Subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nicotine reward, dependence, and withdrawal: evidence from genetically modified mice

Behavioural Pharmacology - Tập 19 Số 5-6 - Trang 461-484 - 2008
Christie D. Fowler1, Michael A. Arends2, Paul J. Kenny1,3
1Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
2Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
3to Dr Paul J. Kenny, PhD, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abrous, 2002, Nicotine self-administration impairs hippocampal plasticity, J Neurosci, 22, 3656, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03656.2002

Acri, 1995, Strain and age differences in acoustic startle responses and effects of nicotine in rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 50, 191, 10.1016/0091-3057(94)00285-Q

Agatsuma, 2006, Monoamine oxidase A knockout mice exhibit impaired nicotine preference but normal responses to novel stimuli, Hum Mol Genet, 15, 2721, 10.1093/hmg/ddl206

Albuquerque, 1995, Nicotinic receptor function in the mammalian central nervous system, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 757, 48, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb17464.x

1994, Book Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition

Andersson, 1981, Effects of acute central and peripheral administration of nicotine on ascending dopamine pathways in the male rat brain: evidence for nicotine induced increases of dopamine turnover in various telencephalic dopamine nerve terminal systems, Med Biol, 59, 170

Azam, 2002, Expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNAs within midbrain dopamine neurons, J Comp Neurol, 444, 260, 10.1002/cne.10138

Balestra, 2000, Chick optic lobe contains a developmentally regulated α2α5β2 nicotinic receptor subtype, Mol Pharmacol, 58, 300, 10.1124/mol.58.2.300

Balfour, 2000, The putative role of extra-synaptic mesolimbic dopamine in the neurobiology of nicotine dependence, Behav Brain Res, 113, 73, 10.1016/S0166-4328(00)00202-3

Bao, 2005, Requirement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit β2 in the maintenance of spiral ganglion neurons during aging, J Neurosci, 25, 3041, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5277-04.2005

Barr, 2008, A single dose of nicotine enhances reward responsiveness in nonsmokers: implications for development of dependence, Biol Psychiatry, 63, 1061, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.015

Bejerot, 1999, Low prevalence of smoking among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, Compr Psychiatry, 40, 268, 10.1016/S0010-440X(99)90126-8

Benowitz, 2008, Clinical pharmacology of nicotine: implications for understanding, preventing, and treating tobacco addiction, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 83, 531, 10.1038/clpt.2008.3

Benwell, 1992, The effects of acute and repeated nicotine treatment on nucleus accumbens dopamine and locomotor activity, Br J Pharmacol, 105, 849, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb09067.x

Benwell, 1988, Evidence that tobacco smoking increases the density of (–)-[3H]nicotine binding sites in human brain, J Neurochem, 50, 1243, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb10600.x

Berger, 1998, Nicotinic receptor-induced apoptotic cell death of hippocampal progenitor cells, J Neurosci, 18, 6871, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-17-06871.1998

Berrettini, 2008, α-5/α-3 nicotinic receptor subunit alleles increase risk for heavy smoking, Mol Psychiatry, 13, 368, 10.1038/sj.mp.4002154

Besson, 2006, Genetic dissociation of two behaviors associated with nicotine addiction: β-2 containing nicotinic receptors are involved in nicotine reinforcement but not in withdrawal syndrome, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 187, 189, 10.1007/s00213-006-0418-z

Biala, 2005, Blockade of the expression of mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal by calcium channel antagonists, Pharmacol Res, 51, 483, 10.1016/j.phrs.2004.11.009

Blomqvist, 1993, The mesolimbic dopamine-activating properties of ethanol are antagonized by mecamylamine, Eur J Pharmacol, 249, 207, 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90434-J

Blomqvist, 1996, Voluntary ethanol intake in the rat: effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blockade or subchronic nicotine treatment, Eur J Pharmacol, 314, 257, 10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00583-3

Booker, 2007, Decreased anxiety-like behavior in beta3 nicotinic receptor subunit knockout mice, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 87, 146, 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.04.011

Bowers, 2005, Deletion of the alpha7 nicotinic receptor subunit gene results in increased sensitivity to several behavioral effects produced by alcohol, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 29, 295, 10.1097/01.ALC.0000156116.40817.A2

Braff, 1990, Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia: human and animal model studies, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 47, 181, 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810140081011

Braff, 2001, Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 156, 234, 10.1007/s002130100810

Bray, 2005, Acetylcholine causes an increase of intracellular calcium in human sperm, Mol Hum Reprod, 11, 881, 10.1093/molehr/gah245

Breese, 1997, Effect of smoking history on [3H]nicotine binding in human postmortem brain, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 282, 7

Breslau, 1995, Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependence, Behav Genet, 25, 95, 10.1007/BF02196920

Brezun, 1999, Depletion in serotonin decreases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of adult rats, Neuroscience, 89, 999, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00693-9

Brezun, 2000, Serotonergic reinnervation reverses lesion-induced decreases in PSA-NCAM labeling and proliferation of hippocampal cells in adult rats, Hippocampus, 10, 37, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(2000)10:1<37::AID-HIPO4>3.0.CO;2-C

Brioni, 1993, Nicotinic receptor agonists exhibit anxiolytic-like effects on the elevated plus-maze test, Eur J Pharmacol, 238, 1, 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90498-7

Bruijnzeel, 2004, Adaptations in cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area associated with the affective signs of nicotine withdrawal in rats, Neuropharmacology, 47, 572, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.05.005

Bruijnzeel, 2007, Antagonism of CRF receptors prevents the deficit in brain reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats, Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 955, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301192

Caldarone, 2000, Fear conditioning and latent inhibition in mice lacking the high affinity subclass of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, Neuropharmacology, 39, 2779, 10.1016/S0028-3908(00)00137-4

Caldarone, 2004, High-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are required for antidepressant effects of amitriptyline on behavior and hippocampal cell proliferation, Biol Psychiatry, 56, 657, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.010

Cam, 1983, The effect of acute nicotine administration on plasma levels of the thyroid hormones and corticosterone in the rat, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 19, 559, 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90135-1

Carboni, 2000, Stimulation of in vivo dopamine transmission in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis by reinforcing drugs, J Neurosci, 20, RC102, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-20-j0002.2000

2002, Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs – United States, 1995–1999, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 51, 300

Chambers, 2001, A neurobiological basis for substance abuse comorbidity in schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 50, 71, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01134-9

Champtiaux, 2002, Distribution and pharmacology of α6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors analyzed with mutant mice, J Neurosci, 22, 1208, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-04-01208.2002

