The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report

Fertility and Sterility - Tập 91 Số 2 - Trang 456-488 - 2009
Ricardo Azziz1, Enrico Carmina2, Didier Dewailly3, Evanthia Diamanti‐Kandarakis4, Héctor F. Escobar‐Morreale5, Walter Futterweit6, Onno E. Janßen7, Richard S. Legro8, Robert J. Norman9, Ann E. Taylor10, Selma F. Witchel11
1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California (Task Force Chair)
2University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
3Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
4University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
5Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
6Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York;
7University of Essen, Essen, Germany
8Pennsylvania State University School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
9University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
10Novartis, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
11Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Azziz, 2006, Position statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 4237, 10.1210/jc.2006-0178

Stein, 1935, Amenorrhea associated with bilaterl polycystic ovaries, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 29, 181, 10.1016/S0002-9378(15)30642-6

Vallisneri A. Istoria della Generazione dell'Uomo, e degli Animali, se sia da' vermicelli spermatici, o dalle uova. Venezia: Appreso Gio Gabbriel Hertz, 1721.

Chereau, 1844

Rokitanski, 1855

Knochenhauer, 1998, Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 3078

Diamanti-Kandarakis, 1999, A survey of the polycystic ovary syndrome in the Greek island of Lesbos: hormonal and metabolic profile, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 4006, 10.1210/jcem.84.11.6148

Michelmore, 1999, Polycystic ovaries and associated clinical and biochemical features in young women, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 51, 779, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00886.x

Asuncion, 2000, A prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Caucasian women from Spain, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 2434

Azziz, 2004, The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 2745, 10.1210/jc.2003-032046

Raj, 1978, Diagnostic value of androgen measurements in polycystic ovary syndrome, Obstet Gynecol, 52, 169

Adams, 1986, Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with anovulation and idiopathic hirsutism, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 293, 355, 10.1136/bmj.293.6543.355

Zawadski, 1992, Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach, 377

ESHRE/ASRM, 2004, Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 81, 19, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004

The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group, 2004, Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Hum Reprod, 19, 41, 10.1093/humrep/deh098

Broekmans, 2006, PCOS according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria: change in prevalence among WHO-II anovulation and association with metabolic factors, BJOG, 113, 1210, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01008.x

Lewis, 1944, Reflections upon reform in medical education, Lancet, 243, 619, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)74840-9

White, 2001, Classification, epidemiology, and natural history of fibromyalgia, Curr Pain Headache Rep, 5, 320, 10.1007/s11916-001-0021-2

Aaron, 2001, A review of the evidence for overlap among unexplained clinical conditions, Ann Intern Med, 134, 868, 10.7326/0003-4819-134-9_Part_2-200105011-00011

Linder, 2002, Generation of classification criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome using an artificial neural network and traditional criteria set, In Vivo, 16, 37

Corazziari, 2004, Definition and epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 18, 613, 10.1016/j.bpg.2004.04.012

Hochberg, 1997, Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Rheum, 40, 1725, 10.1002/art.1780400928

Smith, 1999, The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus: strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement, Lupus, 8, 586, 10.1191/096120399680411317

Wiedermann, 1999, Definition and classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome, J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 40, 919

Ford, 2003, A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions, Diabetes Care, 26, 575, 10.2337/diacare.26.3.575

Marchesini, 2004, WHO and ATPIII proposals for the definition of the metabolic syndrome in patients with Type 2 diabetes, Diabet Med, 21, 383, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01115.x

Feng, 2005, [Comparison of 3 working definitions of metabolic syndrome in male medical examinees], Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 30, 130

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2001, Defining and Managing Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment

Crichton M. The Caltech Michelin Lecture: Aliens Cause Global Warming. Available at: http://www.crichton-official.com/speeches/speeches_quote04.html. 2003.

NIH Consensus Development Program. Frequently Asked Questions: What is an NIH Consensus Statement? (http://consensus.nih.gov/about/faq.htm). 2005.

Legro, 2002, Elevated dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels as the reproductive phenotype in the brothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 2134, 10.1210/jcem.87.5.8387

Legro, 1998, Evidence for a genetic basis for hyperandrogenemia in polycystic ovary syndrome, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 14956, 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14956

Yildiz, 2003, Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenemia in first degree relatives of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 2031, 10.1210/jc.2002-021499

Norman, 1996, Hyperinsulinemia is common in family members of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 66, 942, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)58687-7

Kashar-Miller, 1999, Heritability and the risk of developing androgen excess, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 69, 261, 10.1016/S0960-0760(99)00043-6

Kahsar-Miller, 2001, Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS, Fertil Steril, 75, 53, 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01662-9

Sanders, 2002, Inter- and intrafamilial variability in premature pubarche and polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 78, 473, 10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03252-1

Memisoglu, 2003, Interaction between a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene polymorphism and dietary fat intake in relation to body mass, Hum Mol Genet, 12, 2923, 10.1093/hmg/ddg318

Brant, 2004, Inflammatory bowel disease gene hunting by linkage analysis: rationale, methodology, and present status of the field, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 10, 300, 10.1097/00054725-200405000-00019

Ahmad, 2003, Genotype-based phenotyping heralds a new taxonomy for inflammatory bowel disease, Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 19, 327, 10.1097/00001574-200307000-00002

