The Biology of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Hamilton, 1962, Human Embryology

Gilbert, 1988, Developmental Biology

Folkman, 1987, Angiogenic factors., Science, 235, 442, 10.1126/science.2432664

Folkman, 1991, What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis-dependent?, J Natl Cancer Inst, 82, 4, 10.1093/jnci/82.1.4

Garner, 1994, Vascular diseases, In: Garner A, Klintworth GK (eds) Pathobiology of Ocular Disease. A Dynamic Approach, ed 2. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp, 1625

Weidner, 1991, Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Correlation in invasive breast carcinoma., N Engl J Med, 324, 1, 10.1056/NEJM199101033240101

Horak, 1992, Quantitative angiogenesis assessed by anti-PECAM antibodies: correlation with node metastasis and survival in breast cancer., Lancet, 340, 1120, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93150-L

Vartanian, 1994, Correlation of intratumoral endothelial cell proliferation with microvessel density (tumor angiogenesis) and tumor cell proliferation in breast carcinoma., Am J Pathol, 144, 1188

Wakui, 1992, Tumor angiogenesis in prostatic carcinoma with and without bone metastasis: a morphometric study., J Pathol, 168, 257, 10.1002/path.1711680303

Macchiarini, 1992, Relation of neovascularization to metastasis of non-small cell lung carcinoma., Lancet, 340, 145, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93217-B

Bigler, 1993, Comparison of microscopic vascularity in benign and malignant prostate tissue., Hum Pathol, 24, 220, 10.1016/0046-8177(93)90304-Y

Smith-McCune, 1994, Demonstration and characterization of the angiogenic properties of cervical dysplasia., Cancer Res, 54, 804

Folkman, 1992, Angiogenesis., J Biol Chem, 267, 10931, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49853-0

Klagsbrun, 1991, Regulators of angiogenesis., Annu Rev Physiol, 53, 217, 10.1146/annurev.ph.53.030191.001245

Ferrara, 1993, Vascular endothelial growth factor., Trends Cardiovasc Med, 3, 244, 10.1016/1050-1738(93)90046-9

Carmeliet, 1996, Abnormal blood vessel developement and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele., Nature, 380, 435, 10.1038/380435a0

Ferrara, 1996, Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene., Nature, 380, 439, 10.1038/380439a0

Banai, 1994, Angiogenic-induced enhancement of collateral blood flow to ischemic myocardium by vascular endothelial growth factor in dogs., Circulation, 89, 2183, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.5.2183

Harada, 1996, Vascular endothelial growth factor in chronic myocardial ischemia, Am J Physiol, 270, H1791

Pearlman, 1995, Magnetic resonance mapping demonstrates benefits of VEGF-induced myocardial angiogenesis., Nature Med, 1, 1085, 10.1038/nm1095-1085

Takeshita, 1994, Therapeutic angiogenesis: a single intra-arterial bolus of vascular endothelial growth factor augments collateral vessel formation in a rabbit ischemic hindlimb model., J Clin Invest, 93, 662, 10.1172/JCI117018

Takeshita, 1994, Intramuscular administration of vascular endothelial growth factor induces dose-dependent collateral artery augmentation in a rabbit model of chronic limb ischemia, Circulation, 90, 228

Takeshita, 1996, Gene transfer of naked DNA encoding for three isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates collateral development in vivo., Lab Invest, 75, 487

Isner, 1996, Clinical evidence of angiogenesis following arterial gene transfer of phVEGF165 in patient with ischaemic limb., Lancet, 348, 370, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03361-2

Ferrara, 1989, Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 161, 851, 10.1016/0006-291X(89)92678-8

Leung, 1989, Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen., Science, 246, 1306, 10.1126/science.2479986

Connolly, 1989, Tumor vascular permeability factor stimulates endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis., J Clin Invest, 84, 1470, 10.1172/JCI114322

Keck, 1989, Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to platelet derived growth factor., Science, 246, 1309, 10.1126/science.2479987

Ploüet, 1989, Isolation and characterization of a newly identified endothelial cell mitogen produced by AtT20 cells., EMBO J, 8, 3801, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08557.x

Conn, 1990, Amino acid and cDNA sequence of a vascular endothelial cell mitogen homologous to platelet-derived growth factor., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87, 2628, 10.1073/pnas.87.7.2628

Pepper, 1994, In vitro angiogenic and proteolytic properties of bovine lymphatic endothelial cells., Exp Cell Res, 210, 298, 10.1006/excr.1994.1042

Pepper, 1992, Potent synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 189, 824, 10.1016/0006-291X(92)92277-5

Nicosia, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 promote rat aortic angiogenesis in vitro., Am J Pathol, 145, 1023

