The burden of pneumonia in children: an Australian perspective

Australian Bureau of Statistics. Vol. 2004. Canberra: ABS, 2004. Gracey, 1998, Australian Aboriginal child health, Ann Trop Paediatr, 18, S53, 10.1080/02724936.1998.11747981 Davidson, 2004, An issue of access: delivering equitable health care for newly arrived refugee children in Australia, J Paediatr Child Health, 40, 569, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00466.x Davidson, 2004, Comprehensive health assessment for newly arrived refugee children in Australia, J Paediatr Child Health, 40, 562, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00465.x Fielding, 2004, Severe acute respiratory syndrome surveillance in Australia, Commun Dis Intell, 28, 181 Bi, 2003, Trends in mortality rates for infectious and parasitic diseases in Australia: 1907–1997, Intern Med J, 33, 152, 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2003.00354.x Isaacs, 1989, Problems in determining the etiology of community-acquired childhood pneumonia, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 8, 143 Read, 1996, Hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract illness before the age of two years in western Australia, Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 10, 175, 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1996.tb00041.x Williams, 1997, Hospitalization of aboriginal and non-aboriginal patients for respiratory tract diseases in Western Australia, 1988–1993, Int J Epidemiol, 26, 797, 10.1093/ije/26.4.797 Korppi, 2002, Mixed microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children, APMIS, 110, 515, 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.11007801.x Isaacs, 1999, Intrapartum antibiotics and early onset neonatal sepsis caused by group B Streptococcus and by other organisms in Australia, Australasian Study Group for Neonatal Infections, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 18, 524, 10.1097/00006454-199906000-00009 Smaill, 2000, Intrapartum antibiotics for group B streptococcal colonisation, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2 Schrag, 2002, Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Revised guidelines from CDC, MMWR Recomm Rep, 51, 1 Berner, 2002, Group B streptococci during pregnancy and infancy, Curr Opin Infect Dis, 15, 307, 10.1097/00001432-200206000-00015 Virkki, 2002, Differentiation of bacterial and viral pneumonia in children, Thorax, 57, 438, 10.1136/thorax.57.5.438 Wubbel, 1999, Etiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in ambulatory children, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 18, 98, 10.1097/00006454-199902000-00004 McIntosh, 2002, Community-acquired pneumonia in children, N Engl J Med, 346, 429, 10.1056/NEJMra011994 Roche, 2002, Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2001, Commun Dis Intell, 26, 505 Butler, 2004, The cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Australia, Vaccine, 22, 1138, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.036 Black, 2000, Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 19, 187, 10.1097/00006454-200003000-00003 Klugman, 2003, A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection, N Engl J Med, 349, 1341, 10.1056/NEJMoa035060 Gilbert, 1991, Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Australia and New Zealand, Vaccine, 9, S10, 10.1016/0264-410X(91)90173-4 Gilbert, 1995, Clinical manifestations and outcome of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease, J Paediatr Child Health, 31, 99, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00755.x Hanna, 1992, The epidemiology and prevention of Haemophilus influenzae infections in Australian Aboriginal children, J Paediatr Child Health, 28, 354, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1992.tb02691.x Mulholland, 1998, The Gambian Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine trial: what does it tell us about the burden of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease?, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 17, S123, 10.1097/00006454-199809001-00006 Herceg, 1997, The decline of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Australia, Commum Dis Intell, 21, 173 Korppi, 2004, Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae: serological results of a prospective, population-based study in primary health care, Respirology, 9, 109, 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2003.00522.x Drummond, 2000, Community acquired pneumonia—a prospective UK study, Arch Dis Child, 83, 408, 10.1136/adc.83.5.408 Goldwater, 1991, A survey of nosocomial respiratory viral infections in a children's hospital: occult respiratory infection in patients admitted during an epidemic season, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 12, 231, 10.1086/646330 Heiskanen-Kosma, 