Champtiaux, 2003, Subunit composition of functional nicotinic receptors in dopaminergic neurons investigated with knock-out mice, J Neurosci, 23, 7820, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-21-07820.2003

Charpantier, 1998, Nicotinic acetylcholine subunit mRNA expression in dopaminergic neurons of the rat substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, NeuroReport, 9, 3097, 10.1097/00001756-199809140-00033

Cheeta, 2001a, The dorsal raphe nucleus is a crucial structure mediating nicotine's anxiolytic effects and the development of tolerance and withdrawal responses, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 155, 78, 10.1007/s002130100681

Cheeta, 2001b, Antagonism of the anxiolytic effect of nicotine in the dorsal raphe nucleus by dihydro-β-erythroidine, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 70, 491, 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00641-4

Chen, 2008, Chronic nicotine self-administration augments hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to mild acute stress, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 721, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301466

Chi, 2003, Mecamylamine attenuates the subjective stimulant-like effects of alcohol in social drinkers, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 27, 780, 10.1097/01.ALC.0000065435.12068.24

Chini, 1994, Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the human α7-nicotinic receptor subunit gene (CHRNA7), Genomics, 19, 379, 10.1006/geno.1994.1075

Cohen, 2003, SSR591813, a novel selective and partial α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonist with potential as an aid to smoking cessation, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 306, 407, 10.1124/jpet.103.049262

Conroy, 1995, Neurons can maintain multiple classes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors distinguished by different subunit compositions, J Biol Chem, 270, 4424, 10.1074/jbc.270.9.4424

Cook, 2007, Influence of nicotine on positive affect in anhedonic smokers, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 192, 87, 10.1007/s00213-006-0688-5

Cordero-Erausquin, 2000, Nicotinic receptor function: new perspectives from knockout mice, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 21, 211, 10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01489-9

Corrigall, 1989, Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 99, 473, 10.1007/BF00589894

Corrigall, 1991, Selective dopamine antagonists reduce nicotine self-administration, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 104, 171, 10.1007/BF02244174

Corrigall, 1992, The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 107, 285, 10.1007/BF02245149

Corrigall, 1994, Self-administered nicotine activates the mesolimbic dopamine system through the ventral tegmental area, Brain Res, 653, 278, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90401-4

Costall, 1989, The actions of nicotine and cocaine in a mouse model of anxiety, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 33, 197, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90450-4

Couturier, 1990, A neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (α7) is developmentally regulated and forms a homo-oligomeric channel blocked by α-BTX, Neuron, 5, 847, 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90344-F

Covey, 1997, Major depression following smoking cessation, Am J Psychiatry, 154, 263, 10.1176/ajp.154.2.263

Criswell, 1983, Intravenous self-administration of morphine by naïve mice, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 18, 467, 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90471-9

Cui, 2003, The β3 nicotinic receptor subunit: a component of α-conotoxin MII-binding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that modulate dopamine release and related behaviors, J Neurosci, 23, 11045, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-35-11045.2003

Curzon, 1994, Effect of nicotine, lobeline, and mecamylamine on sensory gating in the rat, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 49, 877, 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90237-2

Curzon, 2006, Antisense knockdown of the rat α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor produces spatial memory impairment, Neurosci Lett, 410, 15, 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.061

Cymes, 2008, Pore-opening mechanism of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor evinced by proton transfer, Nat Struct Mol Biol, 15, 389, 10.1038/nsmb.1407

Dalack, 1996, Smoking, smoking withdrawal and schizophrenia: case reports and a review of the literature, Schizophr Res, 22, 133, 10.1016/S0920-9964(96)80441-5

Dalack, 1998, Nicotine dependence in schizophrenia: clinical phenomena and laboratory findings, Am J Psychiatry, 155, 1490, 10.1176/ajp.155.11.1490

Damaj, 2007, Nicotinic regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activation in the spinal cord, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 320, 244, 10.1124/jpet.106.111336

Damaj, 2003, Characterization of spontaneous and precipitated nicotine withdrawal in the mouse, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 307, 526, 10.1124/jpet.103.054908

Dani, 2005, Nicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental illness, Nat Neurosci, 8, 1465, 10.1038/nn1580

Davis, 2007, β2 subunit-containing nicotinic receptors mediate the enhancing effect of nicotine on trace cued fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 190, 343, 10.1007/s00213-006-0624-8

De Luca, 2006, Genetic interaction between α4 and β2 subunits of high affinity nicotinic receptor: analysis in schizophrenia, Exp Brain Res, 174, 292, 10.1007/s00221-006-0458-y

Deneris, 1989, β3: a new member of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family is expressed in brain, J Biol Chem, 264, 6268, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83343-9

Deneris, 1991, Pharmacological and functional diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 12, 34, 10.1016/0165-6147(91)90486-C

Depatie, 2002, Nicotine and behavioral markers of risk for schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, 1056, 10.1016/S0893-133X(02)00372-X

Di Chiara, 1988, Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 85, 5274, 10.1073/pnas.85.14.5274

Dilsaver, 1987, Fluoxetine subsensitizes a nicotinic mechanism involved in the regulation of core temperature, Life Sci, 41, 1165, 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90636-9

Diwan, 1998, Differential prevalence of cigarette smoking in patients with schizophrenic vs mood disorders, Schizophr Res, 33, 113, 10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00045-0

Doherty, 1995, Urges to smoke during the first month of abstinence: relationship to relapse and predictors, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 119, 171, 10.1007/BF02246158

Domino, 2000, Round table on nicotinic receptors in addiction: summary report, Eur J Pharmacol, 393, 315, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00890-0

Donny, 1995, Nicotine self-administration in rats, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 122, 390, 10.1007/BF02246272

Drago, 2003, Neuronal nicotinic receptors: insights gained from gene knockout and knockin mutant mice, Cell Mol Life Sci, 60, 1267, 10.1007/s00018-003-2259-9

Duman, 1997, A molecular and cellular theory of depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 54, 597, 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190015002

Duman, 2001, Regulation of adult neurogenesis by antidepressant treatment, Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 836, 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00358-X

Duvoisin, 1989, The functional diversity of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is increased by a novel subunit: beta 4, Neuron, 3, 487, 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90207-9

Dwoskin, 2004, Subtype-selective nicotinic receptor antagonists: potential as tobacco use cessation agents, Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 14, 1863, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.073