Phillips, 1995, Vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF165) stimulates direct angiogenesis in the rabbit cornea., In Vivo, 8, 961

Tolentino, 1996, VEGF is sufficient to produce iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma in a non-human primate., Arch Ophthalmol, 114, 964, 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140172010

Pepper, 1991, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in microvascular endothelial cells., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 181, 902, 10.1016/0006-291X(91)91276-I

Unemori, 1992, Vascular endothelial growth factor induces interstitial collagenase expression in human endothelial cells., J Cell Physiol, 153, 557, 10.1002/jcp.1041530317

Pepper, 1990, Proteolytic balance and capillary morphogenesis., Cell Differ Dev, 32, 319, 10.1016/0922-3371(90)90046-Y

Mandriota, 1995, Vascular endothelial growth factor increases urokinase receptor expression in vascular endothelial cells., J Biol Chem, 270, 9709, 10.1074/jbc.270.17.9709

Mignatti, 1989, In vitro angiogenesis on the human amniotic membrane: requirement for basic fibroblast growth factor-induced proteinases., J Cell Biol, 108, 671, 10.1083/jcb.108.2.671

Senger, 1983, Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid., Science, 219, 983, 10.1126/science.6823562

Connolly, 1989, Human vascular permeability factor. Isolation from U937 cells., J Biol Chem, 254, 20017, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)47212-8

Dvorak, 1986, Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarity between tumor stroma generation and wound healing., N Engl J Med, 315, 1650, 10.1056/NEJM198612253152606

Dvorak, 1987, Fibrin containing gels induce angiogenesis: implications for tumor stroma generation and wound healing., Lab Invest, 57, 673

Roberts, 1995, Increased microvascular permeability and endothelial fenestration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor., J Cell Sci, 108, 2369, 10.1242/jcs.108.6.2369

Dellian, 1996, Quantitation and physiological characterization of angiogenic vessels in mice. Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, and host microenvironment., Am J Pathol, 149, 59

Pekala, 1990, Regulation of hexose transport in aortic endothelial cells by vascular permeability factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not by insulin., J Biol Chem, 265, 18051, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44710-7

Melder, 1996, During angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor regulate natural killer cell adhesion to tumor endothelium., Nature Med, 2, 992, 10.1038/nm0996-992

Sasaki, 1991, Preferential localization of human adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells in tumor microcirculation., J Natl Cancer Inst, 83, 433, 10.1093/jnci/83.6.433

Clauss, 1990, Vascular permeability factor: a tumor-derived polypeptide that induces endothelial cell and monocyte procoagulant activity, and promotes monocyte migration., J Exp Med, 172, 1535, 10.1084/jem.172.6.1535

Broxmeyer, 1995, Myeloid progenitor cells regulatory effects of vascular endothelial growth factor., Int J Hematol, 62, 203, 10.1016/0925-5710(95)00412-2

Gabrilovich, 1996, Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells., Nature Med, 2, 1096, 10.1038/nm1096-1096

Ku, 1993, Vascular endothelial growth factor induces EDRF-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries, Am J Physiol, 265, H586

Yang, 1996, Effects of VEGF on hemodynamics and cardiac performance., J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 27, 838, 10.1097/00005344-199606000-00011

Cuevas, 1996, Correction of hypertension by normalization of endothelial levels of fibroblast growth factor and nitric oxide synthase in spontaneously hypertensive rats., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 11996, 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11996

Tisher, 1991, The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor., J Biol Chem, 266, 11947, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99049-6

Houck, 1991, The vascular endothelial growth factor family: identification of a fourth molecular species and characterization of alternative splicing of RNA., Mol Endocrinol, 5, 1806, 10.1210/mend-5-12-1806

Vincenti, 1996, Assignment of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene to the human chromosome 6p21.3., Circulation, 93, 1493, 10.1161/01.CIR.93.8.1493

Shima, 1996, The mouse gene for vascular endothelial growth factor., J Biol Chem, 271, 3877, 10.1074/jbc.271.7.3877

Levy, 1995, Trancriptional regulation of the rat vascular endothelial growth factor gene by hypoxia., J Biol Chem, 270, 13333, 10.1074/jbc.270.22.13333

Ferrara, 1992, Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins., Endocr Rev, 13, 18, 10.1210/edrv-13-1-18

Houck, 1992, Dual regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioavailability by genetic and proteolytic mechanisms., J Biol Chem, 267, 26031, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35712-0

Park, 1993, The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms: differential deposition into the subepithelial extracellular matrix and bioactivity of ECM-bound VEGF., Mol Biol Cell, 4, 1317, 10.1091/mbc.4.12.1317

Rifkin, 1990, Growth factor control of extracellular proteolysis., Cell Differ Dev, 32, 313, 10.1016/0922-3371(90)90045-X