Hugot, 1996, Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16, Nature, 379, 821, 10.1038/379821a0

Hugot, 2001, Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, Nature, 411, 599, 10.1038/35079107

Ogura, 2001, A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, Nature, 411, 603, 10.1038/35079114

Lesage, 2002, CARD15/NOD2 mutational analysis and genotype-phenotype correlation in 612 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Am J Hum Genet, 70, 845, 10.1086/339432

Ahmad, 2002, The molecular classification of the clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, 122, 854, 10.1053/gast.2002.32413

Carmina, 2006, Extensive clinical experience: relative prevalence of different androgen excess disorders in 950 women referred because of clinical hyperandrogenism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 2, 10.1210/jc.2005-1457

Azziz, 2004, Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 453, 10.1210/jc.2003-031122

Souter, 2004, The prevalence of androgen excess among patients with minimal unwanted hair growth, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 191, 1914, 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.064

Vexiau, 1990, Androgen excess in women with acne alone compared with women with acne and/or hirsutism, J Invest Dermatol, 94, 279, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12874121

Timpatanapong, 1997, Hormonal profiles and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women with acne, J Dermatol, 24, 223, 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02778.x

Borgia, 2004, Correlation between endocrinological parameters and acne severity in adult women, Acta Derm Venereol, 84, 201, 10.1080/00015550410023248

Cela, 2003, Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with androgenic alopecia, Eur J Endocrinol, 149, 439, 10.1530/eje.0.1490439

Futterweit, 1988, The prevalence of hyperandrogenism in 109 consecutive female patients with diffuse alopecia, J Am Acad Dermatol, 19, 831, 10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70241-8

Vexiau, 2000, Role of androgens in female-pattern androgenetic alopecia, either alone or associated with other symptoms of hyperandrogenism, Arch Dermatol Res, 292, 598, 10.1007/s004030000184

Chiazze, 1968, The length and variability of the human menstrual cycle, JAMA, 203, 377, 10.1001/jama.1968.03140060001001

Treloar, 1967, Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life, Int J Fertil, 12, 77

Solomon, 2001, Long or highly irregular menstrual cycles as a marker for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, JAMA, 286, 2421, 10.1001/jama.286.19.2421

Polson, 1988, Polycystic ovaries—a common finding in normal women, Lancet, 1, 870, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91612-1

Clayton, 1992, How common are polycystic ovaries in normal women and what is their significance for the fertility of the population?, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 37, 127, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02296.x

Koivunen, 1999, The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in healthy women, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 78, 137, 10.1034/j.1600-0412.1999.780212.x

Farquhar, 1994, The prevalence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound scanning in a population of randomly selected women, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 34, 67, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.1994.tb01041.x

Lowe, 2005, Incidence of polycystic ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome amongst women in Melbourne, Australia, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 45, 17, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2005.00334.x

Farquhar, 1994, Transabdominal versus transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of polycystic ovaries in a population of randomly selected women, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 4, 54, 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1994.04010054.x

Futterweit, 1988, Ultrasonographic study of ovaries of 19 women with weight loss-related hypothalamic oligo-amenorrhea, Biomed Pharmacother, 42, 279

Ardaens, 1991, Polycystic ovarian disease: contribution of vaginal endosonography and reassessment of ultrasonic diagnosis, Fertil Steril, 55, 1062, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54353-2

Hassan, 2003, Ultrasound diagnosis of polycystic ovaries in women who have no symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome is not associated with subfecundity or subfertility, Fertil Steril, 80, 966, 10.1016/S0015-0282(03)01010-0

Wong, 1995, Isolated polycystic morphology in ovum donors predicts response to ovarian stimulation, Hum Reprod, 10, 524, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135982

Adams, 2004, Polycystic ovarian morphology with regular ovulatory cycles: insights into the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 4343, 10.1210/jc.2003-031600

Joseph-Horne, 2002, Luteal phase progesterone excretion in ovulatory women with polycystic ovaries, Hum Reprod, 17, 1459, 10.1093/humrep/17.6.1459

Norman, 1995, Subjects with polycystic ovaries without hyperandrogenaemia exhibit similar disturbances in insulin and lipid profiles as those with polycystic ovary syndrome, Hum Reprod, 10, 2258, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136280

Carmina, 1997, Endocrine abnormalities in ovulatory women with polycystic ovaries on ultrasound, Hum Reprod, 12, 905, 10.1093/humrep/12.5.905

Chang, 2000, Normal ovulatory women with polycystic ovaries have hyperandrogenic pituitary–ovarian responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone-agonist testing, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 995

Kousta, 2000, The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with a history of gestational diabetes, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 53, 501, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01123.x

Rodin, 1998, Polycystic ovaries and associated metabolic abnormalities in Indian subcontinent Asian women, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 49, 91, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00492.x

NCEP, 2002, Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report, Circulation, 106, 3143, 10.1161/circ.106.25.3143

Gennarelli, 2000, Prediction models for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome, Hum Reprod, 15, 2098, 10.1093/humrep/15.10.2098

Ford, 2002, Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, JAMA, 287, 356, 10.1001/jama.287.3.356

Korhonen, 2001, Relationship of the metabolic syndrome and obesity to polycystic ovary syndrome: a controlled, population-based study, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 184, 289, 10.1067/mob.2001.109596