Elgoyhen, 2001, α10: a determinant of nicotinic cholinergic receptor function in mammalian vestibular and cochlear mechanosensory hair cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 3501, 10.1073/pnas.051622798

Epping-Jordan, 1998, Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal, Nature, 393, 76, 10.1038/30001

Epping-Jordan, 1999, Assessment of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit contributions to nicotine self-administration in mutant mice, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 147, 25, 10.1007/s002130051135

Ericson, 1998, Voluntary ethanol intake in the rat and the associated accumbal dopamine overflow are blocked by ventral tegmental mecamylamine, Eur J Pharmacol, 358, 189, 10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00602-5

Ericson, 2008, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the anterior, but not posterior, VTA mediate ethanol induced elevation of accumbal dopamine levels, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 326, 76, 10.1124/jpet.108.137489

Fagerstrom, 1988, Efficacy of nicotine chewing gum: a review, Prog Clin Biol Res, 261, 109

Fernandes, 2006, Performance deficit of α7 nicotinic receptor knockout mice in a delayed matching-to-place task suggests a mild impairment of working/episodic-like memory, Genes Brain Behav, 5, 433, 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00176.x

File, 1979, Corticosterone: an anxiogenic or an anxiolytic agent?, J Pharm Pharmacol, 31, 300, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1979.tb13505.x

File, 1998a, Endogenous acetylcholine in the dorsal hippocampus reduces anxiety through actions on nicotinic and muscarinic1 receptors, Behav Neurosci, 112, 352, 10.1037/0735-7044.112.2.352

File, 1998b, Bimodal modulation by nicotine of anxiety in the social interaction test: role of the dorsal hippocampus, Behav Neurosci, 112, 1423, 10.1037/0735-7044.112.6.1423

File, 2000a, Neurobiological mechanisms by which nicotine mediates different types of anxiety, Eur J Pharmacol, 393, 231, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00889-4

File, 2000b, The role of the dorsal hippocampal serotonergic and cholinergic systems in the modulation of anxiety, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 66, 65, 10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00198-2

Forsayeth, 1997, Formation of oligomers containing the β3 and β4 subunits of the rat nicotinic receptor, J Neurosci, 17, 1531, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-05-01531.1997

Foulds, 1997, Mood and physiological effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers, Drug Alcohol Depend, 44, 105, 10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01327-0

Fowler, 2008, Estrogen and adult neurogenesis in the amygdala and hypothalamus, Brain Res Rev, 57, 342, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.011

Fowler, 1996, Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers, Nature, 379, 733, 10.1038/379733a0

Franceschini, 2000, Altered baroreflex responses in α7 deficient mice, Behav Brain Res, 113, 3, 10.1016/S0166-4328(00)00195-9

Freedman, 1995, Evidence in postmortem brain tissue for decreased numbers of hippocampal nicotinic receptors in schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 38, 22, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00252-X

Freedman, 1997, Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94, 587, 10.1073/pnas.94.2.587

Freedman, 2001, Linkage disequilibrium for schizophrenia at the chromosome 15q13–14 locus of the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene (CHRNA7), Am J Med Genet, 105, 20, 10.1002/1096-8628(20010108)105:1<20::AID-AJMG1047>3.0.CO;2-C

Fryer, 1999, Antidepressants noncompetitively inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function, J Neurochem, 72, 1117, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0721117.x

Fu, 2000, Systemic nicotine stimulates dopamine release in nucleus accumbens: re-evaluation of the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the ventral tegmental area, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 294, 458

Fu, 2003, Norepinephrine release in amygdala of rats during chronic nicotine self-administration: an in vivo microdialysis study, Neuropharmacology, 45, 514, 10.1016/S0028-3908(03)00201-6

Fucile, 1998, The neuronal α6 subunit forms functional heteromeric acetylcholine receptors in human transfected cells, Eur J Neurosci, 10, 172, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00001.x

Garwood, 2007, Emerging pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 64, 1693, 10.2146/ajhp060427

Gentry, 2002, Regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor numbers and function by chronic nicotine exposure, Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord, 1, 359, 10.2174/1568007023339184

George, 2007, CRF-CRF1 system activation mediates withdrawal-induced increases in nicotine self-administration in nicotine-dependent rats, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 17198, 10.1073/pnas.0707585104

Gerzanich, 1997, “Orphan” α6 nicotinic AChR subunit can form a functional heteromeric acetylcholine receptor, Mol Pharmacol, 51, 320, 10.1124/mol.51.2.320

Girod, 1999, Heteromeric complexes of α5 and/or α7 subunits: effects of calcium and potential role in nicotine-induced presynaptic facilitation, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 868, 578, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11331.x

Glassman, 1990, Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression, J Am Med Assoc, 264, 1546, 10.1001/jama.1990.03450120058029

Glynn, 1990, Why patients smoke, Hosp Commun Psychiatry, 41, 1027

Goff, 1992, Cigarette smoking in schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and medication side effects, Am J Psychiatry, 149, 1189, 10.1176/ajp.149.9.1189

Goldberg, 1981, Persistent behavior at high rates maintained by intravenous self-administration of nicotine, Science, 214, 573, 10.1126/science.7291998

Gonzales, 2006, Varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial, J Am Med Assoc, 296, 47, 10.1001/jama.296.1.47

Goodwin, 2008, Nicotine dependence and mental disorders among adults in the USA: evaluating the role of the mode of administration, Psychol Med, 26, 1

Gotti, 1997, α7 and α8 nicotinic receptor subtypes immunopurified from chick retina have different immunological, pharmacological and functional properties, Eur J Neurosci, 9, 1201, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01475.x

Gotti, 2005, Expression of nigrostriatal α6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is selectively reduced, but not eliminated, by β3 subunit gene deletion, Mol Pharmacol, 67, 2007, 10.1124/mol.105.011940

Gould, 1999, Serotonin and hippocampal neurogenesis, Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 46S, 10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00045-7

Grabus, 2005, Nicotine physical dependence in the mouse: involvement of the α7 nicotinic receptor subtype, Eur J Pharmacol, 515, 90, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.03.044

Grady, 2007, The subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopaminergic terminals of mouse striatum, Biochem Pharmacol, 74, 1235, 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.032

Griffiths, 1979, Opioids: similarity between evaluations of subjective effects and animal self-administration results, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 25, 611, 10.1002/cpt1979255part1611

Griffiths, 1981, Predicting the dependence liability of stimulant drugs, NIDA Res Monogr, 37, 182