Sreenath, 1992, Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in transformed rat cell lines of high and low metastatic potential., Cancer Res, 52, 4942

Keyt, 1996, The carboxyl-terminal domain (111–165) of VEGF is critical for mitogenic potency., J Biol Chem, 271, 7788, 10.1074/jbc.271.13.7788

Minchenko, 1994, Hypoxic stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vivo and in vitro., Lab Invest, 71, 374

Shweiki, 1992, Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis., Nature, 359, 843, 10.1038/359843a0

Shima, 1995, Hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial cell growth factors in the retina: identification and characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the sole mitogen., Mol Med, 2, 64

Brogi, 1994, Indirect angiogenic cytokines upregulate VEGF and bFGF expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas hypoxia upregulates VEGF expression only., Circulation, 90, 649, 10.1161/01.CIR.90.2.649

Banai, 1994, Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression induced by myocardial ischemia: implications for coronary angiogenesis., Cardiovasc Res, 28, 1176, 10.1093/cvr/28.8.1176

Stone, 1995, Development of retinal vasculature is mediated by hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in neuroglia., J Neurosci, 15, 4738, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-07-04738.1995

Goldberg, 1994, Similarities between the oxygen-sensing mechanisms regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin., J Biol Chem, 269, 4355, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41787-X

Liu, 1995, Hypoxia regulates vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in endothelial cells. Identification of a 5′ enhancer., Circ Res, 77, 638, 10.1161/01.RES.77.3.638

Madan, 1993, A 24-base pair sequence 3′ to the human erythropoietin contains a hypoxia-responsive transcriptional enhancer., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 3928, 10.1073/pnas.90.9.3928

Wang, 1995, Purification and characterization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1., J Biol Chem, 270, 1230, 10.1074/jbc.270.3.1230

Wang, 1995, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 is a basic helix-loop helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 5510, 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5510

Forsythe, 1996, Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1., Mol Cell Biol, 16, 4604, 10.1128/MCB.16.9.4604

Takagi, 1996, Hypoxic induction of VEGF is mediated by adenosine through A2 receptors and elevation of cAMP in retinal pericytes and endothelial cells., Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, 37, 2165

Mukhopadhyay, 1995, Hypoxic induction of human vascular endothelial growth factor expression through c-Src activation., Nature, 375, 577, 10.1038/375577a0

Levy, 1996, Post-transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by hypoxia., J Biol Chem, 271, 2746, 10.1074/jbc.271.5.2746

Ikeda, 1995, Hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation and increased mRNA stability of vascular endothelial growth factor in C6 glioma cells., J Biol Chem, 270, 19761, 10.1074/jbc.270.34.19761

Stein, 1995, Stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by hypoxia and hypoglycemia and coregulation with other ischemia-induced genes., Mol Cell Biol, 15, 5363, 10.1128/MCB.15.10.5363

Frank, 1995, Regulation of VEGF expression in cultured keratinocytes. Implications for normal and impaired wound healing., J Biol Chem, 270, 12607, 10.1074/jbc.270.21.12607

Detmar, 1994, Overexpression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in psoriasis., J Exp Med, 180, 1141, 10.1084/jem.180.3.1141

Detmar, 1995, Keratinocyte-derived vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) is a potent mitogen for dermal microvascular endothelial cells., J Invest Dermatol, 105, 44, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12312542

Goldman, 1993, Epidermal growth factor stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor production by human malignant glioma cells: a model of glioblastoma multiforme pathophysiology., Mol Biol Cell, 4, 121, 10.1091/mbc.4.1.121

Pertovaara, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor is induced in response to transforming growth factor-β in fibroblastic and epithelial cells., J Biol Chem, 269, 6271, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37365-9

Li, 1995, Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression by interleukin-1 beta in rat aortic smooth muscle cells., J Biol Chem, 270, 308, 10.1074/jbc.270.1.308

Ben-Av, 1995, Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in synovial fibroblasts by prostaglandin E and interleukin-1: a potential mechanism for inflammatory angiogenesis., FEBS Lett, 372, 83, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00956-A

Cohen, 1996, Interleukin 6 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor., J Biol Chem, 271, 736, 10.1074/jbc.271.2.736

Warren, 1996, Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by insulin-like growth factor 1 in colorectal carcinoma., J Biol Chem, 271, 29483, 10.1074/jbc.271.46.29483

Claffey, 1992, Vascular endothelial growth factor. Regulation by cell differentiation and activated second messenger pathways., J Biol Chem, 267, 16317, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42003-0

Garrido, 1993, Transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in ovarian bovine granulosa cells., Growth Factors, 8, 109, 10.3109/08977199309046931

Kieser, 1994, Mutant p53 potentiates protein kinase C induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression., Oncogene, 9, 963