1999, Chlamydia pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia in school-aged children: serological results of a prospective, population-based study, Scand J Infect Dis, 31, 255, 10.1080/00365549950163536 Thompson, 1997, Community acquired pneumonia in north eastern Australia—a hospital based study of aboriginal and non-aboriginal patients, Aust N Z J Med, 27, 59, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1997.tb00915.x Knight, 1992, Primary staphylococcal pneumonia in childhood: a review of 69 cases, J Paediatr Child Health, 28, 447, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1992.tb02715.x Torvaldsen, 1999, The continuing evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Western Australia, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 20, 133, 10.1086/501594 Munckhof, 2003, Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in Queensland, Australia. Int J Infect Dis, 7, 259, 10.1016/S1201-9712(03)90104-4 Lumb, 2003, Tuberculosis in Australia: bacteriologically confirmed cases and drug resistance, Commun Dis Intell, 27, 173 Miller, 2002, Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, Commun Dis Intell, 26, 525 Shingadia, 2003, Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in children, Lancet Inf Dis, 3, 624, 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00771-0 Alperstein, 1994, The prevalence of tuberculosis infection among Year 8 schoolchildren in inner Sydney in, Med J Aust, 160, 197, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb126602.x Blyth, 2004, Inconspicuous consumption: disseminated tuberculosis following untreated latent infection, J Paediatr Child Health, 40, 227, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00343.x Marks, 2000, Incidence of tuberculosis among a cohort of tuberculin-positive refugees in Australia: reappraising the estimates of risk, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162, 1851, 10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.2004154 MacIntyre, 1997, Missed opportunities for prevention of tuberculosis in Victoria, Australia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1, 135 Carapetis, 1995, Multiple strains of Streptococcus pyogenes in skin sores of aboriginal Australians, J Clin Microbiol, 33, 1471, 10.1128/JCM.33.6.1471-1472.1995 Carapetis, 1999, Clinical and epidemiological features of group A streptococcal bacteraemia in a region with hyperendemic superficial streptococcal infection, Epidemiol Infect, 122, 59, 10.1017/S0950268898001952 White, 2003, Melioidosis. Lancet, 361, 1715, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13374-0 Cheng, 2003, Melioidosis in northern Australia, 2001–02, Commun Dis Intell, 27, 272 Currie, 2001, Childhood infections in the tropical north of Australia, J Paediatr Child Health, 37, 326, 10.1046/j.1440-1754.2001.00661.x Hall, 1999, Respiratory syncytial virus: a continuing culprit and conundrum, J Pediatr, 135, 2 McIntosh, 1993, Clinical severity of respiratory syncytial virus group A and B infection in Sydney, Australia, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 12, 815, 10.1097/00006454-199310000-00004 De Silva, 1986, Respiratory syncytial virus: a report of a 5-year study at a children's hospital, J Med Virol, 19, 299, 10.1002/jmv.1890190402 Chew, 1998, Seasonal trends of viral respiratory tract infections in the tropics, Epidemiol Infect, 121, 121, 10.1017/S0950268898008905 Viboud, 2004, Influenza epidemics in the United States, France, and Australia, 1972–1997, Emerg Infect Dis, 10, 32, 10.3201/eid1001.020705 Broom, 2004, The Influenza Surveillance Program in Western Australia, Commun Dis Intell, 28, 169 Yohannes, 2004, Annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 2003, Commun Dis Intell, 28, 160 Laundy, 2003, Influenza A community-acquired pneumonia in East London infants and young children, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 22, 223, 10.1097/01.inf.0000092192.59459.8b Daley, 2000, Comparison of influenza A and influenza B virus infection in hospitalized children, J Paediatr Child Health, 36, 332, 10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00533.x Guan, 2004, Molecular epidemiology of the novel coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, Lancet, 363, 99, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15259-2 Leung, 2004, Severe acute respiratory syndrome among children, Pediatrics, 113, e535, 10.1542/peds.113.6.e535 Stephenson, 2004, Confronting the avian influenza threat: vaccine development for a potential pandemic, Lancet Infect Dis, 4, 499, 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01105-3 Krilov, 2004, Emerging infectious disease issues in international adoptions: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), avian influenza and measles, Curr Opin Infect Dis, 17, 391, 10.1097/00001432-200410000-00002