Grillner, 2000, Nicotine-induced excitation of midbrain dopamine neurons in vitro involves ionotropic glutamate receptor activation, Synapse, 38, 1, 10.1002/1098-2396(200010)38:1<1::AID-SYN1>3.0.CO;2-A

Groot-Kormelink, 1998, A reporter mutation approach shows incorporation of the “orphan” subunit beta3 into a functional nicotinic receptor, J Biol Chem, 273, 15317, 10.1074/jbc.273.25.15317

Grosman, 2000, Kinetic, mechanistic, and structural aspects of unliganded gating of acetylcholine receptor channels: a single-channel study of second transmembrane segment 12′ mutants, J Gen Physiol, 115, 621, 10.1085/jgp.115.5.621

Grottick, 2000, Evidence that nicotinic α7 receptors are not involved in the hyperlocomotor and rewarding effects of nicotine, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 294, 1112

Grubb, 2004, Visual response properties in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mice lacking the β2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, J Neurosci, 24, 8459, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1527-04.2004

Guillem, 2006, Monoamine oxidase A rather than monoamine oxidase B inhibition increases nicotine reinforcement in rats, Eur J Neurosci, 24, 3532, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05217.x

Guillem, 2008, Monoamine oxidase inhibition dramatically prolongs the duration of nicotine withdrawal-induced place aversion, Biol Psychiatry, 63, 158, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.029

Hansen, 2007, The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine prevents escalation of cocaine self-administration in rats with extended daily access, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 194, 53, 10.1007/s00213-007-0822-z

Hansen, 2007, Alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists selectively activate limbic regions of the rat forebrain: an effect similar to antipsychotics, J Neurosci Res, 85, 1810, 10.1002/jnr.21293

Hanson, 1979, Nicotine self-administration in rats, NIDA Res Monogr, 23, 70

Harrison, 2002, Nicotine potentiation of brain stimulation reward reversed by DHβE and SCH 23390, but not by eticlopride, LY 314582 or MPEP in rats, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 160, 56, 10.1007/s00213-001-0953-6

Harrist, 2004, Alteration of hippocampal cell proliferation in mice lacking the β2 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Synapse, 54, 200, 10.1002/syn.20081

Harvey, 1996, Determinants of competitive antagonist sensitivity on neuronal nicotinic receptor β subunits, J Neurosci, 16, 3798, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-12-03798.1996

Harvey, 1996, Multiple determinants of dihydro-β-erythroidine sensitivity on rat neuronal nicotinic receptor α subunits, J Neurochem, 67, 1953, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67051953.x

Harvey, 2004, Nicotine serves as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 175, 134, 10.1007/s00213-004-1818-6

Henningfield, 1983, Cigarette smokers self-administer intravenous nicotine, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 19, 887, 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90099-0

Hennings, 1999, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonistic activity of monoamine uptake blockers in rat hippocampal slices, J Neurochem, 73, 1043, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0731043.x

Hoyle, 2006, Impaired performance of alpha7 nicotinic receptor knockout mice in the five-choice serial reaction time task, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 189, 211, 10.1007/s00213-006-0549-2

Hu, 1996, Glutamate receptor regulation of rat nucleus accumbens neurons in vivo, Synapse, 23, 208, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199607)23:3<208::AID-SYN10>3.0.CO;2-V

Hughes, 1986, Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients, Am J Psychiatry, 143, 993, 10.1176/ajp.143.8.993

Hughes, 1991, Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal: a replication and extension, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 48, 52, 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810250054007

Hung, 2008, A susceptibility locus for lung cancer maps to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes on 15q25, Nature, 452, 633, 10.1038/nature06885

Irvine, 2001a, Nicotine self-administration and withdrawal: modulation of anxiety in the social interaction test in rats, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 153, 315, 10.1007/s002130000586

Irvine, 2001b, Tolerance to nicotine's effects in the elevated plus-maze and increased anxiety during withdrawal, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 68, 319, 10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00449-4

Isensee, 2003, Smoking increases the risk of panic: findings from a prospective community study, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60, 692, 10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.692

Isola, 1999, Nicotine abstinence in the mouse, Brain Res, 850, 189, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02131-9

Ivanova, 1997, Nicotine-induced decreases in VTA electrical self-stimulation thresholds: blockade by haloperidol and mecamylamine but not scopolamine or ondansetron, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 134, 187, 10.1007/s002130050441

Jackson, 2008, Differential role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in physical and affective nicotine withdrawal signs, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 325, 302, 10.1124/jpet.107.132977

Jarvik, 1991, Beneficial effects of nicotine, Br J Addict, 86, 571, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x

Johnson, 2008, Decreased brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal in C57BL6 mice: evidence from intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 90, 409, 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.024

Jones, 2004, Precise localization of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on glutamatergic axon terminals in the rat ventral tegmental area, J Neurosci, 24, 11244, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3009-04.2004

Jonkman, 2005, Mild anxiogenic effects of nicotine withdrawal in mice, Eur J Pharmacol, 516, 40, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.04.032

Jorenby, 2006, Efficacy of varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial, J Am Med Assoc, 296, 56, 10.1001/jama.296.1.56

Kalivas, 1993, Neurotransmitter regulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, Brain Res Rev, 18, 75, 10.1016/0165-0173(93)90008-N

Katoh-Semba, 2002, Riluzole enhances expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor with consequent proliferation of granule precursor cells in the rat hippocampus, FASEB J, 16, 1328, 10.1096/fj.02-0143fje

Kedmi, 2004, Mice lacking neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β4-subunit and mice lacking both α5- and β4-subunits are highly resistant to nicotine-induced seizures, Physiol Genom, 17, 221, 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00202.2003

Keller, 2005, Performance of α7 nicotinic receptor null mutants is impaired in appetitive learning measured in a signaled nose poke task, Behav Brain Res, 162, 143, 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.03.004

Kelso, 2006, The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury in α7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor knockout mice, Brain Res, 1083, 204, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.127

Kenny, 2007, Brain reward systems and compulsive drug use, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 28, 135, 10.1016/j.tips.2007.01.008

Kenny, 2001, Neurobiology of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 70, 531, 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00651-7

Kenny, 2005, Conditioned nicotine withdrawal profoundly decreases the activity of brain reward systems, J Neurosci, 25, 6208, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4785-04.2005

Kenny, 2006, Nicotine self-administration acutely activates brain reward systems and induces a long-lasting increase in reward sensitivity, Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 1203, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300905