Rak, 1995, Mutant ras oncogenes upregulate VEGF/VPF expression: implications for induction and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis., Cancer Res, 55, 4575

Grugel, 1995, Both v-Ha-Ras and v-Raf stimulate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in NIH 3T3 cells., J Biol Chem, 270, 25915, 10.1074/jbc.270.43.25915

Mazure, 1996, Oncogenic transformation and hypoxia synergistically act to modulate vascular endothelial growth factor expression., Cancer Res, 56, 3436

Mukhopadhyay, 1995, Wild-type p53 and v-Src exert opposing influences on human vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression., Cancer Res, 55, 6161

Siemester, 1996, Reversion of deregulated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human renal carcinoma cells by von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein., Cancer Res, 56, 2299

Larroche, 1984, Malformations of the nervous system, In: Adams, JH, Corsellis, JAN, Duchen, LW (eds) Greenfield’s Neuropathology, ed 4. Wiley Medical Publishers. New York, pp, 385

Iliopulos, 1996, Negative regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes by the von Hippel-Lindau protein., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 10595, 10.1073/pnas.93.20.10595

Vaisman, 1990, Characterization of the receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor., J Biol Chem, 265, 19461, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45395-6

Ploüet, 1990, Characterization of the receptors to vasculotropin on bovine adrenal cortex-derived capillary endothelial cells., J Biol Chem, 265, 22071, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45668-2

Shen, 1993, Characterization of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in mononuclear phagocytes., Blood, 81, 2767, 10.1182/blood.V81.10.2767.bloodjournal81102767

Gitay-Goren, 1996, Selective binding of VEGF121 to one of the three vascular endothelial growth factor receptors on vascular endothelial cells., J Biol Chem, 271, 5519, 10.1074/jbc.271.10.5519

Soker, 1996, Characterization of novel VEGF receptors on tumor cells that bind VEGF165 via its exon 7-encoded domain., J Biol Chem, 271, 5761, 10.1074/jbc.271.10.5761

Jakeman, 1992, Binding sites for vascular endothelial growth factor are localized on endothelial cells in adult rat tissues., J Clin Invest, 89, 244, 10.1172/JCI115568

Jakeman, 1993, Developmental expression of binding sites and mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor suggests a role for this protein in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis., Endocrinology, 133, 848, 10.1210/endo.133.2.7688292

deVries, 1992, The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor., Science, 255, 989, 10.1126/science.1312256

Terman, 1992, Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 34, 1578

Shibuya, 1990, Nucleotide sequence and expression of a novel human receptor-type tyrosine kinase (flt) closely related to the fms family., Oncogene, 8, 519

Terman, 1991, Identification of a new endothelial cell growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase., Oncogene, 6, 519

Matthews, 1991, A receptor tyrosine kinase cDNA isolated from a population of enriched primitive hematopoietic cells and exhibiting close genetic linkage to c-kit., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88, 9026, 10.1073/pnas.88.20.9026

Quinn, 1993, Fetal liver kinase 1 is a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor and is selectively expressed in vascular endothelium., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 7533, 10.1073/pnas.90.16.7533

Millauer, 1993, High affinity binding and developmental expression suggest Flk-1 as a major regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis., Cell, 72, 835, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90573-9

Kendall, 1993, Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor by an endogenously encoded soluble receptor., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 10705, 10.1073/pnas.90.22.10705

Kendall, 1996, Identification of a soluble form of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor FLT-1 and its heterodimerization with KDR., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 226, 324, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1355

Pajusola, 1992, FLT4 receptor tyrosine kinase contains seven immunoglobulin-like loops and is expressed in multiple human tissues and and cell lines., Cancer Res, 52, 5738

Finnerty, 1993, Molecular cloning of murine FLT and FLT4., Oncogene, 8, 2293

Pajusola, 1994, Signalling properties of FLT4, a proteolytically processed receptor tyrosine kinase related to two VEGF receptors., Oncogene, 9, 3545

Mustonen, 1995, Endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis., J Cell Biol, 129, 895, 10.1083/jcb.129.4.895

Guo, 1995, Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of mediators of signal transduction that contain SH2 domains. Association with endothelial cell proliferation., J Biol Chem, 270, 6729, 10.1074/jbc.270.12.6729

Waltenberger, 1994, Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor., J Biol Chem, 269, 26988, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47116-5

Seetharam, 1995, A unique signal transduction pathway for the FLT tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor., Oncogene, 10, 135

Park, 1994, Placenta growth factor. Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity, in vitro and in vivo, and high affinity binding to Flt-1 but not to Flk-1/KDR., J Biol Chem, 269, 25646, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47298-5

