The electrochemical oxide growth behaviour on titanium in acid and alkaline electrolytes

Brånemark, 1977, Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period, Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 16, 7 Albrektsson, 1981, Osseointegrated titanium implants, Acta Orthop. Scand., 52, 155, 10.3109/17453678108991776 Kasemo, 1983, Aspect of surface physics on titanium implants, Swed. Dent. J., 28, 19 Lausmaa, 1990, Surface spectroscopic characterization of titanium implant materials, Appl. Surf. Sci., 45, 133, 10.1016/0169-4332(90)90100-E Olefjord, 1993, Surface analysis of four dental implant systems, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Impl., 8, 32 Rådegran, 1991, Preparation of ultra-thin oxide window on titanium for TEM analysis, J. Elect. Micr. Tech., 19, 99, 10.1002/jemt.1060190110 Zitter, 1987, The electrochemical behaviour of metallic implant materials as indicator of their biocompatibility, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 21, 881, 10.1002/jbm.820210705 Williams, 1976, Corrosion of implant materials, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 6, 237, 10.1146/annurev.ms.06.080176.001321 Solar, 1979, In vitro corrosion testing of titanium surgical implant alloys: an approach to understanding titanium release from implants, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 13, 217, 10.1002/jbm.820130206 Tengvall, 1992, Physico-chemical considerations of titanium as a biomaterial, Clin. Mater., 9, 115, 10.1016/0267-6605(92)90056-Y Johansson CB. On tissue reactions to metal implants. Thesis, University of Göteborg, Sweden, 1991. Leonardis, 1997, Osseointegration of rough acid etched implant: one-year follow-up of placement of 100 minimatic implants, Int. J. Maxillofac. Impl., 12, 65 Klokkevold, 1997, Osseointegration enhanced by etching of the titanium surface. A torque removal study in the rabbit, Clin. Oral Impl. Res., 8, 442, 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1997.080601.x D'Lima, 1998, Bone response to implant surface morphology, J. Arthroplasty, 13, 923, 10.1016/S0883-5403(98)90201-7 Buser, 1999, Interface shear strength of titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: a biomechanical study in the maxilla of miniature pigs, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 45, 75, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199905)45:2<75::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-P Wennerberg A. On surface roughness and implant incorporation. Thesis, University of Göteborg, Sweden, 1996. Jeong Y. The structural chemistry of anodic alumina. Thesis, Corrosion and Protection centre, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology UK, 1993. Tabrizi R. Surface treatments of titanium and its alloy. Thesis, corrosion and protection centre, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology UK, 1989. Blondeau, 1977, Structure and growth of anodic oxide films on titanium and TA6V alloy, J. Less-Comm. Met., 56, 215, 10.1016/0022-5088(77)90043-1 Mattsson L and Rolander U. Structure and morphology of anodic oxide films on titanium. GIPR-264, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 1985. Arsov, 1991, Electrochemical synthesis and In situ Raman spectroscopy of thin films of titanium dioxide, J. Raman Spectrosc., 22, 573, 10.1002/jrs.1250221006 Fonseca, 1995, A characterization of titanium anodic oxides by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and grazing X-ray diffraction, J. Electroanal. Chem., 388, 115, 10.1016/0022-0728(94)03806-E Young, 1961 Yahalom, 1970, Electrolytic breakdown crystallization of anodic oxide films on Al, Ta and Ti, Electrochim. Acta, 15, 1429, 10.1016/0013-4686(70)80064-0 Ammar, 1971, Kinetics of anodic oxide-film growth on titanium—I. Acid media, Electrochim. Acta, 16, 1539, 10.1016/0013-4686(71)80024-5 Ammar, 1971, Kinetics of anodic oxide-film growth on titanium—II. Neutral and alkaline media, Electrochim. Acta, 16, 1555, 10.1016/0013-4686(71)80025-7 Kalra, 1997, Formation and breakdown characteristics of anodic oxide films on valve metal, Indian J. Chem., 36A, 216 Armstrong, 1970, The anodic dissolution of titanium in sulfuric acid, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 1003, 10.1149/1.2407708 Dyer, 1978, Breakdown and efficiency of anodic oxide growth on titanium, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 1032, 10.1149/1.2131616 Albella, 1987, A theory of avalanche breakdown during anodic oxidation, Electrochim. Acta, 32, 255, 10.1016/0013-4686(87)85032-6 Delplancke, 1988, Galvanostatic anodization of titanium—II. Reactions efficiencies and electrochemical behaviour model, Electrochim. Acta, 33, 1551, 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80224-X Hwang, 1993, Kinetic model of anodic oxidation of titanium in sulphuric acid, J. Appl. Electrochem., 23, 1056, 10.1007/BF00266129 Sato, 1971, A theory for breakdown of anodic oxide films on metals, Electrochim. Acta, 16, 1683, 10.1016/0013-4686(71)85079-X Yahalom J. The