science, 349, 1338, 10.1126/science.aac5017

King, 2011

Klapsing, 2005, Ross river virus disease reemergence, Fiji, 2003–2004, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 11, 613, 10.3201/eid1104.041070

Kopp, 2013, Provenance and geographic spread of St. Louis encephalitis virus, MBio, 4, e00313, 10.1128/mBio.00322-13

Kurkela, 2008, Sindbis virus infection in resident birds, migratory birds, and humans, Finland, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 14, 41, 10.3201/eid1401.070510

Kutsuna, 2014, Two cases of zika fever imported from French Polynesia to Japan, december 2013 to january 2014 [corrected], Euro Surveill., 19, 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.4.20683

Laigret, 1967, On an epidemic of dengue occurring in Tahiti in 1964. Relations to the hemorrhagic fevers of Southeast Asia, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales, 60, 339

Lanciotti, 1999, Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States, Science, 286, 2333, 10.1126/science.286.5448.2333

Lanciotti, 2007, Chikungunya virus in US travelers returning from India, 2006, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 13, 764, 10.3201/eid1305.070015

Leichtenstern, 1896, vol. IV, 133

Leisnham, 2014, Spatial and temporal habitat segregation of mosquitoes in urban Florida, PLoS One, 9, e91655, 10.1371/journal.pone.0091655

Leparc-Goffart, 2014, Chikungunya in the Americas, Lancet, 383, 514, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60185-9

Levins, 1993, Hantavirus disease emerging, Lancet, 342, 1292, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92376-5

Lloyd-Smith, 2009, Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface, Science, 326, 1362, 10.1126/science.1177345

Mackenzie, 2004, Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses, Nat. Med., 10, S98, 10.1038/nm1144

Maclachlan, 2011, Bluetongue: history, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis, Prev. Vet. Med., 102, 107, 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.005

Macnamara, 1954, Zika virus: a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 48, 139, 10.1016/0035-9203(54)90006-1

Maiti, 2014, Chandipura virus: another exotic tropical disease?, J. Res. Med. Den. Sci., 2, 1, 10.5455/jrmds.2014231

Marchette, 1969, Isolation of Zika virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Malaysia, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 18, 411, 10.4269/ajtmh.1969.18.411

May, 2001, Infectious disease dynamics: what characterizes a successful invader, Philos. Trans. R, Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci., 356, 901, 10.1098/rstb.2001.0866

McSherry, 1982, Some medical aspects of the Darien scheme: was it dengue?, Scott. Med. J., 27, 183, 10.1177/003693308202700215

Medeiros, 2007, Complete genome characterization of Rocio virus (Flavivirus: flaviviridae), a Brazilian flavivirus isolated from a fatal case of encephalitis during an epidemic in Sao Paulo state, J. Gen. Virol., 88, 2237, 10.1099/vir.0.82883-0

Meltzer, 1999, The economic impact of pandemic influenza in the United States: priorities for intervention, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5, 659, 10.3201/eid0505.990507

Menghani, 2012, Chandipura Virus: an emerging tropical pathogen, Acta Trop., 124, 1, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.06.001

Mitchell, 1986, Vector competence experiments with Rocio virus and three mosquito species from the epidemic zone in Brazil, Rev. Saude Publica, 20, 171, 10.1590/S0034-89101986000300001

Morse, 1994, Hantaviruses and the hantavirus outbreak in the United States: a case study in disease emergence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 740, 199, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19870.x

Morse, 1995, Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 1, 7, 10.3201/eid0101.950102

Mourao, 2009, Oropouche fever outbreak: manaus, Brazil, 2007–2008, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 15, 2063, 10.3201/eid1512.090917

Murray, 2012, Cooling off health security hot spots: getting on top of it down under, Environ. Int., 48, 56, 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.015

Musso, 2014, Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area, Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 20, O595, 10.1111/1469-0691.12707

Musso, 2015, Detection of Zika virus in saliva, J. Clin. Virol., 68, 53, 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.04.021

Musso, 2015, Zika virus transmission from French Polynesia to Brazil, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 21, 1887, 10.3201/eid2110.151125

Myat Thu, 2005, Lineage extinction and replacement in dengue type 1 virus populations are due to stochastic events rather than to natural selection, Virology, 336, 163, 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.018

Naish, 2011, Spatio-temporal patterns of Barmah forest virus disease in Queensland, Australia, PLoS One, 6, e25688, 10.1371/journal.pone.0025688

Nanyingi, 2015, A systematic review of rift valley fever epidemiology 1931–2014, Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol., 5, 28024, 10.3402/iee.v5.28024