Keyt, 1996, Identification of VEGF determinants for binding Flt-1 and KDR receptors. Generation of receptor-selective VEGF variants by site-directed mutagenesis., J Biol Chem, 271, 5638, 10.1074/jbc.271.10.5638

Cunningham, 1995, Interaction of the Flt-1 tyrosine kinase receptor with the p85 subunit of phosphadidylinositol 3-kinase., J Biol Chem, 35, 20254, 10.1074/jbc.270.35.20254

Barleon, 1996, Migration of human monocytes in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is mediated via the VEGF receptor flt-1., Blood, 87, 3336, 10.1182/blood.V87.8.3336.bloodjournal8783336

Morishita, 1995, A novel promoter for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (flt-1) that confers endothelial-specific gene expression., J Biol Chem, 270, 27948, 10.1074/jbc.270.46.27948

Patterson, 1995, Cloning and functional analysis of the promoter for KDR/Flk-1, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor., J Biol Chem, 39, 23111, 10.1074/jbc.270.39.23111

Tuder, 1995, Increased gene expression for VEGF and the VEGF receptors KDR/Flk and Flt in lungs exposed to acute or chronic hypoxia., J Clin Invest, 95, 1798, 10.1172/JCI117858

Li, 1996, VEGF, Flk-1 and Flt-1 expression in a rat myocardial infarction model of angiogenesis, Am J Physiol, 270, H1803

Thieme, 1995, Comparative analysis of VEGF receptors on retinal and aortic endothelial cells., Diabetes, 44, 98, 10.2337/diab.44.1.98

Takagi, 1996, Hypoxia regulates VEGF receptor KDR/Flk-1 gene expression through adenosine A2 receptors in retinal capillary endothelial cells., Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, 37, 1311

Brogi, 1996, Hypoxia-induced paracrine regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression., J Clin Invest, 97, 469, 10.1172/JCI118437

Patterson, 1996, Downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors by tumor necrosis factor-α in cultured human vascular endothelial cells., J Clin Invest, 98, 4900, 10.1172/JCI118816

Mandriota, 1996, Transforming growth factor beta 1 down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor. receptor 2/flk-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells., J Biol Chem, 271, 11500, 10.1074/jbc.271.19.11500

Davis-Smyth, 1996, The second immunoglobulin-like domain of the VEGF tyrosine kinase receptor Flt-1 determines ligand binding and may initiate a signal transduction cascade., EMBO J, 15, 4919, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00872.x

Williams, 1988, The immunoglobulin superfamily-domains for cell surface recognition., Annu Rev Immunol, 6, 381, 10.1146/annurev.iy.06.040188.002121

Heldin, 1995, Dimerization of cell surface receptors in signal transduction., Cell, 80, 213, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90404-2

Ferrara, 1997, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Basic biology and clinical implications. In: Rosen E, Goldberg ID (eds) Regulation of Angiogenesis. Springer Verlag, New York, pp, 209

Oefner, 1992, Crystal structure of human platelet-derived growth factor BB., EMBO J, 11, 3921, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05485.x

Maglione, 1991, Isolation of a human placenta cDNA coding for a protein related to the vascular permeability factor., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88, 9267, 10.1073/pnas.88.20.9267

Hauser, 1993, A heparin-binding form of placenta growth factor (PlGF-2) is expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in placenta., Growth Factors, 9, 259, 10.3109/08977199308991586

DiSalvo, 1995, Purification and characterization of a naturally occurring vascular endothelial growth factor. placenta growth factor heterodimer., J Biol Chem, 270, 7717, 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7717

Cao, 1996, Heterodimers of placenta growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor. Endothelial activity, tumor cell expression, and high affinity binding to Flk-1/KDR., J Biol Chem, 271, 3154, 10.1074/jbc.271.6.3154

Kaipainanen, 1995, Expression of the FLT4 receptor tyrosine kinase becomes restricted to lymphatic endothelium during development., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 3566, 10.1073/pnas.92.8.3566

Joukov, 1996, A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the FLT4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases., EMBO J, 15, 290, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00359.x

Lee, 1996, Vascular endothelial growth factor-related protein: a ligand and specific activator of the tyrosine kinase receptor Flt4., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 1988, 10.1073/pnas.93.5.1988

Olofsson, 1996, Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 2576, 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2576

Grimmond, 1996, Cloning and characterization of a human gene related to vascular endothelial growth factor., Genome Res, 6, 124, 10.1101/gr.6.2.124

Lyttle, 1994, Homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor are encoded by the poxvirus orf virus., J Virol, 68, 84, 10.1128/JVI.68.1.84-92.1994

Phillips, 1990, Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in rat corpus luteum., Endocrinology, 127, 965, 10.1210/endo-127-2-965