Conn, 2000, The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 52, 81, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00884.x

Peppard, 2001, Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 24, 1050, 10.2337/diacare.24.6.1050

Escobar-Morreale, 2000, High prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome and hirsutism in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 4182

Roldan, 2001, Identification of the source of androgen excess in hyperandrogenic type 1 diabetic patients, Diabetes Care, 24, 1297, 10.2337/diacare.24.7.1297

Ferriman, 1983, The aetiology of oligomenorrhoea and/or hirsuties: a study of 467 patients, Postgrad Med J, 59, 17, 10.1136/pgmj.59.687.17

Conway, 1989, Heterogeneity of the polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical, endocrine and ultrasound features in 556 patients, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 30, 459, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00446.x

Kiddy, 1990, Differences in clinical and endocrine features between obese and non-obese subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome: an analysis of 263 consecutive cases, Clin Endocrinol, 32, 213, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00857.x

Rajkhowa, 1995, Prevalence of an immunological LH beta-subunit variant in a UK population of healthy women and women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Clin Endocrinol, 43, 297, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02035.x

Balen, 1995, Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients, Hum Reprod, 10, 2107, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136243

Falsetti, 1996, Hyperinsulinemia in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a clinical, endocrine and echographic study in 240 patients, Gynecol Endocrinol, 10, 319, 10.3109/09513599609012818

Khoury, 1996, Polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and laboratory evaluation, Sao Paulo Med J, 114, 1222, 10.1590/S1516-31801996000400006

Talbott, 1995, Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol, 15, 821, 10.1161/01.ATV.15.7.821

Carmina, 1998, Prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism, Eur J Endocrinol, 139, 421, 10.1530/eje.0.1390421

Alborzi, 2001, Ovarian size and response to laparoscopic ovarian electro-cauterization in polycystic ovarian disease, Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 74, 269, 10.1016/S0020-7292(01)00454-4

Williamson, 2001, The impact of ethnicity on the presentation of polycystic ovarian syndrome, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 41, 202, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2001.tb01210.x

Haddad, 2002, Variation within the type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene calpain-10 and polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 2606, 10.1210/jcem.87.6.8608

Amer, 2002, An evaluation of the inter-observer and intra-observer variability of the ultrasound diagnosis of polycystic ovaries, Hum Reprod, 17, 1616, 10.1093/humrep/17.6.1616

Glueck, 2003, Incidence and treatment of metabolic syndrome in newly referred women with confirmed polycystic ovarian syndrome, Metab Clin Exp, 52, 908, 10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00104-5

Orio, 2003, Exon 6 and 2 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma polymorphisms in polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 5887, 10.1210/jc.2002-021816

Chang, 2005, Phenotypic spectrum of polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical characterization of the three major clinical subgroups, Fertil Steril, 83, 1717, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.096

Hahn, 2005, Clinical and biochemical characterization of women with polycystic ovary syndrome in North Rhine-Westphalia, Horm Metab Res, 37, 438, 10.1055/s-2005-870236

Diamanti-Kandarakis, 2007, Unravelling the phenotypic map of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a prospective study of 634 women with PCOS, Clin Endocrinol, 67, 735, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02954.x

Farah, 1999, Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women seeking treatment from community electrologists. Alabama Professional Electrology Association Study Group, J Reprod Med, 44, 870

Elting, 2000, Women with polycystic ovary syndrome gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing, Hum Reprod, 15, 24, 10.1093/humrep/15.1.24

Winters, 2000, Serum testosterone levels decrease in middle age in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 73, 724, 10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00641-X

Malcolm, 2003, Does anovulation exist in eumenorrheic women?, Obstet Gynecol, 102, 317

Petsos, 1987, Inadequate luteal phase usually indicates ovulatory dysfunction: observations from serial hormone and ultrasound monitoring of 115 cycles, Gynecol Endocrinol, 1, 37, 10.3109/09513598709082694

Page, 1990, Hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian function in menstruating women with Turner syndrome (45,X), Pediatr Res, 28, 514, 10.1203/00006450-199011000-00020

Azziz, 1998, Idiopathic hirsutism: an uncommon cause of hirsutism in Alabama, Fertil Steril, 70, 274, 10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00141-1

Carmina, 1999, Do hyperandrogenic women with normal menses have polycystic ovary syndrome?, Fertil Steril, 71, 319, 10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00455-5

Norman, 1995, Metabolic approaches to the subclassification of polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 63, 329, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)57364-6

Legro, 2006, The Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome study: baseline characteristics of the randomized cohort including racial effects, Fertil Steril, 86, 914, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.03.037

Miller, 2004, Measurement of free testosterone in normal women and women with androgen deficiency: comparison of methods, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 525, 10.1210/jc.2003-030680

Vermeulen, 1999, A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 3666, 10.1210/jcem.84.10.6079

Van Uytfanghe, 2005, Validation of 5 routine assays for serum free testosterone with a candidate reference measurement procedure based on ultrafiltration and isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Clin Biochem, 38, 253, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.12.001

Van Uytfanghe, 2004, Evaluation of a candidate reference measurement procedure for serum free testosterone based on ultrafiltration and isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Clin Chem, 50, 2101, 10.1373/clinchem.2004.037358