Newcomb, 2011

Newcomb, 2003

Nguyen, 2013, In vitro evaluation of novel inhibitors against the NS2B-NS3 protease of dengue fever virus type 4, Molecules, 18, 15600, 10.3390/molecules181215600

Nobuchi, 1979, The Symptoms of a dengue-like illness recorded in a Chinese medical encyclopedia (In Japanese), Kanpo no Rinsho, 26, 422

Nunes, 2005, Oropouche virus isolation, southeast Brazil, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 11, 1610, 10.3201/eid1110.050464

Nunes, 2015, Emergence and potential for spread of Chikungunya virus in Brazil, BMC Med., 13

OIE, 2013

Olive, 2012, The role of wild mammals in the maintenance of Rift valley fever virus, J. Wildl. Dis., 48, 241, 10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.241

Olson, 1981, Zika virus, a cause of fever in Central Java, Indonesia, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75, 389, 10.1016/0035-9203(81)90100-0

PAHO, 2015

PAHO/WHO, 2016

PHAC, 2011

PHAC, 2014

Patz, 2004, Unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence, Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 1092, 10.1289/ehp.6877

Pepper, 1941, A note on David Bylon and dengue, Ann. Med. Hist., 3, 363

Powers, 2000, Re-emergence of Chikungunya and O'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships, J. Gen. Virol., 81, 471, 10.1099/0022-1317-81-2-471

ProMEDmail, 2014

ProMEDmail, 2014

ProMEDmail, 2015

Rao, 2004, A large outbreak of acute encephalitis with high fatality rate in children in Andhra Pradesh: india, in 2003, associated with Chandipura virus, Lancet, 364, 869, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16982-1

Reisen, 2003, Epidemiology of St. louis encephalitis virus, Adv. Virus Res., 61, 139, 10.1016/S0065-3527(03)61004-3

Rezza, 2007, Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region, Lancet, 370, 1840, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61779-6

Rico-Hesse, 1997, Origins of dengue type 2 viruses associated with increased pathogenicity in the Americas, Virology, 230, 244, 10.1006/viro.1997.8504

Rothman, 2011, Immunity to dengue virus: a tale of original antigenic sin and tropical cytokine storms, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 11, 532, 10.1038/nri3014

Ruzek, 2010, Omsk haemorrhagic fever, Lancet, 376, 2104, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61120-8

Saavedra-Rodriguez, 2012, Transcription of detoxification genes after permethrin selection in the mosquito Aedes aegypti, Insect Mol. Biol., 21, 61, 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01113.x

Sabin, 1952, Research on dengue during world war II, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1, 30, 10.4269/ajtmh.1952.1.30

Salvador, 2015, Entry routes for Zika virus in Brazil after 2014 world cup: new possibilities, Travel Med. Infect. Dis., 14, 49, 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.10.004

Sambri, 2013, West Nile virus in Europe: emergence, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 19, 699, 10.1111/1469-0691.12211

Schrag, 1995, Emerging infectious disease: what are the relative roles of ecology and evolution?, Trends Ecol. Evol., 10, 319, 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89118-1

Selvey, 2014, The changing epidemiology of Murray Valley encephalitis in Australia: the 2011 outbreak and a review of the literature, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8, e2656, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002656

Shayan, 2015, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Lab. Med., 46, 180, 10.1309/LMN1P2FRZ7BKZSCO

Shepard, 2011, Economic impact of dengue illness in the Americas, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 84, 200, 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0503

Silva, 2014, A Saint Louis encephalitis and Rocio virus serosurvey in Brazilian horses, Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 47, 414, 10.1590/0037-8682-0117-2014

Stanton, 1919, The mosquitoes of Far Eastern ports with special reference to the prevalence of Stegomyia fasciata, Bull. Entomol. Res., 10, 333, 10.1017/S0007485300044205

Staples, 2015

Takahashi, 2014, The first identification and retrospective study of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Japan, J. Infect. Dis., 209, 816, 10.1093/infdis/jit603

Tantely, 2015, A review of mosquitoes associated with rift valley fever virus in Madagascar, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 92, 722, 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0421

Taubitz, 2007, Chikungunya fever in travelers: clinical presentation and course, Clin. Infect. Dis., 45, e1, 10.1086/518701

Taylor, 2001, Risk factors for human disease emergence, Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 356, 983, 10.1098/rstb.2001.0888

Tesh, 1983, Growth and transovarial transmission of Chandipura virus (Rhabdoviridae: vesiculovirus) in phlebotomus papatasi, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 32, 621, 10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.621

Tesh, 1999, Mayaro virus disease: an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America, Clin. Infect. Dis., 28, 67, 10.1086/515070

Tesh, 1988, The genus Phlebovirus and its vectors, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 33, 169, 10.1146/annurev.en.33.010188.001125

