The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on US College Students’ Physical Activity and Mental Health

Keel, 2020, Gaining “The Quarantine 15:” perceived versus observed weight changes in college students in the wake of COVID-19, Int J Eat Disord, 53, 1801, 10.1002/eat.23375

Franko, 2008, Motivation, self-efficacy, physical activity and nutrition in college students: randomized controlled trial of an internet-based education program, Prev Med, 47, 369, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.06.013

Lustria, 2013, A meta-analysis of web-delivered tailored health behavior change interventions, J Health Commun, 18, 1039, 10.1080/10810730.2013.768727

Hootman, 2017, Longitudinal changes in anthropometry and body composition in university freshmen, J Am Coll Health, 65, 268, 10.1080/07448481.2017.1280498

Wilson, 2018, The implementation and outcomes of exercise is medicine on campus, Transl J Am Coll Sports Med, 3, 158

Son, 2020, Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: interview survey study, J Med Internet Res, 22, e21279, 10.2196/21279

Meyer, 2020, Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviour due to the COVID-19 outbreak and associations with mental health in 3,052 US adults, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 18

Bates, 2020, COVID-19 impact on behaviors across the 24-hour day in children and adolescents: physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep, Children, 7, 138, 10.3390/children7090138

Ng, 2020, Adapted physical activity through COVID-19, Eur J Adapt Phys Act, 13, 1, 10.5507/euj.2020.003

Phelan, 2020, A game plan for the resumption of sport and exercise after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, JAMA Cardiol, 5, 1085, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2136

Keel, 2020, Gaining “The Quarantine 15:” perceived versus observed weight changes in college students in the wake of COVID-19, Int J Eat Disord, 53, 1801, 10.1002/eat.23375

Deschasaux-Tanguy, 2020, Diet and physical activity during the COVID-19 lockdown period (March–May 2020): results from the French NutriNet-Sante cohort study, medRxiv

Son, 2020, Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: interview survey study, J Med Internet Res, 22, e21279, 10.2196/21279

Lesser, 2020, The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 3899, 10.3390/ijerph17113899

Davies, 2012, Meta-analysis of internet-delivered interventions to increase physical activity levels, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 9, 52, 10.1186/1479-5868-9-52

Moore, 2020, Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: a national survey, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 17, 85, 10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8

Gallè, 2020, Understanding knowledge and behaviors related to COVID-19 epidemic in Italian undergraduate students: the EPICO study, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 3481, 10.3390/ijerph17103481

Bates, 2020, COVID-19 impact on behaviors across the 24-hour day in children and adolescents: physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep, Children, 7, 138, 10.3390/children7090138

Wilson, 2020, Changes in hypertension diagnostic criteria enhance early identification of at risk college students, Transl J Am Coll Sports Med, 5, 1

Wattanapisit, 2016, Physical activity among medical students in Southern Thailand: a mixed methods study, BMJ Open, 6, e013479, 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013479

Deschasaux-Tanguy, 2020, Diet and physical activity during the COVID-19 lockdown period (March–May 2020): results from the French NutriNet-Sante cohort study, medRxiv

Bailey, 2018, Treating depression with physical activity in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Psychol Med, 48, 1068, 10.1017/S0033291717002653

Wattanapisit, 2016, Physical activity among medical students in Southern Thailand: a mixed methods study, BMJ Open, 6, e013479, 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013479

Dunton, 2020, Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity locations and behaviors in adults living in the United States, Prev Med Rep, 20, 101241, 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101241

Wilson, 2020, The contribution of active travel to meeting physical activity recommendations among college students, J Transp Health, 18, 100890, 10.1016/j.jth.2020.100890

Faulkner, 2020, Physical activity as a coping strategy for mental health due to the COVID-19 virus: a potential disconnect among Canadian adults?, Front Commun, 5, 74, 10.3389/fcomm.2020.571833

Chen, 2020, Returning Chinese school-aged children and adolescents to physical activity in the wake of COVID-19: actions and precautions, J Sport Health Sci, 9, 322, 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.003

Uddin, 2017, Prevalence and sociodemographic patterns of physical activity among Bangladeshi young adults, J Health Popul Nutr, 36, 31, 10.1186/s41043-017-0108-y

Hootman, 2017, Longitudinal changes in anthropometry and body composition in university freshmen, J Am Coll Health, 65, 268, 10.1080/07448481.2017.1280498