Boots, 1998, Measurement of total serum testosterone levels using commercially available kits: high degree of between-kit variability, Fertil Steril, 69, 286, 10.1016/S0015-0282(97)00464-0

Fitzgerald, 1996, Serum total testosterone: immunoassay compared with negative chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Clin Chem, 42, 749, 10.1093/clinchem/42.5.749

Taieb, 2003, Testosterone measured by 10 immunoassays and by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in sera from 116 men, women, and children, Clin Chem, 49, 1381, 10.1373/49.8.1381

Wang, 2004, Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 534, 10.1210/jc.2003-031287

Pugeat, 1996, Clinical utility of sex hormone-binding globulin measurement, Horm Res, 45, 148, 10.1159/000184778

Escobar-Morreale, 2001, Receiver operating characteristic analysis of the performance of basal serum hormone profiles for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in epidemiological studies, Eur J Endocrinol, 145, 619, 10.1530/eje.0.1450619

Azziz, 1998, Adrenal androgen excess in the polycystic ovary syndrome: sensitivity and responsivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 2317

Azziz, 2001, Adrenocortical secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy women: highly variable response to adrenocorticotropin, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 2513

Lobo, 1981, Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate as an indicator of adrenal androgen function, Obstet Gynecol, 57, 69

Korth-Schutz, 1976, Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) levels, a rapid test for abnormal adrenal androgen secretion, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 42, 1005, 10.1210/jcem-42-6-1005

Feher, 1985, Relationship between serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and urinary 17-ketosteroid values, Exp Clin Endocrinol, 85, 209, 10.1055/s-0029-1210438

Abraham, 1973, Serum steroid levels during the menstrual cycle in a bilaterally adrenalectomized woman, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 37, 581, 10.1210/jcem-37-4-581

Abraham, 1974, Ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral androgens during the menstrual cycle, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 39, 340, 10.1210/jcem-39-2-340

Vermeulen, 1983, Androgen secretion by adrenals and gonads, 17

Nieschlag, 1973, The secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in man, J Endocrinol, 57, 123, 10.1677/joe.0.0570123

Mikulecky, 1995, Daily variation of serum cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and five androgens in healthy women, Braz J Med Biol Res, 28, 485

Rosenfeld, 1975, 24-Hour secretory pattern of dehydroisoandrosterone and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 40, 850, 10.1210/jcem-40-5-850

Wang, 1967, The metabolic clearance rates of dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and their sulphate esters in man, rat and rabbit, J Endocrinol, 38, 307, 10.1677/joe.0.0380307

Gant, 1971, Study of the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 111, 555, 10.1016/0002-9378(71)90472-8

Baulieu, 1965, An adrenal-secreted “androgen”: dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. Its metabolism and a tentative generalization on the metabolism of other steroid conjugates in man, Recent Prog Horm Res, 21, 411

Longcope, 1996, Dehydroepiandrosterone metabolism, J Endocrinol, 150, S125

Legrain, 2000, Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement administration: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in healthy elderly subjects, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 3208

Carmina, 1986, Increased DHEAs levels in PCO syndrome: evidence for the existence of two subgroups of patients, J Endocrinol Invest, 9, 5, 10.1007/BF03348052

Wild, 1983, Androgen parameters and their correlation with body weight in one hundred thirty-eight women thought to have hyperandrogenism, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 146, 602, 10.1016/0002-9378(83)90998-5

Kumar, 2005, Prevalence of adrenal androgen excess in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 62, 644, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02256.x

Hammer, 2005, No evidence for hepatic conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate to DHEA: in vivo and in vitro studies, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 3600, 10.1210/jc.2004-2386

Huerta, 1999, 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione and delta5-androstenediol as markers of adrenal androgen production in patients with 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia, Fertil Steril, 72, 996, 10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00402-1

Lobo, 1981, Evidence for reduced 3 beta-ol-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in some hirsute women thought to have polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 53, 394, 10.1210/jcem-53-2-394

Zerah, 1994, No evidence of mutations in the genes for type I and type II 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) in nonclassical 3 beta HSD deficiency, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79, 1811

Carbunaru, 2004, The hormonal phenotype of Nonclassic 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B) deficiency in hyperandrogenic females is associated with insulin-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome and is not a variant of inherited HSD3B2 deficiency, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 783, 10.1210/jc.2003-030934

Garn, 1951, Types and distribution of the hair in man, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 53, 498, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1951.tb31952.x

Moncada, 1970, Familial study of hirsutism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 31, 556, 10.1210/jcem-31-5-556

Lunde, 1984, Body hair growth in women: normal or hirsute, Am J Phys Anthropol, 64, 307, 10.1002/ajpa.1330640313

Ferriman, 1961, Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 21, 1440, 10.1210/jcem-21-11-1440

Hatch, 1981, Hirsutism: implications, etiology, and management, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 140, 815, 10.1016/0002-9378(81)90746-8

DeUgarte, 2006, Degree of facial and body terminal hair growth in unselected black and white women: toward a populational definition of hirsutism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 1345, 10.1210/jc.2004-2301

Carmina, 1992, Does ethnicity influence the prevalence of adrenal hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome?, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 167, 1807, 10.1016/0002-9378(92)91779-A

Wijeyaratne, 2002, Clinical manifestations and insulin resistance (IR) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among South Asians and Caucasians: is there a difference?, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 57, 343, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01603.x