Kenny, 2000a, Anxiogenic effects of nicotine in the dorsal hippocampus are mediated by 5-HT1A and not by muscarinic M1 receptors, Neuropharmacology, 39, 300, 10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00114-8

Kenny, 2000b, Evidence for a complex influence of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on hippocampal serotonin release, J Neurochem, 75, 2409, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0752409.x

Kenny, 2000c, Acute nicotine decreases, and chronic nicotine increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat hippocampus, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 85, 234, 10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00246-1

Kenny, 2003, Low dose cocaine self-administration transiently increases but high dose cocaine persistently decreases brain reward function in rats, Eur J Neurosci, 17, 191, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02443.x

Kenny, 2006, Conditioned withdrawal drives heroin consumption and decreases reward sensitivity, J Neurosci, 26, 5894, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0740-06.2006

King, 2004, β2-subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are critical for dopamine-dependent locomotor activation following repeated nicotine administration, Neuropharmacology, 47, 132, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.06.024

Klink, 2001, Molecular and physiological diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei, J Neurosci, 21, 1452, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01452.2001

Koenen, 2006, Posttraumatic stress disorder and late-onset smoking in the Vietnam era twin registry, J Consult Clin Psychol, 74, 186, 10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.186

Koob, 2005, Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the “dark side” of drug addiction, Nat Neurosci, 8, 1442, 10.1038/nn1105-1442

Koob, 2006, Neurobiology of addiction

Kosowski, 2004, Nicotine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is inhibited by the novel AMPA antagonist ZK200775, the NMDA antagonist CGP39551, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 175, 114, 10.1007/s00213-004-1797-7

Kumari, 1999, Smoking withdrawal, nicotine dependence and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 141, 11, 10.1007/s002130050800

Kumari, 1996, Effect of cigarette smoking on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in healthy male smokers, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 128, 54, 10.1007/s002130050109

Kuryatov, 2000, Human α6 AChR subtypes: subunit composition, assembly, and pharmacological responses, Neuropharmacology, 39, 2570, 10.1016/S0028-3908(00)00144-1

Labarca, 2001, Point mutant mice with hypersensitive α4 nicotinic receptors show dopaminergic deficits and increased anxiety, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 2786, 10.1073/pnas.041582598

Laje, 2001, Depression and nicotine: preclinical and clinical evidence for common mechanisms, Curr Psychiatry Rep, 3, 470, 10.1007/s11920-001-0040-z

Lambe, 2003, Nicotine induces glutamate release from thalamocortical terminals in prefrontal cortex, Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 216, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300032

Laviolette, 2003, The motivational valence of nicotine in the rat ventral tegmental area is switched from rewarding to aversive following blockade of the α7-subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 166, 306, 10.1007/s00213-002-1317-6

Le, 2000, Involvement of nicotinic receptors in alcohol self-administration, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 24, 155, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04585.x

Le Foll, 2007, High reinforcing efficacy of nicotine in non-human primates, PLoS ONE, 2, e230, 10.1371/journal.pone.0000230

Le Novere, 1996, Neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha 6 subunit mRNA is selectively concentrated in catecholaminergic nuclei of the rat brain, Eur J Neurosci, 8, 2428, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01206.x

Le Novere, 1999, Involvement of α6 nicotinic receptor subunit in nicotine-elicited locomotion, demonstrated by in vivo antisense oligonucleotide infusion, NeuroReport, 10, 2497, 10.1097/00001756-199908200-00012

Le Novere, 2002, The diversity of subunit composition in nAChRs: evolutionary origins, physiologic and pharmacologic consequences, J Neurobiol, 53, 447, 10.1002/neu.10153

Lee, 2000, Dietary restriction increases the number of newly generated neural cells, and induces BDNF expression, in the dentate gyrus of rats, J Mol Neurosci, 15, 99, 10.1385/JMN:15:2:99

Lena, 1998, Allosteric nicotinic receptors, human pathologies, J Physiol Paris, 92, 63, 10.1016/S0928-4257(98)80140-X

Leonard, 2002, Association of promoter variants in the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene with an inhibitory deficit found in schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59, 1085, 10.1001/archpsyc.59.12.1085

Lips, 2002, Coexpression of α9 and α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, Neuroscience, 115, 1, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00274-9

Liu, 2003, Self-administration of 5-iodo-A-85380, a β2-selective nicotinic receptor ligand, by operantly trained rats, NeuroReport, 14, 1503, 10.1097/00001756-200308060-00020

Lopes, 2002, Smoking and psychiatric disorders: a comorbidity survey, Braz J Med Biol Res, 35, 961, 10.1590/S0100-879X2002000800013

Lopez-Valdes, 2001, Antagonism of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by inhibitors of monoamine uptake, Mol Psychiatry, 6, 511, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000885

Mameli-Engvall, 2006, Hierarchical control of dopamine neuron-firing patterns by nicotinic receptors, Neuron, 50, 911, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.007

Mannucci, 2006, Long-term effects of nicotine on the forced swimming test in mice: an experimental model for the study of depression caused by smoke, Neurochem Int, 49, 481, 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.03.010

Mansvelder, 2000, Long-term potentiation of excitatory inputs to brain reward areas by nicotine, Neuron, 27, 349, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00042-8

Mansvelder, 2002, Synaptic mechanisms underlie nicotine-induced excitability of brain reward areas, Neuron, 33, 905, 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00625-6

Markou, 2002, Neuroadaptations to chronic exposure to drugs of abuse: relevance to depressive symptomatology seen across psychiatric diagnostic categories, Neurotox Res, 4, 297, 10.1080/10298420290023963

Markou, 2001, The nicotinic antagonist methyllycaconitine has differential effects on nicotine self-administration and nicotine withdrawal in the rat, Nicotine Tob Res, 3, 361, 10.1080/14622200110073380

Markou, 1998, Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: a self-medication hypothesis, Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, 135, 10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00113-9

Marubio, 2004, Impaired passive avoidance learning in mice lacking central neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Neuroscience, 129, 575, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.003

Marubio, 1999, Reduced antinociception in mice lacking neuronal nicotinic receptor subunits, Nature, 398, 805, 10.1038/19756

Marubio, 2003, Effects of nicotine in the dopaminergic system of mice lacking the alpha4 subunit of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Eur J Neurosci, 17, 1329, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02564.x

Maskos, 2008, The cholinergic mesopontine tegmentum is a relatively neglected nicotinic master modulator of the dopaminergic system: relevance to drugs of abuse and pathology, Br J Pharmacol, 153, S438, 10.1038/bjp.2008.5