role of the film/electrolyte interface in anodic breakdown. In: Alwitt SR, editor. Proceedings of the Symposium on Oxide–electrolyte Interfaces, Massachusetts, 1973. El Kader, 1981, Oxide film thickening on titanium in aqueous solution in relation to anion type and concentration, Br. Corros. J., 16, 111, 10.1179/000705981798274977 Leach, 1988, Crystallization in anodic oxide films, Corros. Sci., 28, 43, 10.1016/0010-938X(88)90005-4 Mikula, 1992, Photoelectrochemical properties of anodic TiO2 layers prepared by various current density, J. Electrochem. Soc., 139, 3470, 10.1149/1.2069101 Aladjem, 1973, Anodic oxidation of titanium and its alloy, J. Mater. Sci., 8, 688, 10.1007/BF00561225 Politi, 1977, Cinétiques de croissance et propriétés de films anodiques formés sur le titane, J. Less-Comm. Met., 56, 263, 10.1016/0022-5088(77)90048-0 McAleer, 1980, Photocurrent spectroscopy of anodic oxide films on titanium, Faraday Disc. Roy. Soc. Chem., 70, 67, 10.1039/dc9807000067 Delplancke, 1988, Galvanostatic anodization of titanium—I. Structures and compositions of the anodic films, Electrochim. Acta, 33, 1539, 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80223-8 Blackwood, 1989, The influence of growth rate on the properties of anodic oxide films on titanium, Electrochim. Acta, 34, 1505, 10.1016/0013-4686(89)87033-1 Serruys, 1993, Anodic oxidation of titanium in 1 M H2SO4, studied by Rutherford backscattering, Surf. Sci., 282, 279, 10.1016/0039-6028(93)90934-C Heber, 1978, Studies porous Al2O3 growth—II. Ionic conduction, Electrochim. Acta, 23, 135, 10.1016/0013-4686(78)80109-1 Blackwood, 1989, An ellipsometric study of the growth and open-circuit dissolution of the anodic oxide film on titanium, Electrochim. Acta, 34, 875, 10.1016/0013-4686(89)87123-3 Guntherschulze, 1934, Die bewegung der ionengitter von isolatoren bei extremen elektrischen feldstärken, Z. Phys., 92, 367, 10.1007/BF01340820 Bacarella, 1981, Anodic film growth on titanium at temperatures from 200°C to 257°C, J. Electrochem. Soc., 128, 1531, 10.1149/1.2127677 Jouve, 1983, The increase in temperature of the anodic film formed on titanium during growth in acid media, Thin Sol. Films, 110, 263, 10.1016/0040-6090(83)90244-4 Mathieu, 1977, Beam effects in Auger electron spectroscopy analysis of titanium oxide films, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 14, 1023, 10.1116/1.569313 Delplancke, 1982, Self-colour anodizing of titanium, Surf. Technol., 16, 153, 10.1016/0376-4583(82)90033-4 Cotton, 1967, Decorative finishes on titanium, Trans. Inst. Met. Finish., 45, 48, 10.1080/00202967.1967.11870018 Geduld, 1967, Anodizing titanium, Met. Finish., 65, 62 Serruys, 1993, Anodic oxidation of titanium in 1 M H2SO4, studied by Rutherford backscattering, Surf. Sci., 282, 279, 10.1016/0039-6028(93)90934-C Sibert, 1963, Electrochemical oxidation of titanium surfaces, J. Electrochem. Soc., 110, 65, 10.1149/1.2425674 Piggott, 1965, Anodic polarization of Ti in formic acid—anodic behaviour of Ti in relation to anodizing condition, Corros. Sci., 5, 165, 10.1016/S0010-938X(65)80017-8 Vermilyea, 1953, The kinetics of formation and structure of anodic oxide films on tantalum, Acta Met., 1, 282, 10.1016/0001-6160(53)90101-1 Young, 1954, Anodic oxide films on tantalum electrodes, Trans. Faraday Soc., 50, 159, 10.1039/tf9545000153 Aladjem, 1973, Anodic oxidation of titanium and its alloy, J. Mater. Sci., 8, 688, 10.1007/BF00561225 Politi, 1977, Cinétiques de croissance et propriétés de films anodiques formés sur le titane, J. Less-Comm. Met., 56, 263, 10.1016/0022-5088(77)90048-0 Torresi, 1987, Hydrogen evoluation reaction on anodic titanium oxide films, Electrochim. Acta, 32, 1291, 10.1016/0013-4686(87)85058-2 Kozolowski, 1989, Local film thickness and photoresponse of thin anodic TiO2 films on polycrystalline titanium, Electrochim. Acta, 34, 1763, 10.1016/0013-4686(89)85062-5 Ohtsuka, 1985, Ellipsometric study of anodic oxide films on titanium in hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, and phosphate solution, J. Electrochem. Soc., 132, 787, 10.1149/1.2113958 Averill AF. Anodic dissolution of titanium in HCl–methanol solution. Thesis, University of Manchester of Science and Technology UK, 1966. Mazhar, 1990, Effect of temperature on the formation and dissolution of anodic oxide films on titanium in acid solutions, J. Appl. Electrochem., 20, 494, 10.1007/BF01076062 Magnussen ND. Characterization of anodic oxide film. Thesis, Texas A&M University USA, 1991. Kalra, 1994, Ionic conduction in anodic oxide films on titanium in mixed solutions of aqueous electrolytes and diethylene glycol, Thin Sol. Films, 239, 99, 10.1016/0040-6090(94)90114-7 Shibata, 1995, The effect of temperature on the growth of anodic oxide film on titanium, Corros. Sci., 37, 134, 10.1016/0010-938X(94)00125-P Annual book of ASTM standard. ASTM, 1998. Tabrizi R. Surface treatments of titanium and its alloy. Thesis, Corrosion and Protection centre, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK, 1989.