Falsetti, 2002, Acne and hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical, endocrine–metabolic and ultrasonographic differences, Gynecol Endocrinol, 16, 275

Rea, 1976, Skin disease in Lambeth. A community study of prevalence and use of medical care, Br J Prev Soc Med, 30, 107

Johnson, 1978, Skin conditions and related need for medical care among persons 1–74 years, United States, 1971–1974. Vital Health Stat, 11, i

Cunliffe, 1979, Prevalence of facial acne vulgaris in late adolescence and in adults, Br Med J, 1, 1109, 10.1136/bmj.1.6171.1109

Dalgard, 2004, Self-reported skin morbidity in Oslo. Associations with sociodemographic factors among adults in a cross-sectional study, Br J Dermatol, 151, 452, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06058.x

Galobardes, 2005, Has acne increased? Prevalence of acne history among university students between 1948 and 1968. The Glasgow Alumni Cohort Study, Br J Dermatol, 152, 824, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06527.x

Rosenfield, 2001, Polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin-resistant hyperinsulinemia, J Am Acad Dermatol, 45, S95, 10.1067/mjd.2001.117430

Deplewski, 2000, Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development, Endocr Rev, 21, 363, 10.1210/edrv.21.4.0404

Schweikert, 1974, Regulation of human hair growth by steroid hormones. I. Testerone metabolism in isolated hairs, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 38, 811, 10.1210/jcem-38-5-811

O'Driscoll, 1994, A prospective study of the prevalence of clear-cut endocrine disorders and polycystic ovaries in 350 patients presenting with hirsutism or androgenic alopecia, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 41, 231, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02535.x

Ludwig, 1977, Classification of the types of androgenetic alopecia (common baldness) occurring in the female sex, Br J Dermatol, 97

Franks, 1989, Polycystic ovary syndrome: a changing perspective, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 31, 87, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00457.x

Carmina, 2001, Polycystic ovaries in hirsute women with normal menses, Am J Med, 111, 602, 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00979-2

Ehrmann, 1992, Detection of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism in women with androgen excess, N Engl J Med, 327, 157, 10.1056/NEJM199207163270304

Pache, 1992, How to discriminate between normal and polycystic ovaries: transvaginal US study, Radiology, 183, 421, 10.1148/radiology.183.2.1561343

van Santbrink, 1997, Classification of normogonadotropic infertility: polycystic ovaries diagnosed by ultrasound versus endocrine characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 67, 452, 10.1016/S0015-0282(97)80068-4

Jonard, 2003, Ultrasound examination of polycystic ovaries: is it worth counting the follicles?, Hum Reprod, 18, 598, 10.1093/humrep/deg115

Dewailly, 1997, Definition and significance of polycystic ovaries, Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 11, 349, 10.1016/S0950-3552(97)80041-7

Carmina, 2005, Ovarian size and blood flow in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and their correlations with endocrine parameters, Fertil Steril, 84, 413, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.12.061

Christensen, 1997, Ovarian volume in gynecologically healthy women using no contraception, or using IUD or oral contraception, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 76, 784, 10.3109/00016349709024348

Buckett, 1999, Ovarian stromal echogenicity in women with normal and polycystic ovaries, Hum Reprod, 14, 618, 10.1093/humrep/14.3.618

Dewailly, 1994, Ovarian stromal hypertrophy in hyperandrogenic women, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 41, 557, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb01818.x

Laven, 2001, Absent biologically relevant associations between serum inhibin B concentrations and characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome in normogonadotrophic anovulatory infertility, Hum Reprod, 16, 1359, 10.1093/humrep/16.7.1359

Jonard, 2003, Ultrasound examination of polycystic ovaries: is it worth counting the follicles?, Hum Reprod, 18, 598, 10.1093/humrep/deg115

Taylor, 1997, Determinants of abnormal gonadotropin secretion in clinically defined women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 2248

Morales, 1996, Insulin, somatotropic, and luteinizing hormone axes in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: common and distinct features, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 2854

Arroyo, 1997, Inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of adiposity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 3728

Homburg, 2002, What is polycystic ovarian syndrome? A proposal for a consensus on the definition and diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome, Hum Reprod, 17, 2495, 10.1093/humrep/17.10.2495

Manieri, 1992, Gonadotropin evaluation in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome using either a monoclonal or a polyclonal antibody radioimmunoassay, J Endocrinol Invest, 15, 219, 10.1007/BF03348715

Dunaif, 1989, Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome, Diabetes, 38, 1165, 10.2337/diab.38.9.1165

Legro, 1998, A fasting glucose to insulin ratio is a useful measure of insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 2694

DeUgarte, 2005, Prevalence of insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome using the homeostasis model assessment, Fertil Steril, 83, 1454, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.11.070

Barbieri, 1986, Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of ovarian stroma obtained from women with hyperandrogenism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 62, 904, 10.1210/jcem-62-5-904

Nestler, 1998, Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 2001

Nestler, 1991, A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 72, 83, 10.1210/jcem-72-1-83

Plymate, 1988, Inhibition of sex hormone-binding globulin production in the human hepatoma (Hep G2) cell line by insulin and prolactin, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 67, 460, 10.1210/jcem-67-3-460