Maskos, 2005, Nicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors, Nature, 436, 103, 10.1038/nature03694

Masterson, 1984, Smoking and malignancy in schizophrenia, Br J Psychiatry, 145, 429, 10.1192/bjp.145.4.429

Mattson, 2004, BDNF and 5-HT: a dynamic duo in age-related neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders, Trends Neurosci, 27, 589, 10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.001

McCallum, 2006, Deletion of the beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alters development of tolerance to nicotine and eliminates receptor upregulation, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 184, 314, 10.1007/s00213-005-0076-6

Merlo-Pich, 1997, Common neural substrates for the addictive properties of nicotine and cocaine, Science, 275, 83, 10.1126/science.275.5296.83

Mihalak, 2006, Varenicline is a partial agonist at α4β2 and a full agonist at α7 neuronal nicotinic receptors, Mol Pharmacol, 70, 801, 10.1124/mol.106.025130

Miller, 2002, Reboxetine: functional inhibition of monoamine transporters and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 302, 687, 10.1124/jpet.302.2.687

Millet, 1998, Prospects for an anxiolytic therapy: a reflection from different viewpoints, Drug Dev Today, 3, 471, 10.1016/S1359-6446(98)01239-2

Miyazawa, 2003, Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore, Nature, 423, 949, 10.1038/nature01748

Morissette, 2007, Anxiety, anxiety disorders, tobacco use, and nicotine: a critical review of interrelationships, Psychol Bull, 133, 245, 10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.245

Murray, 1997, Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study, Lancet, 349, 1498, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2

Nadal, 1998, Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine microinjections into the nucleus accumbens on ethanol and sucrose self-administration, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 22, 1190, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03898.x

Nashmi, 2007, Chronic nicotine cell specifically upregulates functional α4* nicotinic receptors: basis for both tolerance in midbrain and enhanced long-term potentiation in perforant path, J Neurosci, 27, 8202, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2199-07.2007

Naylor, 2005, Tolerance to nicotine in mice lacking α7 nicotinic receptors, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 180, 558, 10.1007/s00213-005-2187-5

Nelson, 1999, Single channel properties of human α3 AChRs: impact of β2, β4 and α5 subunits, J Physiol, 516, 657, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0657u.x

Neugebauer, 2006, Effect of a novel nicotinic receptor antagonist, N,N'-dodecane-1,12-diyl-bis-3-picolinium dibromide, on nicotine self-administration and hyperactivity in rats, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 184, 426, 10.1007/s00213-005-0163-8

Newman, 2001, Corticosterone-attenuating and anxiolytic properties of mecamylamine in the rat, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 25, 609, 10.1016/S0278-5846(00)00178-0

Newman, 2002, Anxiolytic effects of mecamylamine in two animal models of anxiety, Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 10, 18, 10.1037/1064-1297.10.1.18

Nibuya, 1996, Chronic antidepressant administration increases the expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in rat hippocampus, J Neurosci, 16, 2365, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-07-02365.1996

Nisell, 1994, Systemic nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens is regulated by nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area, Synapse, 16, 36, 10.1002/syn.890160105

Okuda, 1993, The presence of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactive synaptic vesicles in axon terminals with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-like immunoreactivity in the median eminence of the rat, Neurosci Lett, 161, 183, 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90289-W

Orr-Urtreger, 2005, Increased severity of experimental colitis in alpha 5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit-deficient mice, NeuroReport, 16, 1123, 10.1097/00001756-200507130-00018

Owens, 2003, α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate the effects of ethanol and nicotine on the acoustic startle response, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 27, 1867, 10.1097/01.ALC.0000102700.72447.0F

Panagis, 2000, Effects of methyllycaconitine (MLA), an α7 nicotinic receptor antagonist, on nicotine- and cocaine-induced potentiation of brain stimulation reward, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 149, 388, 10.1007/s002130000384

Papke, 1989, Single-channel currents of rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes, Neuron, 3, 589, 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90269-9

Parish, 2005, Mice lacking the α4 nicotinic receptor subunit fail to modulate dopaminergic neuronal arbors and possess impaired dopamine transporter function, Mol Pharmacol, 68, 1376, 10.1124/mol.104.004820

Park, 1997, Expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit, α9, in the guinea pig cochlea, Hear Res, 112, 95, 10.1016/S0378-5955(97)00111-1

Parker, 2004, Up-regulation of brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the rat during long-term self-administration of nicotine: disproportionate increase of the α6 subunit, Mol Pharmacol, 65, 611, 10.1124/mol.65.3.611

Parrott, 1993, Cigarette smoking: effects upon self-rated stress and arousal over the day, Addict Behav, 18, 389, 10.1016/0306-4603(93)90055-E

Parrott, 1994, Individual differences in stress and arousal during cigarette smoking, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 115, 389, 10.1007/BF02245082

Paylor, 1998, α7 nicotinic receptor subunits are not necessary for hippocampal-dependent learning or sensorimotor gating: a behavioral characterization of Acra7-deficient mice, Learn Mem, 5, 302, 10.1101/lm.5.4.302

Pencea, 2001, Infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor into the lateral ventricle of the adult rat leads to new neurons in the parenchyma of the striatum, septum, thalamus, and hypothalamus, J Neurosci, 21, 6706, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-17-06706.2001

Piasecki, 1998, Profiles in discouragement: two studies of variability in the time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms, J Abnorm Psychol, 107, 238, 10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.238

Piasecki, 2000, Smoking withdrawal dynamics in unaided quitters, J Abnorm Psychol, 109, 74, 10.1037/0021-843X.109.1.74

Piasecki, 2003, Smoking withdrawal dynamics: II. Improved tests of withdrawal-relapse relations, J Abnorm Psychol, 112, 14, 10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.14

Picciotto, 1995, Abnormal avoidance learning in mice lacking functional high-affinity nicotine receptor in the brain, Nature, 374, 65, 10.1038/374065a0

Picciotto, 1998, Acetylcholine receptors containing the β2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine, Nature, 391, 173, 10.1038/34413

Pichat, 2007, SSR180711, a novel selective α7 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: II. Efficacy in experimental models predictive of activity against cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 17, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301188

Pidoplichko, 1997, Nicotine activates and desensitizes midbrain dopamine neurons, Nature, 390, 401, 10.1038/37120

Pontieri, 1996, Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs, Nature, 382, 255, 10.1038/382255a0

Popik, 2003, Nicotine and nicotinic receptor antagonists potentiate the antidepressant-like effects of imipramine and citalopram, Br J Pharmacol, 139, 1196, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705359