Lustria, 2013, A meta-analysis of web-delivered tailored health behavior change interventions, J Health Commun, 18, 1039, 10.1080/10810730.2013.768727

Goldstein, 2018, Differential programming needs of college students preferring web-based versus in-person physical activity programs, J Health Commun, 33, 1509, 10.1080/10410236.2017.1372048

Ng, 2020, Adapted physical activity through COVID-19, Eur J Adapt Phys Act, 13, 1, 10.5507/euj.2020.003

Wilson, 2018, The implementation and outcomes of exercise is medicine on campus, Transl J Am Coll Sports Med, 3, 158

Bull, 2009, Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study, J Phys Act Health, 6, 790, 10.1123/jpah.6.6.790

Fenesi, 2018, Sweat so you don’t forget: exercise breaks during a university lecture increase on-task attention and learning, J Appl Res Mem Cogn, 7, 261, 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.01.012

Franko, 2008, Motivation, self-efficacy, physical activity and nutrition in college students: randomized controlled trial of an internet-based education program, Prev Med, 47, 369, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.06.013

Lippi, 2020, Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease at the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Eur J Adapt Phys Act, 27, 906

Santor, 1997, Shortening the CES-D to improve its ability to detect cases of depression, Psychol Assess, 9, 233, 10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.233

Mujika, 2000, Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part II: long term insufficient training stimulus, Sports Med, 30, 145, 10.2165/00007256-200030030-00001

Gallè, 2020, Understanding knowledge and behaviors related to COVID-19 epidemic in Italian undergraduate students: the EPICO study, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 3481, 10.3390/ijerph17103481

Halabchi, 2020, COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to exercise; that is the question!, Asian J Sports Med, 11, e102630, 10.5812/asjsm.102630

Halabchi, 2020, COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to exercise; that is the question!, Asian J Sports Med, 11, e102630, 10.5812/asjsm.102630

Stanton, 2020, Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 4065, 10.3390/ijerph17114065

Cohen, 1983, A global measure of perceived stress, J Health Soc Behav, 24, 385, 10.2307/2136404

Karuc, 2020, Moderators of change in physical activity levels during restrictions due to COVID-19 pandemic in young urban adults, Sustainability, 12, 6392, 10.3390/su12166392

Herrmann, 2013, Validity and reliability of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci, 17, 221, 10.1080/1091367X.2013.805139

Palvia, 2018, Online education: worldwide status, challenges, trends, and implications, J Glob Inf Technol Manag, 21, 233

Radloff, 1977, Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, 212

Uddin, 2017, Prevalence and sociodemographic patterns of physical activity among Bangladeshi young adults, J Health Popul Nutr, 36, 31, 10.1186/s41043-017-0108-y

Morrell, 2012, Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and related risk factors among college men and women, J Am Coll Health, 60, 82, 10.1080/07448481.2011.582208

Moore, 2020, Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: a national survey, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 17, 85, 10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8

Mammen, 2013, Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies, Am J Prev Med, 45, 649, 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.001

Conroy, 2019, Personalized models of physical activity responses to text message micro-interventions: a proof-of-concept application of control systems engineering methods, Psychol Sport Exerc, 41, 172, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.011

Lippi, 2020, Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease at the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Eur J Adapt Phys Act, 27, 906

Wilson, 2019, Comparison of obesity classification methods among college students, Obes Res Clin Pract, 13, 430, 10.1016/j.orcp.2019.09.003

Meyer, 2020, Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviour due to the COVID-19 outbreak and associations with mental health in 3,052 US adults, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 18

Mammen, 2013, Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies, Am J Prev Med, 45, 649, 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.001

Fenesi, 2018, Sweat so you don’t forget: exercise breaks during a university lecture increase on-task attention and learning, J Appl Res Mem Cogn, 7, 261, 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.01.012

Karuc, 2020, Moderators of change in physical activity levels during restrictions due to COVID-19 pandemic in young urban adults, Sustainability, 12, 6392, 10.3390/su12166392

Bailey, 2018, Treating depression with physical activity in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Psychol Med, 48, 1068, 10.1017/S0033291717002653

Davies, 2012, Meta-analysis of internet-delivered interventions to increase physical activity levels, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 9, 52, 10.1186/1479-5868-9-52

Lesser, 2020, The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 3899, 10.3390/ijerph17113899

Radloff, 1977, Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, 212

Wood, 2018, Handbook of Life Course Health Development, 123, 10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_7

