The Earth’s plasmasphere: State of studies (a Review)

J. J. Angerami and J. O. Thomas, “Studies of Planetary Atmospheres. 1: The Distributions of Electrons and Ions in the Earth’s Exosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 69, 4537–4560 (1964).

G. J. Bailey, N. Balan, and Y. Z. Su, “The Sheffield University Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model: A Review,” J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 59, 1541–1552 (1997).

N. Balan, K. I. Oyama, G. J. Bailey, and T. Abe, “Plasmasphere Electron Temperature Studies Using Satellite Observations and Theoretical Model,” J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15 323–15 330 (1996).

S. G. Bauer, Physics of Planetary Ionospheres (Springer, 1973; Mir, Moscow, 1976).

V. V. Bezrukikh, M. I. Verigin, G. A. Kotova, et al., “Dynamics of the Plasmasphere and Plasmapause under the Action of Geomagnetic Storms,” J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 63, 1179–1184 (2001).

L. P. Block, “On the Distribution of Electric Fields in the Magnetosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 71, 855–864 (1966).

N. M. Brice, “Bulk Motion of the Magnetosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5193–5211 (1967).

J. L. Burch, J. Goldstein, and B. R. Sandel, “Cause of Plasmasphere Corotation Lag,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L05802 (2004).

D. L. Carpenter and C. G. Park, “On What Ionospheric Workers Should Know about the Plasmapause-Plasmasphere,” Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 11, 133–154 (1973).

D. L. Carpenter and J. Lemaire, “Erosion and Recovery of the Plasmasphere in the Plasmapause Region,” Space Sci. Rev. 80, 153–179 (1997).

D. L. Carpenter and R. R. Anderson, “An ISEE Whistler Model of Equatorial Electron Density in the Magnetosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 97, 1097–1108 (1992).

D. L. Carpenter, “Remote Sensing the Earth’s Plasmasphere,” Radio Sci. Bul. 308, 13–29 (2004).

D. L. Carpenter, “The Earth’s Plasmasphere Awaits Rediscovery,” EOS 76, 89 (1995).

D. L. Carpenter, “Whistler Evidence of a ‘Knee’ in the Magnetospheric Ionization Density Profile,” J. Geophys. Res. 68, 1675–1682 (1963).

D. L. Carpenter, “Whistler Studies of the Plasmapause in the Magnetosphere. I. Temporal Variations in the Position of the Knee and Some Evidence on Plasma Motions near the Knee,” J. Geophys. Res. 71, 693–709 (1966).

D. L. Carpenter, “Whistler Measurements of the Equatorial Profile of Magnetospheric Electron Density,” in Progress in Radio Science 1960–1963, Vol. III: The Ionosphere, Ed. by G. M. Brown, (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1965), pp. 76–91.

D. L. Carpenter, B. L. Giles, C. R. Chappell, et al., “Plasmaspheric Dynamics in the Duskside Bulge Region: A New Look at an Old Topic,” J. Geophys. Res. 98, 19 243–19 271 (1993).

C. R. Chappell, S. A. Fields, C. R. Baugher, et al., “The Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer on Dynamics Explorer-A,” Space Sci. Instrum. 5, 477–491 (1981).

A. J. Chen and J. M. Grebowsky, “Dynamical Interpretation of Observed Plasmasphere Deformations,” Planet. Space Sci. 26, 661–672 (1978).

A. J. Chen and R. A. Wolf, “Effects on the Plasmasphere of Time-Varying Convection Electric Field,” Planet. Space Sci. 20, 483–459 (1972).

R. H. Comfort, “Plasmasphere Thermal Structure as Measured by ISEE-1 and DE-1,” Adv. Space Res. 6, 31–40 (1986).

R. H. Comfort, “Thermal Structure of the Plasmasphere,” Adv. Space Res. 17, (10)175–(10)184 (1996).

P. M. E. Decreau, C. Beghin, and M. Parrot, “Global Characteristics of the Cold Plasma in the Equatorial Plasmapause Region as Deduced from the GEOS 1 Mutual Impedance Probe,” J. Geophys. Res. 87, 695–712 (1982).

M. H. Denton, G. J. Bailey, Y. Z. Su, et al., “High Altitude Observations of Electron Temperature and Possible North-South Asymmetry,” J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 61, 775–788 (1999).

D. L. Gallagher, M. L. Adrian, and M. W. Liemohn, “Origin and Evolution of Deep Plasmaspheric Notches,” J. Geophys. Res. 110, A09201 (2005).

D. L. Gallagher, P. D. Craven, and R. H. Comfort, “Global Core Plasma Model,” J. Geophys. Res. 105, 18 819–18 883 (2000).

J. Goldstein, B. R. Sandel, W. T. Forrester, and P. H. Reiff, “IMF-Driven Plasmasphere Erosion of 10 July 2000,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1146 (2003).

J. Goldstein, B. R. Sandel, and M. F. Thomsen, et al., “Simultaneous Remote Sensing and in situ Observations of Plasmaspheric Drainage Plumes,” J. Geophys. Res. 109, A03202 (2004).