Thomas, 2009, Dengue plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in primary and secondary dengue virus infections: how alterations in assay conditions impact performance, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 81, 825, 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.08-0625

Tsetsarkin, 2011, Sequential adaptive mutations enhance efficient vector switching by Chikungunya virus and its epidemic emergence, PLoS Pathog., 7, e1002412, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002412

Tsetsarkin, 2007, A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential, PLoS Pathog., 3, e201, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030201

Tsetsarkin, 2014, Multi-peaked adaptive landscape for chikungunya virus evolution predicts continued fitness optimization in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, Nat. Commun., 5, 4084, 10.1038/ncomms5084

Tufan, 2013, Sandfly fever. a mini review, Virol. Mycol., 2

Tuncer, 2014, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever infection in domestic animals in marmara region, western Turkey, Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 61, 49, 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002604

Vanlandingham, 2006, Determinants of vector specificity of o'nyong nyong and chikungunya viruses in Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 74, 663, 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.663

van Panhuis, 2010, Inferring the serotype associated with dengue virus infections on the basis of pre- and postinfection neutralizing antibody titers, J. Infect. Dis., 202, 1002, 10.1086/656141

Vasconcelos, 2011, Molecular epidemiology of oropouche virus: Brazil, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 17, 800, 10.3201/eid1705.101333

Vasilakis, 2007, Potential of ancestral sylvatic dengue-2 viruses to re-emerge, Virology, 358, 402, 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.049

Vasilakis, 2008, Antigenic relationships between sylvatic and endemic dengue viruses, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 79, 128, 10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.128

Vasilakis, 2008, Genetic and phenotypic characterization of sylvatic dengue virus type 2 strains, Virology, 377, 296, 10.1016/j.virol.2008.04.044

Vasilakis, 2010, 183

Vasilakis, 2011, Fever from the forest: prospects for the continued emergence of sylvatic dengue virus and its impact on public health, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 9, 532, 10.1038/nrmicro2595

Vazeille, 2007, Two Chikungunya isolates from the outbreak of La Reunion (Indian Ocean) exhibit different patterns of infection in the mosquito Aedes albopictus, PLoS One, 2, e1168, 10.1371/journal.pone.0001168

Vazeille-Falcoz, 1999, Variation in oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus of populations of Aedes aegypti from the islands of Tahiti and Moorea, French Polynesia, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 60, 292, 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.292

Vega-Rua, 2013, High efficiency of temperate Aedes albopictus to transmit chikungunya and dengue viruses in the Southeast of France, PLoS One, 8, e59716, 10.1371/journal.pone.0059716

Volk, 2010, Genome-scale phylogenetic analyses of chikungunya virus reveal independent emergences of recent epidemics and various evolutionary rates, J. Virol., 84, 6497, 10.1128/JVI.01603-09

WEF, 2015

WHO, 2015, Zika virus outbreaks in the Americas, Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 90, 609

Wang, 2000, Evolutionary relationships of endemic/epidemic and sylvatic dengue viruses, J. Virol., 74, 3227, 10.1128/JVI.74.7.3227-3234.2000

Weaver, 2015, Chikungunya: evolutionary history and recent epidemic spread, Antiviral Res., 120, 32, 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.016

Weaver, 2010, Present and future arboviral threats, Antiviral Res., 85, 328, 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.008

Weaver, 2013, Urbanization and geographic expansion of zoonotic arboviral diseases: mechanisms and potential strategies for prevention, Trends Microbiol., 21, 360, 10.1016/j.tim.2013.03.003

Weaver, 2014, Arrival of chikungunya virus in the new world: prospects for spread and impact on public health, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8, e2921, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002921

Whitehouse, 2004, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Antiviral Res., 64, 145, 10.1016/S0166-3542(04)00163-9

Woolhouse, 2005, Emerging pathogens: the epidemiology and evolution of species jumps, Trends Ecol. Evol., 20, 238, 10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.009

Yactayo, 2015, Yellow fever in africa and the americas, 2014, Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 90, 323

Yu, 2011, Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China, N. Engl. J. Med., 364, 1523, 10.1056/NEJMoa1010095

Yun, 2013, Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks collected from humans, South Korea, 2013, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 20, 1358, 10.3201/eid2008.131857

Zacks, 2010, Encephalitic alphaviruses, Vet. Microbiol., 140, 281, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.023

Zanluca, 2015, First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 110, 569, 10.1590/0074-02760150192

Zohrabian, 2004, West Nile virus economic impact, Louisiana, 2002, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 1736, 10.3201/eid1010.030925

Zohrabian, 2006, Cost-effectiveness of west Nile virus vaccination, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 12, 375, 10.3201/eid1203.050782