Mujika, 2000, Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part II: long term insufficient training stimulus, Sports Med, 30, 145, 10.2165/00007256-200030030-00001

Faulkner, 2020, Physical activity as a coping strategy for mental health due to the COVID-19 virus: a potential disconnect among Canadian adults?, Front Commun, 5, 74, 10.3389/fcomm.2020.571833

Lemmer, 2000, Age and gender responses to strength training and detraining, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32, 1505, 10.1097/00005768-200008000-00021

Duncan, 2020, Perceived change in physical activity levels and mental health during COVID-19: findings among adult twin pairs, PLoS One, 15, e0237695, 10.1371/journal.pone.0237695

Barkley, 2020, The acute effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in university students and employees, Int J Exerc Sci, 13, 1326

Palvia, 2018, Online education: worldwide status, challenges, trends, and implications, J Glob Inf Technol Manag, 21, 233

Duncan, 2020, Perceived change in physical activity levels and mental health during COVID-19: findings among adult twin pairs, PLoS One, 15, e0237695, 10.1371/journal.pone.0237695

Wilson, 2020, The contribution of active travel to meeting physical activity recommendations among college students, J Transp Health, 18, 100890, 10.1016/j.jth.2020.100890

Barkley, 2020, The acute effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in university students and employees, Int J Exerc Sci, 13, 1326

Morrell, 2012, Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and related risk factors among college men and women, J Am Coll Health, 60, 82, 10.1080/07448481.2011.582208

Wilson, 2020, Changes in hypertension diagnostic criteria enhance early identification of at risk college students, Transl J Am Coll Sports Med, 5, 1

Wilson, 2019, Comparison of obesity classification methods among college students, Obes Res Clin Pract, 13, 430, 10.1016/j.orcp.2019.09.003

Armstrong, 2006, Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), J Public Health, 14, 66, 10.1007/s10389-006-0024-x

Chen, 2020, Returning Chinese school-aged children and adolescents to physical activity in the wake of COVID-19: actions and precautions, J Sport Health Sci, 9, 322, 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.003

Armstrong, 2006, Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), J Public Health, 14, 66, 10.1007/s10389-006-0024-x

Zhang, 2020, Mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemics and the mitigation effects of exercise: a longitudinal study of college students in China, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17

Santor, 1997, Shortening the CES-D to improve its ability to detect cases of depression, Psychol Assess, 9, 233, 10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.233

Bull, 2009, Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study, J Phys Act Health, 6, 790, 10.1123/jpah.6.6.790

Balanzá–Martínez, 2020, Lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19—time to connect, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 141, 399, 10.1111/acps.13177

Herrmann, 2013, Validity and reliability of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci, 17, 221, 10.1080/1091367X.2013.805139

Lemmer, 2000, Age and gender responses to strength training and detraining, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32, 1505, 10.1097/00005768-200008000-00021

Conroy, 2019, Personalized models of physical activity responses to text message micro-interventions: a proof-of-concept application of control systems engineering methods, Psychol Sport Exerc, 41, 172, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.011

Chen, 2020, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions, J Sport Health Sci, 9, 103, 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001

Chen, 2020, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions, J Sport Health Sci, 9, 103, 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001

Balanzá–Martínez, 2020, Lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19—time to connect, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 141, 399, 10.1111/acps.13177

Kang, 2020, Is physical activity associated with mental health among Chinese adolescents during isolation in COVID-19 pandemic?, J Epidemiol Glob Health, 10.2991/jegh.k.200908.001

Zhang, 2020, Mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemics and the mitigation effects of exercise: a longitudinal study of college students in China, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17

Kang, 2020, Is physical activity associated with mental health among Chinese adolescents during isolation in COVID-19 pandemic?, J Epidemiol Glob Health, 10.2991/jegh.k.200908.001

Cohen, 1983, A global measure of perceived stress, J Health Soc Behav, 24, 385, 10.2307/2136404

Phelan, 2020, A game plan for the resumption of sport and exercise after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, JAMA Cardiol, 5, 1085, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2136

Stanton, 2020, Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 4065, 10.3390/ijerph17114065

Dunton, 2020, Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity locations and behaviors in adults living in the United States, Prev Med Rep, 20, 101241, 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101241

Wood, 2018, Handbook of Life Course Health Development, 123, 10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_7

Goldstein, 2018, Differential programming needs of college students preferring web-based versus in-person physical activity programs, J Health Commun, 33, 1509, 10.1080/10410236.2017.1372048