Ravindranath, 1992, Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression in the primate ovary., Endocrinology, 131, 254, 10.1210/endo.131.1.1612003

Cullinan-Bove, 1993, Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in the rat uterus: rapid stimulation by estrogen correlates with estrogen-induced increases in uterine capillary permeability and growth., Endocrinology, 133, 829, 10.1210/endo.133.2.8344219

Shweiki, 1993, Patterns of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors in mice suggest a role in hormonally regulated angiogenesis., J Clin Invest, 91, 2235, 10.1172/JCI116450

Breier, 1992, Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor during embryonic angiogenesis and endothelial cell differentiation., Development, 114, 521, 10.1242/dev.114.2.521

Shifren, 1994, In the human fetus, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is expressed in epithelial cells and myocytes, but not vascular endothelium: implications for mode of action., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79, 316

Yamaguchi, 1993, Flk-1, an Flt-related receptor tyrosine kinase, is an early marker for endothelial cell precursors., Development, 118, 489, 10.1242/dev.118.2.489

Peters, 1993, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression during embryogenesis and tissue repair suggests a role in endothelial differentiation and blood vessel growth., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 8915, 10.1073/pnas.90.19.8915

Monacci, 1993, Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in normal rat tissues, Am J Physiol, 264, C995, 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.4.C995

Brown, 1992, Vascular permeability factor mRNA and protein expression in human kidney., Kidney Int, 42, 1457, 10.1038/ki.1992.441

Alon, 1995, Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity., Nature Med, 1, 1024, 10.1038/nm1095-1024

Fong, 1995, Role of Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulation of assembly of vascular endothelium., Nature, 376, 66, 10.1038/376066a0

Shalabi, 1995, Failure of blood island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1 deficient mice., Nature, 376, 62, 10.1038/376062a0

Theiler, 1989, Atlas of Embryonic Development, 10.1007/978-3-642-88418-4

Brandon, 1995, Targeting the mouse genome: a compendium of knockouts (part III)., Curr Biol, 5, 873, 10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00177-1

Mattern, 1996, Association of vascular endothelial growth factor expression with intratumoral microvessel density and tumour cell proliferation in human epidermoid lung carcinoma., Br J Cancer, 73, 931, 10.1038/bjc.1996.166

Viglietto, 1995, Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and downregulation of placenta growth factor (PlGF) associated with malignancy in human thyroid tumors and cell lines., Oncogene, 11, 1569

Brown, 1995, Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in breast cancer., Hum Pathol, 26, 86, 10.1016/0046-8177(95)90119-1

Yoshiji, 1996, Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, its receptors, and other angiogenic factors in breast cancer., Cancer Res, 56, 2013

Brown, 1993, Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract., Cancer Res, 53, 4727

Suzuki, 1996, Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in human hepatocellular carcinoma., Cancer Res, 56, 3004

Brown, 1993, Increased expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in kidney and bladder carcinomas., Am J Pathol, 143, 1255

Olson, 1994, Vascular permeability factor gene expression in normal and neoplastic human ovaries., Cancer Res, 54, 276

Guidi, 1995, Vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression and angiogenesis in cervical neoplasia., J Natl Cancer Inst, 87, 12137, 10.1093/jnci/87.16.1237

Hashimoto, 1995, Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor mRNA in angiosarcoma., Lab Invest, 73, 859

Viglietto, 1996, Neovascularization in human germ cell tumors correlates with a marked increase in in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor but not placenta growth factor., Oncogene, 13, 577

Plate, 1992, Vascular endothelial growth is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in vivo., Nature, 359, 845, 10.1038/359845a0

Phillips, 1993, Intense focal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA in human intracranial neoplasms: Association with regions of necrosis., Int J Oncol, 2, 913

Berkman, 1993, Expression of the vascular permeability/vascular endothelial growth factor gene in central nervous system neoplasms., J Clin Invest, 91, 153, 10.1172/JCI116165

Wizigmann-Voss, 1994, Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated and sporadic hemangioblastoma., Cancer Res, 55, 1358

Dvorak, 1995, Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular permeability and angiogenesis., Am J Pathol, 146, 1029

Plate, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor and glioma angiogenesis: coordinate induction of VEGF receptors, distribution of VEGF protein and possible in vivo regulatory mechanisms., Int J Cancer, 59, 520, 10.1002/ijc.2910590415

Ferrara, 1993, Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor does not promote transformation but confers a growth advantage in vivo to Chinese hamster ovary cells., J Clin Invest, 91, 160, 10.1172/JCI116166

Freeman, 1995, Peripheral blood T lymphocytes and lymphocytes infiltrating human cancers express vascular endothelial growth factor: a potential role for T cells in angiogenesis., Cancer Res, 55, 4140