Legro, 1999, Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 165

Dunaif, 1996, Beta-cell dysfunction independent of obesity and glucose intolerance in the polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 942

Ehrmann, 1995, Insulin secretory defects in polycystic ovary syndrome. Relationship to insulin sensitivity and family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J Clin Invest, 96, 520, 10.1172/JCI118064

Ehrmann, 2004, Impaired beta-cell compensation to dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 287, E241, 10.1152/ajpendo.00475.2003

Ehrmann, 2005, Effects of race and family history of type 2 diabetes on metabolic status of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 66, 10.1210/jc.2004-0229

Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care, 27, 1487, 10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487

Quon, 2001, Limitations of the fasting glucose to insulin ratio as an index of insulin sensitivity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 4615, 10.1210/jcem.86.10.7952

Carmina, 2004, Use of fasting blood to assess the prevalence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 82, 661, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.01.041

Yang, 1987, Modified protocols improve insulin sensitivity estimation using the minimal model, Am J Physiol, 253, E595

Ferrannini, 1998, How to measure insulin sensitivity, J Hypertens, 16, 895, 10.1097/00004872-199816070-00001

Matsuda, 1999, Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp, Diabetes Care, 22, 1462, 10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462

Breda, 2001, Oral glucose tolerance test minimal model indexes of beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity, Diabetes, 50, 150, 10.2337/diabetes.50.1.150

Robbins, 1996, Report of the American Diabetes Association's Task Force on standardization of the insulin assay, Diabetes, 45, 242, 10.2337/diab.45.2.242

Apridonidze, 2005, Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 1929, 10.1210/jc.2004-1045

Ehrmann, 1999, Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Diabetes Care, 22, 141, 10.2337/diacare.22.1.141

Carmina, 2005, Phenotypic variation in hyperandrogenic women influences the findings of abnormal metabolic and cardiovascular risk parameters, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 2545, 10.1210/jc.2004-2279

Legro, 2004, Detecting insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: purposes and pitfalls, Obstet Gynecol Surv, 59, 141, 10.1097/01.OGX.0000109523.25076.E2

Dunaif, 1993, Ethnicity and polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with independent and additive decreases in insulin action in Caribbean-Hispanic women, Diabetes, 42, 1462, 10.2337/diab.42.10.1462

Legro, 2001, Prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Am J Med, 111, 607, 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00948-2

Graf, 1990, The independent effects of hyperandrogenaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and obesity on lipid and lipoprotein profiles in women, Clin Endocrinol, 33, 119, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00472.x

Talbott, 1998, Adverse lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a case–control study, J Clin Epidemiol, 51, 415, 10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00010-9

Legro, 2003, Minimal response of circulating lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome to improvement in insulin sensitivity with troglitazone, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 5137, 10.1210/jc.2003-030044

Valkenburg, 2008, A more atherogenic serum lipoprotein profile is present in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a case–control study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, 470, 10.1210/jc.2007-1756

Reaven, 1988, Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease, Diabetes, 37, 1595, 10.2337/diab.37.12.1595

Wild, 1985, Lipoprotein lipid concentrations and cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 61, 946, 10.1210/jcem-61-5-946

Robinson, 1996, Dyslipidaemia is associated with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovaries, Clin Endocrinol, 44, 277, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.674495.x

Recabarren, 2008, Metabolic profile in sons of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), J Clin Endocriinol Metab, 93, 1820, 10.1210/jc.2007-2256

Sam, 2006, Evidence for metabolic and reproductive phenotypes in mothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 7030, 10.1073/pnas.0602025103

Sam, 2005, Dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in the sisters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 4797, 10.1210/jc.2004-2217

Taponen, 2004, Metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with self-reported symptoms of oligomenorrhea and/or hirsutism: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 2114, 10.1210/jc.2003-031720

Azziz, 2001, Troglitazone improves ovulation and hirsutism in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 1626

Alvarez-Blasco, 2006, Prevalence and characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight and obese women, Arch Intern Med, 166, 2081, 10.1001/archinte.166.19.2081

Yildiz, 2008, Impact of obesity on the risk for polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, 162, 10.1210/jc.2007-1834

Carmina, 2003, Difference in body weight between American and Italian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of the diet, Hum Reprod, 18, 2289, 10.1093/humrep/deg440

Laitinen, 2003, Body size from birth to adulthood as a predictor of self-reported polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 27, 710, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802301

Legro, 2002, Insulin resistance in the sisters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: association with hyperandrogenemia rather than menstrual irregularity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 2128, 10.1210/jcem.87.5.8513

Bulun, 1997, Endocrine disorders associated with inappropriately high aromatase expression, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 61, 133, 10.1016/S0960-0760(97)80004-0

Moran, 1994, Etiological review of hirsutism in 250 patients, Arch Med Res, 25, 311

Luciano, 1984, Hyperprolactinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 41, 719, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)47838-6

Romaguera, 2000, Prevalence of 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia and insulin resistance among hirsute women from Puerto Rico, Fertil Steril, 74, 59, 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00566-5

Escobar-Morreale, 2004, Macroprolactinemia in women presenting with hyperandrogenic symptoms: implications for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 82, 1697, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.06.045

Janssen, 2004, High prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, Eur J Endocrinol, 150, 363, 10.1530/eje.0.1500363