J. M. Grebowsky, “Model Study of Plasmapause Motion,” J. Geophys. Res. 75, 4329–4333 (1970).

J. L. Green and B. W. Reinisch, “An Overview of Results from the RPI on IMAGE,” Space Sci. Rev. 109, 183–210 (2003).

J. L. Green, B. R. Sandel, S. F. Fung, et al., “On the Origin of Kilometric Continuum,” J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1029 (2002).

K. I. Gringauz and V. S. Bassolo, “Structure and Properties of the Earth’s Plasmasphere: Experimental Data and Problems of Their Interpretation (a Review),” Geomagn. Aeron. 30(1), 1–17 (1990).

K. I. Gringauz and V. V. Bezrukikh, “Asymmetry of the Earth’s Plasmasphere in the Direction Noon-Midnight from PROGNOZ-1 and PROGNOZ-2 Data,” J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 38, 1071–1076 (1976).

K. I. Gringauz and V. V. Bezrukikh, “The Earth’s Plasmasphere: A Review,” Geomagn. Aeron. 17, 784–803 (1977).

K. I. Gringauz, “Plasmasphere and Its Interaction with the Ring Current,” Space Sci. Rev. 34, 245–257 (1983).

K. I. Gringauz, “Rocket Measurements of Electron Density in the Ionosphere Using UHF Dispersion Interferometer,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 120, 1934–1938 (1958).

K. I. Gringauz, V. V. Bezrukikh, V. D. Ozerov, and R. E. Rybchinskii, “Studying the Interplanetary Ionized Gas, Energetic Electrons, and Solar Corpuscular Radiation Using Three-Electrode Traps of Charged Particles on the Second Soviet Space Rocket,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 131, 1302–1304 (1960).

K. I. Gringauz, V. V. Bezrukikh, and V. D. Ozerov, “Positive Ion Density Measurements in the Ionosphere Using the Method of Ion Traps on the Third Soviet Satellite,” Iskusstv. Sputniki Zemli 6, 63–100 (1961).

S. M. Guitter, C. E. Rasmussen, T. I. Gombosi, et al., “What Is the Source of Observed Annual Variations in Plasmaspheric Density?,” J. Geophys. Res. 100, 8013–8020 (1995).

D. A. Gurnett, R. R. Anderson, F. L. Scarf, et al., “Initial Results Form ISEE-1 and-2 Plasma Wave Investigation,” Space Sci. Rev. 23, 103–122 (1979).

B. Higel and L. Wu, “Electron Density and Plasmapause Characteristics at 6.6 R E: A Statistical Study of the GEOS-2 Relaxation Sounder Data,” J. Geophys. Res. 89, 1583–1601 (1984).

Introduction to Space Physics, Ed. by M. G. Kivelson and C. T. Russell (Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995).

E. T. Karlson, “Plasma Flow in the Magnetosphere. 1. A Two Dimensional Model of Stationary Flow,” Cosmic Electrodyn. 1, 474–495 (1971).

G. V. Khazanov, J. U. Kozyra, and O. A. Gorbachev, “Magnetospheric Convection and the Effects of Wave-Particle Interaction on the Plasma Temperature Anisotropy in the Equatorial Plasmasphere,” Adv. Space Res. 17.

G. V. Khazanov, M. V. Liemohn, J. U. Kozyra, and T. E. Moore, “Inner Magnetospheric Superthermal Electron Transport: Photoelectron and Plasma Sheet Electron Sources,” J. Geophys. Res. 103, 23 485–23 501 (1998).

G. Kotova, V. Bezrukikh, M. Verigin, and J. Šmilauer, “In situ Observations of Low-Density Regions Inside the Plasmasphere,” Earth Planet. Space 56, 989–996 (2004).

G. Kotova, V. Bezrukikh, M. Verigin, and J. Šmilauer, “Ion Temperature Dynamics in the Plasmasphere from INTERBALL Measurements during Minimum and Maximum Phases of Solar Cycle,” in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recent Observations and Simulations of the Sun-Earth System, Varna, 2006, p. 62.

G. A. Kotova, V. V. Bezrukikh, M. I. Verigin, et al., “INTERBALL 1 / Alpha 3 Cold Plasma Measurements in the Evening Plasmasphere: Quiet and Disturbed Magnetic Conditions,” Adv. Space Res. 30, 2002 (2002).

G. A. Kotova, V. V. Bezrukikh, M. I. Verigin, and L. A. Lezhen, “Temperature and Density Variations in the Dusk and Dawn Plasmasphere as Observed by INTERBALL-TAIL in 1999–2000,” Adv. Space Res. 30, 1831–1834 (2002).

J. U. Kozyra, E. G. Shelley, R. H. Comfort, et al., “The Role of Ring Current O+ in the Formation of Stable Auroral Red Arcs,” J. Geophys. Res. 92, 7487–7502 (1987).

I. A. Krinberg and A. V. Tashchilin, The Ionosphere and Plasmasphere (Nauka, Moscow, 1984) [in Russian].

J. F. Lemaire and K. I. Gringauz, with contribution from D. L. Carpenter and V. Bassolo The Earth’s Plasmasphere (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1998).