Qu-Hong, 1995, Ultrastructural localization of VPF/VEGF to the abluminal plasma membrane and vesiculovacuolar organelles of tumor microvascular endothelium., J Histochem Cytochem, 43, 381, 10.1177/43.4.7534783

Kondo, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor is detectable in the sera of tumor bearing mice and cancer patients., Biochim Biophys Acta, 1221, 211, 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90016-7

Toi, 1994, Association of vascular endothelial growth factor expression with tumor angiogenesis and with early relapse in primary breast cancer., Jpn J Cancer Res, 85, 1045, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1994.tb02904.x

Maeda, 1996, Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in gastric carcinoma., Cancer, 77, 858, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960301)77:5<858::AID-CNCR8>3.0.CO;2-A

Kim, 1992, The vascular endothelial growth factor proteins: identification of biologically relevant regions by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies., Growth Factors, 7, 53, 10.3109/08977199209023937

Kim, 1993, Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo., Nature, 362, 841, 10.1038/362841a0

Warren, 1995, Regulation by vascular endothelial growth factor of human colon cancer tumorigenesis in a mouse model of experimental liver metastasis., J Clin Invest, 95, 1789, 10.1172/JCI117857

Borgström, 1996, Complete inhibition of angiogenesis and growth of microtumors by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing antibodies. Novel concepts of angiostatic therapy from intravital videomicroscopy., Cancer Res, 56, 4032

Melnyk, 1996, Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes tumor dissemination by a mechanism distinct from its effect on primary tumor growth., Cancer Res, 56, 921

Asano, 1995, Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by an immunoneutralizing monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor., Cancer Res, 55, 5296

Yuan, 1996, Time-dependent vascular regression and permeability changes in established xenografts induced by an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor antibody., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 14765, 10.1073/pnas.93.25.14765

Millauer, 1994, Glioblastoma growth is inhibited in vivo by a negative dominant Flk-1 mutant., Nature, 367, 576, 10.1038/367576a0

Millauer, 1996, Dominant-negative inhibition of Flk-1 suppresses the growth of many tumor types in vivo., Cancer Res, 56, 1615

Hillberg, 1992, Embryonic stem cells lacking functional c-jun. Consequences for growth and differentiation, AP-1 activation and tumorigenesis., Oncogene, 7, 2371

Patz, 1980, Studies on retinal neovascularization., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 19, 1133

Olk, 1993, Diabetic Retinopathy: Practical Management

Michaelson, 1948, The mode of development of the vascular system of the retina with some observations on its significance for certain retinal disorders., Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK, 68, 137

Hannehan, 1991, Altered distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor in diabetic retinopathy., Arch Ophthalmol, 109, 1005, 10.1001/archopht.1991.01080070117048

Meyer-Schwickerath, 1993, Vitreous levels of the insulin-like growth factors I and II, and the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 2 and 3 increase in neovascular disease., J Clin Invest, 92, 2620, 10.1172/JCI116877

Aiello, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders., N Engl J Med, 331, 1480, 10.1056/NEJM199412013312203

Adamis, 1994, Increased vascular endothelial growth factor in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy., Am J Ophthalmol, 118, 445, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)75794-0

Malecaze, 1994, Detection of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and vascular endothelial growth factor-like activity in proliferative diabetic retinopathy., Arch Ophthalmol, 112, 1476, 10.1001/archopht.1994.01090230090028

Ferrara, 1995, Vascular endothelial growth factor: the trigger for neovascularization in the eye., Lab Invest, 72, 615

Pe’er, 1995, Hypoxia-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by retinal cells is a common factor in neovascularization., Lab Invest, 72, 638

Miller, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor is temporally and spatially correlated with ocular neovascularization in a primate model., Am J Pathol, 145, 574

Pierce, 1995, Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 905, 10.1073/pnas.92.3.905

Adamis, 1996, Inhibition of VEGF prevents retinal-ischemia associated iris neovascularization in a primate., Arch Ophthalmol, 114, 66, 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130062010

Aiello, 1995, Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using soluble VEGF-receptor chimeric proteins., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 10457, 10.1073/pnas.92.23.10457

Bressler, 1994, Angiographic interpretation of classic and occult choroidal neovascularization, In: Lewis H, Ryan SJ (eds) Medical and Surgical Retina. Mosby, St. Louis, MO, pp, 3

Lopez, 1996, Transdifferentiated retinal pigment epithelial cells are immunoreactive for vascular endothelial growth factor in surgically excised age-related macular degeneration-related choroidal neovascular membranes., Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, 37, 855

Kvanta, 1996, Subfoveal fibrovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration express vascular endothelial growth factor., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 37, 1929

Kvanta, 1995, Expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in choroidal fibroblasts., Curr Eye Res, 14, 1015, 10.3109/02713689508998523