Glintborg, 2004, Prevalence of endocrine diseases and abnormal glucose tolerance tests in 340 Caucasian premenopausal women with hirsutism as the referral diagnosis, Fertil Steril, 82, 1570, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.06.040

Redmond, 2004, Thyroid dysfunction and women's reproductive health, Thyroid, 14, S5, 10.1089/105072504323024543

Lazarus, 2005, Thyroid disorders associated with pregnancy: etiology, diagnosis, and management, Treat Endocrinol, 4, 31, 10.2165/00024677-200504010-00004

Pop, 2003, Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3-year follow-up study, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 59, 282, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01822.x

Haddow, 1999, Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child, N Engl J Med, 341, 549, 10.1056/NEJM199908193410801

Krassas, 1994, Menstrual disturbances in thyrotoxicosis, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 40, 641, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb03016.x

Krassas, 1999, Disturbances of menstruation in hypothyroidism, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 50, 655, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00719.x

Christensen, 1984, The prevalence of thyroid disorders in a middle-aged female population, with special reference to the solitary thyroid nodule, Acta Chir Scand, 150, 13

Schaaf, 1993, Screening for thyroid disorders in a working population, Clin Invest, 71, 126, 10.1007/BF00179993

Okamura, 1987, Thyroid disorders in the general population of Hisayama Japan, with special reference to prevalence and sex differences, Int J Epidemiol, 16, 545, 10.1093/ije/16.4.545

Rallison, 1991, Natural history of thyroid abnormalities: prevalence, incidence, and regression of thyroid diseases in adolescents and young adults, Am J Med, 91, 363, 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90153-O

Bjoro, 2000, Prevalence of thyroid disease, thyroid dysfunction and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in a large, unselected population. The Health Study of Nord-Trondelag (HUNT), Eur J Endocrinol, 143, 639, 10.1530/eje.0.1430639

Higuchi, 1984, Prolactin has a direct effect on adrenal androgen secretion, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 59, 714, 10.1210/jcem-59-4-714

Schiebinger, 1986, The effect of serum prolactin on plasma adrenal androgens and the production and metabolic clearance rate of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in normal and hyperprolactinemic subjects, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 62, 202, 10.1210/jcem-62-1-202

Carmina, 1984, Prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO): correlation with the steroid pattern, Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 105, 99, 10.1530/acta.0.1050099

Khandwala, 2006, Macroprolactinemia in a patient with infertility and hyperprolactinemia, South Med J, 99, 1282, 10.1097/01.smj.0000232973.76521.5d

Gibney, 2005, The impact on clinical practice of routine screening for macroprolactin, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 3927, 10.1210/jc.2004-2234

Derksen, 1994, Identification of virilizing adrenal tumors in hirsute women, N Engl J Med, 331, 968, 10.1056/NEJM199410133311502

Barbieri, 1990, Hyperandrogenic disorders, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 33, 640, 10.1097/00003081-199009000-00028

Zargar, 2002, Epidemiologic and etiologic aspects of hirsutism in Kashmiri women in the Indian subcontinent, Fertil Steril, 77, 674, 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)03241-1

Speiser, 2003, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, N Engl J Med, 349, 776, 10.1056/NEJMra021561

Moran, 2003, 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia: the great pretender, Semin Reprod Med, 21, 295, 10.1055/s-2003-43307

Paula, 1994, Androgen-related effects on peripheral glucose metabolism in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Horm Metab Res, 26, 552, 10.1055/s-2007-1001755

Speiser, 1992, Insulin insensitivity in adrenal hyperplasia due to nonclassical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, 1421

Speiser, 2000, A multicenter study of women with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia: relationship between genotype and phenotype, Mol Genet Metab, 71, 527, 10.1006/mgme.2000.3036

Bachega, 2000, Influence of different genotypes on 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in patients with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Clin Endocrinol, 52, 601, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00995.x

Deneux, 2001, Phenotype-genotype correlation in 56 women with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 207, 10.1210/jcem.86.1.7131

Witchel, 1998, Identification of heterozygotic carriers of 21-hydroxylase deficiency: sensitivity of ACTH stimulation tests, Am J Med Genet, 76, 337, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<337::AID-AJMG9>3.0.CO;2-M

Dewailly, 1986, Clinical and biological phenotypes in late-onset 21-hydroxylase deficiency, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 63, 418, 10.1210/jcem-63-2-418

Azziz, 1999, Screening for 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia among hyperandrogenic women: a prospective study, Fertil Steril, 72, 915, 10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00383-0

Siegel, 1990, ACTH stimulation tests and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in women with hirsutism, N Engl J Med, 323, 849, 10.1056/NEJM199009273231301

Azziz, 1993, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency in hyperandrogenism, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 168, 889, 10.1016/S0002-9378(12)90840-6

Bongiovanni, 1981, Acquired adrenal hyperplasia: with special reference to 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Fertil Steril, 35, 599, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45548-2

Pang, 1985, Late-onset adrenal steroid 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. I. A cause of hirsutism in pubertal and postpubertal women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 60, 428, 10.1210/jcem-60-3-428

Sakkal-Alkaddour, 1996, Studies of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase genes in infants and children manifesting premature pubarche and increased adrenocorticotropin-stimulated delta 5-steroid levels, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 3961

Lutfallah, 2002, Newly proposed hormonal criteria via genotypic proof for type II 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 2611