Portugal, 2008, β2 subunit containing acetylcholine receptors mediate nicotine withdrawal deficits in the acquisition of contextual fear conditioning, Neurobiol Learn Mem, 89, 106, 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.05.002

Quik, 2000, Localization of nicotinic receptor subunit mRNAs in monkey brain by in situ hybridization, J Comp Neurol, 425, 58, 10.1002/1096-9861(20000911)425:1<58::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-X

Rabenstein, 2006, The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine has antidepressant-like effects in wild-type but not β2- or α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit knockout mice, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 189, 395, 10.1007/s00213-006-0568-z

Ramirez-Latorre, 1996, Functional contributions of α5 subunit to neuronal acetylcholine receptor channels, Nature, 380, 347, 10.1038/380347a0

Reid, 1998, Behavioral and neurochemical components of nicotine sensitization following 15-day pretreatment: studies on contextual conditioning, Behav Pharmacol, 9, 137

Ren, 2007, α7 Nicotinic receptor gene delivery into mouse hippocampal neurons leads to functional receptor expression, improved spatial memory-related performance, and tau hyperphosphorylation, Neuroscience, 145, 314, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.023

Reuben, 2000, Nicotinic receptors modulating somatodendritic and terminal dopamine release differ pharmacologically, Eur J Pharmacol, 393, 39, 10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00004-2

Risner, 1975, Self-administration of CNS stimulants by dog, Psychopharmacologia, 43, 207, 10.1007/BF00429252

Risner, 1983, A comparison of nicotine and cocaine self-administration in the dog: fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules of intravenous drug infusion, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 224, 319

Robles, 2008, Effects of moderate chronic ethanol consumption on hippocampal nicotinic receptors and associative learning, Neurobiol Learn Mem, 89, 497, 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.01.006

Rollema, 2007, Pharmacological profile of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist varenicline: an effective smoking cessation aid, Neuropharmacology, 52, 985, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.10.016

Rose, 2006, Nicotine and nonnicotine factors in cigarette addiction, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 184, 274, 10.1007/s00213-005-0250-x

Rose, 1989, Mecamylamine increases nicotine preference and attenuates nicotine discrimination, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 32, 933, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90061-0

Rose, 2003, Mecamylamine acutely increases human intravenous nicotine self-administration, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 76, 307, 10.1016/j.pbb.2003.08.011

Ross, 2000, Phenotypic characterization of an α4 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit knock-out mouse, J Neurosci, 20, 6431, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-17-06431.2000

Rossi, 2001, Requirement of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β2 subunit for the anatomical and functional development of the visual system, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 6453, 10.1073/pnas.101120998

Rupp, 1993, The costs of schizophrenia: assessing the burden, Psychiatr Clin North Am, 16, 413, 10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30182-5

Saccone, 2007, Cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes implicated in a nicotine dependence association study targeting 348 candidate genes with 3713 SNPs, Hum Mol Genet, 16, 36, 10.1093/hmg/ddl438

Sachs, 1991, Pharmacologic approaches to smoking cessation, Clin Chest Med, 12, 769

Sack, 2005, Lower core body temperature and attenuated nicotine-induced hypothermic response in mice lacking the β4 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit, Brain Res Bull, 66, 30, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.032

Sairanen, 2005, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and antidepressant drugs have different but coordinated effects on neuronal turnover, proliferation, and survival in the adult dentate gyrus, J Neurosci, 25, 1089, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3741-04.2005

Salas, 2003a, The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α5 mediates short-term effects of nicotine in vivo, Mol Pharmacol, 63, 1059, 10.1124/mol.63.5.1059

Salas, 2003b, Altered anxiety-related responses in mutant mice lacking the β4 subunit of the nicotinic receptor, J Neurosci, 23, 6255, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06255.2003

Salas, 2004, Decreased signs of nicotine withdrawal in mice null for the β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit, J Neurosci, 24, 10035, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1939-04.2004

Salas, 2007, Decreased withdrawal symptoms but normal tolerance to nicotine in mice null for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit, Neuropharmacology, 53, 863, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.08.017

Salminen, 2004, Subunit composition and pharmacology of two classes of striatal presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediating dopamine release in mice, Mol Pharmacol, 65, 1526, 10.1124/mol.65.6.1526

Santarelli, 2003, Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants, Science, 301, 805, 10.1126/science.1083328

Sargent, 1993, The diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Ann Rev Neurosci, 16, 403, 10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.002155

Schilstrom, 1998, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism in the ventral tegmental area diminishes the systemic nicotine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, Neuroscience, 82, 781, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00243-1

Schilstrom, 2000, Putative role of presynaptic α7* nicotinic receptors in nicotine stimulated increases of extracellular levels of glutamate and aspartate in the ventral tegmental area, Synapse, 38, 375, 10.1002/1098-2396(20001215)38:4<375::AID-SYN2>3.0.CO;2-Y

Schlaepfer, 2008, The CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster variability as an important determinant of early alcohol and tobacco initiation in young adults, Biol Psychiatry, 63, 1039, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.024

Seguela, 1993, Molecular cloning, functional properties, and distribution of rat brain α7: a nicotinic cation channel highly permeable to calcium, J Neurosci, 13, 596, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-02-00596.1993

Sheffield, 2000, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNA expression and channel function in medial habenula neurons, Neuropharmacology, 39, 2591, 10.1016/S0028-3908(00)00138-6

Shiffman, 1976, Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 50, 35, 10.1007/BF00634151

Shoaib, 2002, The role of nicotinic receptor beta-2 subunits in nicotine discrimination and conditioned taste aversion, Neuropharmacology, 42, 530, 10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00194-0

Shytle, 2002, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as targets for antidepressants, Mol Psychiatry, 7, 525, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001035

Skok, 2005, Nicotinic receptors regulate B lymphocyte activation and immune response, Eur J Pharmacol, 517, 246, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.05.011

Skok, 2006, The role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in lymphocyte development, J Neuroimmunol, 171, 86, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.09.011

Sofuoglu, 2008, Self-administration of intravenous nicotine in male and female cigarette smokers, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 715, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301460

Spealman, 1982, Maintenance of schedule-controlled behavior by intravenous injections of nicotine in squirrel monkeys, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 223, 402

Speilberger, 1986, Smoking and society: toward a more balanced assessment, 89

Spring, 2003, Reward value of cigarette smoking for comparably heavy smoking schizophrenic, depressed, and nonpatient smokers, Am J Psychiatry, 160, 316, 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.316