Koch, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor: a cytokine modulating endothelial function in rheumatoid arthritis., J Immunol, 152, 4149, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.8.4149

Fava, 1994, Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF): accumulation and expression in human synovial fluids and rheumatoid arthritis., J Exp Med, 180, 340, 10.1084/jem.180.1.341

Fassbender, 1983, The potential aggressiveness of synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis., J Pathol, 139, 399, 10.1002/path.1711390314

Hamilton, 1976, Hypothesis: in vitro evidence for the invasive and tumor-like properties of the rheumatoid pannus., J Rheumatol, 10, 845

Brown, 1995, Increased expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) in bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis and erythema multiforme., J Invest Dermatol, 104, 744, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606974

Buttram Jr, 1979, Endometriosis., Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol, 11, 1

McLaren, 1996, Vascular endothelial growth factor is produced by peritoneal fluid macrophages in endometriosis and is regulated by ovarian steroids., J Clin Invest, 98, 482, 10.1172/JCI118815

Shifren, 1996, Ovarian steroid regulation of VEGF in human endometrium:implications for angiogenesis during the menstrual cycle and in the pathogenesis of endometriosis., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 3112

Kamat, 1995, Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor by human granulosa and theca lutein cells. Role in corpus luteum development., Am J Pathol, 146, 157

Sato, 1995, Stimulation by thyroid- stimulating hormone and Grave’s immunoglobulin G of VEGF mRNA expression in human thyroid follicles in vitro and flt mRNA expression in the rat thyroid in vivo., J Clin Invest, 96, 1295, 10.1172/JCI118164

Wartofsky, 1994, Diseases of the thyroid, In: Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, Kasper DL (eds) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw Hill, New York, pp, 1930

McClure, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor as capillary permeability agent in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome., Lancet, 344, 235, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)93001-5

Baker, 1995, Elevated serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with preeclampsia., Obstet Gynecol, 86, 815, 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00259-T

Thompson, 1990, Recruitment of growth and collateral circulation, In: Zelenock GB, D’Alecy LG, Fantone JC III, Shlafer M, Stanley JC Eds. Clinical ischemic syndromes: mechanisms and consequences of tissue injury. CV Mosby, St. Louis, MO, pp, 117

Graor, 1991, Interventional treatment of peripheral vascular disease, In: Young JR, Graor RA, Olin JW, Bartholomew JR (eds) Peripheral Vascular Diseases. Mosby, St. Louis, MO, pp, 111

Takeshita, 1996, Therapeutic angiogenesis following arterial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 227, 628, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1556

Walder, 1996, Vascular endothelial growth factor improves blood flow and function in a chronic ischemic hind-limb model., J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 27, 91, 10.1097/00005344-199601000-00015

Bauters, 1994, Physiologic assessment of augmented vascularity induced by VEGF in a rabbit ischemic hindlimb model, Am J Physiol, 267, H1263

Sellke, 1992, Endothelial modulation of porcine coronary microcirculation perfused via immature vessels, Am J Physiol, 262, H1669

Bauters, 1995, Recovery of disturbed endothelium-dependent flow in collateral-perfused rabbit ischemic hindlimb following administration of VEGF., Circulation, 91, 2793, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.11.2802

Essed, 1983, Transluminal coronary angioplasty and early restenosis., Br Heart J, 49, 393, 10.1136/hrt.49.4.393

Asahara, 1995, Local delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates re-endothelialization and attenuates intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid artery., Circulation, 91, 2802, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.11.2793

Callow, 1994, Vascular permeability factor accelerates endothelial regrowth following balloon angioplasty., Growth Factors, 10, 223, 10.3109/08977199409000240

Isner, 1996, Arterial gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with peripheral artery disease., Hum Gene Ther, 7, 859, 10.1089/hum.1996.7.8-959

Rajewsky, 1996, Conditional gene targeting., J Clin Invest, 3, 600, 10.1172/JCI118828

Dumont, 1993, The endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase, tek, is a member of a new subfamily of receptors., Oncogene, 8, 1293

Sato, 1995, Distinct roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 in blood vessel formation., Nature, 376, 70, 10.1038/376070a0

Friedlander, 1995, Definition of two angiogenic pathways by distinct alpha v integrins., Science, 270, 1500, 10.1126/science.270.5241.1500

Mulhauser, 1995, VEGF165 expressed by a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus vector induces angiogenesis in vivo., Circ Res, 77, 1077, 10.1161/01.RES.77.6.1077

Strawn, 1996, Flk-1 as a target for tumor growth inhibition., Cancer Res, 56, 3540

Robinson, 1996, Oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit retinal neovascularization in a murine model of proliferative retinopathy., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 4851, 10.1073/pnas.93.10.4851