Joehrer, 1997, CYP11B1 mutations causing non-classic adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency, Hum Mol Genet, 6, 1829, 10.1093/hmg/6.11.1829

Azziz, 1994, Clinical review 56: Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia: current concepts, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 78, 810

Speiser, 1985, High frequency of nonclassical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Am J Hum Genet, 37, 650

Wilson, 2007, Ethnic-specific distribution of mutations in 716 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Mol Genet Metab, 90, 414, 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.12.005

Gold, 1979, The Cushing syndromes: changing views of diagnosis and treatment, Ann Intern Med, 90, 829, 10.7326/0003-4819-90-5-829

Ross, 1982, Cushing's syndrome—killing disease: discriminatory value of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis, Lancet, 2, 646, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92749-0

Urbanic, 1981, Cushing's disease—18 years' experience, Medicine (Baltimore), 60, 14, 10.1097/00005792-198101000-00002

Kaltsas, 2000, How common are polycystic ovaries and the polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with Cushing's syndrome?, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 53, 493, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01117.x

Orth, 1995, Cushing's syndrome, N Engl J Med, 332, 791, 10.1056/NEJM199503233321207

Putignano, 2003, Screening for Cushing's syndrome in obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome, J Endocrinol Invest, 26, 539, 10.1007/BF03345217

Kaltsas, 2003, The value of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the differential diagnosis of hyperandrogenism in women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 2634, 10.1210/jc.2002-020922

Arnaldi, 2003, Diagnosis and complications of Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 5593, 10.1210/jc.2003-030871

Lado-Abeal, 1998, Menstrual abnormalities in women with Cushing's disease are correlated with hypercortisolemia rather than raised circulating androgen levels, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 3083

Odagiri, 1988, Studies on pituitary–gonadal function in patients with Cushing's syndrome, Endocrinol Jpn, 35, 421, 10.1507/endocrj1954.35.421

Findling, 2004, The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test: a reevaluation in patients with Cushing's syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 1222, 10.1210/jc.2003-030207

Yaneva, 2004, Midnight salivary cortisol for the initial diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome of various causes, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 3345, 10.1210/jc.2003-031790

Nakashima, 1984, Androgenic granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 17 cases and review of the literature, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 108, 786

Futterweit, 1983, A case of bilateral dermoid cysts, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovarian disease: association of ovarian tumors with polycystic ovaries with review of the literature, Mt Sinai J Med, 50, 251

Gabrilove, 1981, Virilizing adrenal adenoma with studies on the steroid content of the adrenal venous effluent and a review of the literature, Endocr Rev, 2, 462, 10.1210/edrv-2-4-462

Freeman, 1986, Steroid hormone-producing tumors in man, Endocr Rev, 7, 204, 10.1210/edrv-7-2-204

Meldrum, 1979, Peripheral and ovarian venous concentrations of various steroid hormones in virilizing ovarian tumors, Obstet Gynecol, 53, 36

Surrey, 1988, Preoperative localization of androgen-secreting tumors: clinical, endocrinologic, and radiologic evaluation of ten patients, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 158, 1313, 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90362-6

Waggoner, 1999, Total testosterone and DHEAS levels as predictors of androgen-secreting neoplasms: a populational study, Gynecol Endocrinol, 13, 394, 10.3109/09513599909167586

Moller, 2006, Severe insulin-resistant hyperandrogenic syndromes, 129

Barbieri, 1983, Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans syndrome: a common endocrinopathy with distinct pathophysiologic features, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 147, 90, 10.1016/0002-9378(83)90091-1

Vidal-Puig, 1997, Inherited causes of androgen excess: classification, prevalence, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis, 227

Nagamani, 1986, Hyperinsulinemia in hyperthecosis of the ovaries, Am J Obst Gynecol, 154, 384, 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90676-9

Azziz, 2000, Idiopathic hirsutism, Endocr Rev, 21, 347

Gompel, 1986, Contribution of plasma androstenedione to 5 alpha-androstanediol glucuronide in women with idiopathic hirsutism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 62, 441, 10.1210/jcem-62-2-441

Unluhizarci, 2004, A detailed investigation of hirsutism in a Turkish population: idiopathic hyperandrogenemia as a perplexing issue, Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 112, 504, 10.1055/s-2004-821307

Wild, 2005, Ferriman Gallwey self-scoring I: performance assessment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 4112, 10.1210/jc.2004-2243

Thessaloniki EA-SPCWG, 2008, Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome, Hum Reprod, 23, 462, 10.1093/humrep/dem426

Hegele, 2004, Phenomics, lipodystrophy, and the metabolic syndrome, Trends Cardiovasc Med, 14, 133, 10.1016/j.tcm.2004.02.001

Oti, 2008, Phenome connections, Trends Genet, 24, 103, 10.1016/j.tig.2007.12.005

Azziz, 2008, Diagnosing the diagnosis: why we must standardize the defining features of polycystic ovary syndrome, Ann Clin Biochem, 45, 3, 10.1258/acb.2007.007198

Rosner, 2007, Position statement: utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92, 405, 10.1210/jc.2006-1864

Dewailly, 2006, Oligo-anovulation with Polycystic Ovaries (PCO) but not overt hyperandrogenism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 3922, 10.1210/jc.2006-1054