J. F. Lemaire, “Hydrostatic Equilibrium and Convective Stability in the Plasmasphere,” J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 61, 867–878 (1999).

J. F. Lemaire, “The Formation of Light-Ion Trough and Peeling of the Plasmasphere,” J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 63, 1285–1291 (2001).

J. F. Lemaire, “The Formation of Plasmaspheric Tails,” Phys. Chem. Earth (C) 25, 9–17 (2000).

M. W. Liemohn, A. J. Ridley, D. L. Gallagher, et al., “Dependence of Plasmaspheric Morphology on the Electric Field Description during the Recovery Phase of the 17 April 2002 Magnetic Storm,” J. Geophys. Res. 109, A03209 (2004).

C. E. McIlwain, “A Kp Dependent Equatorial Electric Field Model,” Adv. Space Res. 6(3), 187–197 (1986).

M. B. Moldwin, L. Downward, H. K. Rassoul, et al., “A New Model of the Location of the Plasmapause: CRRES Results,” J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1339 (2002).

M. B. Moldwin, M. F. Thomse, S. J. Bame, et al., “The Fine Scale Structure of the Outer Plasmasphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 100, 8021–8029 (1995). Correction, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 9649 (1995).

A. Nishida, “Formation of Plasmapause, or Magnetospheric Plasma Knee, by the Combined Action of Magnetospheric Convection and Plasma Escape Form the Tail,” J. Geophys. Res. 71, 5669–5679 (1966).

C. G. Park, “Some Features of Plasma Distribution in the Plasmasphere Deduced from Antarctic Whistlers,” J. Geophys. Res. 79, 169–173 (1974).

C. G. Park, D. L. Carpenter, and D. B. Wiggin, “Electron Density in the Plasmasphere: Whistler Data on the Solar Cycle, Annual, and Diurnal Variations,” J. Geophys. Res. 83, 3137–3144 (1978).

V. Pierrard and J. Lemaire, “Development of Shoulders and Plumes in the Frame of the Interchange Instability Mechanism for Plasmapause Formation,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L05809 (2004).

V. Pierrard and J. Lemaire, “Exospheric Model of the Plasmasphere,” J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 63, 1261–1265 (2001).

V. Pierrard and J. Lemaire, “Lorentzian Ion Exosphere Model,” J. Geophys. Res. 101, 7923–7934 (1996). Correction, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 4117 (1998).

C. E. Rasmussen, S. M. Guitter, and S. G. Thomas, “A Two-Dimensional Model of the Plasmasphere: Refilling Time Constants,” Planet. Space Sci. 41, 35–43 (1993).

M. A. Reynolds, D. J. Melendez-Alvira, and G. Ganguli, “Equatorial Coupling between the Plasmasphere and the Topside Ionosphere,” J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 63, 1267–1273 (2001).

P. G. Richards and D. G. Torr, “Hydrodynamic Model of the Plasmasphere,” Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union, No. 44, 67–77 (1988).

P. G. Richards, T. Chang, and R. H. Comfort, “On the Causes of the Annual Variation in the Plasmaspheric Electron Density,” J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 62, 935–946 (2000).

B. R. Sandel, J. Goldstein, D. L. Gallagher, and M. Spasojevic, “Extreme Ultraviolet Imager Observations of the Structure and Dynamics of the Plasmasphere,” Space Sci. Rev. 109, 25–46 (2003).

R. W. Schunk and J. J. Sojka, “Ionospheric Models,” in Modern Ionospheric Science, Ed. by H. Kohl, R. Ruster, and K. Schlegel (EGS, Katlenburg-Lindau, 1996), pp. 181–215.

X. Song, R. Gendrin, and G. Caudal, “Refilling Process in the Plasmasphere and Its Relation to Magnetic Activity,” J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 50, 185–195 (1988).

R. W. Spiro, M. Harel, R. A. Wolf, and P. H. Reiff, “Quantitative Simulation of Magnetospheric Substorm. 3. Plasmaspheric Electric Fields and Evolution of the Plasmapause,” J. Geophys. Res. 86, 2261–2272 (1981).

L. R. Storey, “An Investigation of Whistling Atmospherics,” Phil. Trans. Roy Soc. (London), Ser. A: 246, 113–141 (1953).

Gy. Tarcsay, P. Szemeredy, and L. Hegymegi, “Average Electron Density Profiles in the Plasmasphere between L = 1.4 and 3.2 Deduced from Whistlers,” J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 50, 607–611 (1988).

J.-N. Tu, J. L. Horwitz, P. Song, et al., “Simulating Plasmaspheric Field-Aligned Density Profiles Measured with IMAGE/RPI: Effects of Plasmasphere Refilling and Ion Heating,” J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1017 (2003).

P. A. Webb and E. A. Essex, “A Dynamic Global Model of the Plasmasphere,” J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 66, 1057–1073 (2004).

J. Wygant, D. Rowland, H. J. Singer, et al., “Experimental Evidence on the Role of the Large Spatial Scale Electric Field in Creating the Ring Current,” J. Geophys. Res. 103, 29 527–29 544 (1998).