The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System in Obesity and Hypertension

Ronco, 2011, The cardiorenal syndrome: basis and common ground for a multidisciplinary patient-oriented therapy, Cardiorenal Med, 1, 3, 10.1159/000323352

Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201602_06.pdf. Accessed June 20, 2016.

Hoerger, 2015, The future burden of CKD in the United States: a simulation model for the CDC CKD Initiative, Am J Kidney Dis, 65, 403, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.09.023

Landsberg, 2013, Obesity related hypertension: pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment-a position paper of the obesity society and the American society of hypertension, Obesity (Silver Spring), 21, 8, 10.1002/oby.20181

Aroor, 2013, The role of tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the development of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 4, 161, 10.3389/fendo.2013.00161

Demarco, 2014, The pathophysiology of hypertension in patients with obesity, Nat Rev Endocrinol, 10, 364, 10.1038/nrendo.2014.44

Manrique, 2014, Insulin resistance and skeletal muscle vasculature: Significance, assessment and therapeutic modulators, Cardiorenal Med, 4, 244, 10.1159/000368423

Messerli, 1981, Obesity and essential hypertension. hemodynamics, intravascular volume, sodium excretion, and plasma renin activity, Arch Intern Med, 141, 81, 10.1001/archinte.1981.00340010073016

Frohlich, 1983, The problem of obesity and hypertension, Hypertension, 5, III71

De Faria, 2014, Adipokines: novel players in resistant hypertension, J Clin Hypertens, 16, 754, 10.1111/jch.12399

Rahmouni, 2014, Obesity associated hypertension: recent progress in deciphering the pathogenesis, Hypertension, 64, 215, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.00920

Padilla, 2015, Role of perivascular adipose tissue on vascular reactive oxygen species in type 2 diabetes: a give and take relationship, Diabetes, 64, 1904, 10.2337/db15-0096

Engeli, 2003, The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: role in the metabolic syndrome?, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 35, 807, 10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00311-4

Massiera, 2001, Angiotensinogen-deficient mice exhibit impairment of diet-induced weight gain with alteration in adipose tissue development and increased locomotor activity, Endocrinology, 142, 5220, 10.1210/endo.142.12.8556

Yvan-Charvet, 2005, Deletion of the angiotensin type 2 receptor reduces adipose cell size and protects from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, Diabetes, 54, 991, 10.2337/diabetes.54.4.991

Yiannikouris, 2012, Adipocyte deficiency of angiotensinogen prevents obesity-induced hypertension in male mice, Hypertension, 60, 1524, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.192690

Mehta, 2007, Angiotensin II cell signaling: physiological and pathological effects in the cardiovascular system, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 292, C82, 10.1152/ajpcell.00287.2006

Briones, 2012, Adipocytes produce aldosterone through calcineurin-dependent signaling pathways: implications in diabetes mellitus-associated obesity and vascular dysfunction, Hypertension, 59, 1069, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.190223

Bender, 2013, Mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated vascular insulin resistance: an early contributor to diabetes-related vascular disease?, Diabetes, 62, 313, 10.2337/db12-0905

Jia, 2016, Endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor mediates diet-induced aortic stiffness in females, Circ Res, 118, 935, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.308269

Troisi, 1991, Relation of obesity and diet to sympathetic nervous system activity, Hypertension, 17, 669, 10.1161/01.HYP.17.5.669

Huggett, 2004, Sympathetic neural activation in nondiabetic metabolic syndrome and its further augmentation by hypertension, Hypertension, 44, 847, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000147893.08533.d8

Raumouni, 2005, Obesity associated hypertension: new insights into mechanisms, Hypertension, 25, 9, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000151325.83008.b4

Haynes, 1997, Receptor-mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin, J Clin Invest, 100, 270, 10.1172/JCI119532

Ozata, 1999, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 3686, 10.1210/jcem.84.10.5999

Bravo, 2006, Leptin and hypertension in obesity, Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2, 163, 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.2.163

Morgan, 2008, Mechanisms mediating renal sympathetic activation to leptin in obesity, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 295, R1730, 10.1152/ajpregu.90324.2008

Cooper, 2007, Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and oxidative stress in cardiovascular insulin resistance, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 293, H2009, 10.1152/ajpheart.00522.2007

Kazumi, 1999, Fasting insulin and leptin levels are associated with systolic blood pressure independent of percentage body fat and body fat mass index, J Hypertens, 17, 1451, 10.1097/00004872-199917100-00013

Grassi, 2001, Renin-angiotensin-sympathetic crosstalks in hypertension: reappraising the relevance of peripheral interactions, J Hypertens, 19, 1713, 10.1097/00004872-200110000-00003

Raasch, 2001, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition improves cardiac neuronal uptake of noradrenaline in spontaneously hypertensive rats, J Hypertens, 19, 1827, 10.1097/00004872-200110000-00017

Grassi, 1995, Sympathetic activation in obese normotensive subjects, Hypertension, 25, 560, 10.1161/01.HYP.25.4.560

Gillespie, 2005, The impact of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers on the development of new-onset type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 28, 2261, 10.2337/diacare.28.9.2261

Scheen, 2004, Renin-angiotensin system inhibition prevents type 2 diabetes mellitus. Part 1. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Diabetes Metab, 30, 487, 10.1016/S1262-3636(07)70146-5

Reisin, 1997, For the Treatment in Obese Patients with Hypertension (TROPHY) study group, Hypertension, 30, 140, 10.1161/01.HYP.30.1.140

Kintscher, 2007, Irbesartan for the treatment of hypertension in patients with the metabolic syndrome: a sub analysis of the treat to target post authorization survey. Prospective, observational two armed study in 14, 200 patients, Cardiovasc Diabetol, 6, 12, 10.1186/1475-2840-6-12

Zappe, 2008, Metabolic and antihypertensive effects of combined angiotensin receptor blocker and diuretic therapy in prediabetic hypertensive patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome, J Clin Hypertens, 10, 894, 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.00054.x

Parving, 2012, Cardiorenal end points in a trial of Aliskiren for type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 367, 2204, 10.1056/NEJMoa1208799

Friedrich, 2013, Review of direct renin inhibition by Aliskiren, J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, 14, 193, 10.1177/1470320313497328

Mancia, 2013, 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), J Hypertens, 31, 1281, 10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc

James, 2014, 2014 Evidence based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointment to the eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), JAMA, 311, 507, 10.1001/jama.2013.284427

Chobanian, 2003, JAMA, 289, 2560, 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560

National Clinical Guideline Centre, 2011

Dasqupta, 2014, The 2014 Canadian hypertension education program recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention and treatment of hypertension, Can J Cardiol, 30, 485, 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.02.002