Steensland, 2007, Varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, selectively decreases ethanol consumption and seeking, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 12518, 10.1073/pnas.0705368104

Stolerman, 1995, The scientific case that nicotine is addictive, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 117, 2, 10.1007/BF02245088

Stolerman, 1979, Influencing cigarette smoking with nicotine antagonists, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 28, 247, 10.1007/BF00429305

Sudweeks, 2000, Functional and molecular characterization of neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons, J Physiol, 527, 515, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00515.x

Taly, 2005, Normal mode analysis suggests a quaternary twist model for the nicotinic receptor gating mechanism, Biophys J, 88, 3954, 10.1529/biophysj.104.050229

Tapper, 2004, Nicotine activation of α4* receptors: sufficient for reward, tolerance, and sensitization, Science, 306, 1029, 10.1126/science.1099420

Tapper, 2007, Nicotine responses in hypersensitive and knockout α4 mice account for tolerance to both hypothermia and locomotor suppression in wild-type mice, Physiol Genom, 31, 422, 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00063.2007

Thorgeirsson, 2008, A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease, Nature, 452, 638, 10.1038/nature06846

Tritto, 2004, Null mutant analysis of responses to nicotine: deletion of β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit but not α7 subunit reduces sensitivity to nicotine-induced locomotor depression and hypothermia, Nicotine Tob Res, 6, 145, 10.1080/14622200310001656966

Tucci, 2003, Methyllycaconitine (MLA) blocks the nicotine evoked anxiogenic effect and 5-HT release in the dorsal hippocampus: possible role of α7 receptors, Neuropharmacology, 44, 367, 10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00391-X

Unwin, 1995, Acetylcholine receptor channel imaged in the open state, Nature, 373, 37, 10.1038/373037a0

Unwin, 2005, Refined structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at 4A resolution, J Mol Biol, 346, 967, 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.12.031

Vailati, 1999, Functional α6-containing nicotinic receptors are present in chick retina, Mol Pharmacol, 56, 11, 10.1124/mol.56.1.11

Vetter, 1999, Role of α9 nicotinic ACh receptor subunits in the development and function of cochlear efferent innervation, Neuron, 23, 93, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80756-4

Villegier, 2007, Tranylcypromine enhancement of nicotine self-administration, Neuropharmacology, 52, 1415, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.02.001

Wada, 1989, Distribution of alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, and beta 2 neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit mRNAs in the central nervous system: a hybridization histochemical study in the rat, J Comp Neurol, 284, 314, 10.1002/cne.902840212

Wada, 1990, The distribution of mRNA encoded by a new member of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family (α5) in the rat central nervous system, Brain Res, 526, 45, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90248-A

Walters, 2006, The β2 but not α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is required for nicotine-conditioned place preference in mice, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 184, 339, 10.1007/s00213-005-0295-x

Wanamaker, 2003, Regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assembly, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 998, 66, 10.1196/annals.1254.009

Wang, 1996, Assembly of human neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha5 subunits with α3, β2, and β4 subunits, J Biol Chem, 271, 17656, 10.1074/jbc.271.30.17656

Ward, 1990, Methyllycaconitine: a selective probe for neuronal α-bungarotoxin binding sites, FEBS Lett, 270, 45, 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81231-C

Watkins, 1999, Blockade of nicotine self-administration with nicotinic antagonists in rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 62, 743, 10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00226-3

Watkins, 2000, Reward and somatic changes during precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats: centrally and peripherally mediated effects, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 292, 1053

Weeks, 1962, Experimental morphine addiction: method for automatic intravenous injections in unrestrained rats, Science, 138, 143, 10.1126/science.138.3537.143

West, 1997, What happens to anxiety levels on giving up smoking?, Am J Psychiatry, 154, 1589, 10.1176/ajp.154.11.1589

West, 2007, Effect of varenicline and bupropion SR on craving, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and rewarding effects of smoking during a quit attempt, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 197, 371, 10.1007/s00213-007-1041-3

West, 1984, Does switching to an ultra-low nicotine cigarette induce nicotine withdrawal effects?, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 84, 120, 10.1007/BF00432039

Wilson, 1972, The effects of chlorpromazine on psychomotor stimulant self-administration in the rhesus monkey, Psychopharmacologica, 26, 115, 10.1007/BF00422098

Wonnacott, 1997, Presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors, Trends Neurosci, 20, 92, 10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10073-4

Wu, 2007, Dopamine release in prefrontal cortex in response to β-amyloid activation of α7* nicotinic receptors, Brain Res, 1182, 82, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.079

Xu, 1999a, Megacystis, mydriasis, and ion channel defect in mice lacking the alpha3 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, 5746, 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5746

Xu, 1999b, Multiorgan autonomic dysfunction in mice lacking the β2 and the β4 subunits of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, J Neurosci, 19, 9298, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-21-09298.1999

Yoshimura, 2007, Negative allosteric modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors blocks nicotine self-administration in rats, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 323, 907, 10.1124/jpet.107.128751

Young, 2005, Mecamylamine and ethanol preference in healthy volunteers, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 29, 58, 10.1097/01.ALC.0000150007.34702.16

Young, 2007, Impaired attention is central to the cognitive deficits observed in alpha 7 deficient mice, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 17, 145, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.03.008

Yu, 1998, Functional contribution of the α5 subunit to neuronal nicotinic channels expressed by chick sympathetic ganglion neurones, J Physiol, 509, 667, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.667bm.x

Yu, 2007, Postnatal upregulation of α4 and α3 nicotinic receptor subunits in the brain of α7 nicotinic receptor-deficient mice, Neuroscience, 146, 1618, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.002

Yu, 2008, Nicotine self-administration differentially regulates hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin mRNAs and facilitates stress-induced neuronal activation, J Neurosci, 28, 2773, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3837-07.2008

Zachariou, 2001, Nicotine receptor inactivation decreases sensitivity to cocaine, Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 576, 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00224-4

Zanetti, 2007, Differential effects of nicotinic antagonists perfused into the nucleus accumbens or the ventral tegmental area on cocaine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of mice, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 190, 189, 10.1007/s00213-006-0598-6

Zernig, 1997, Nicotine and heroin augment cocaine-induced dopamine overflow in nucleus accumbens, Eur J Pharmacol, 337, 1, 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01184-9

Zhou, 2001, Endogenous nicotinic cholinergic activity regulates dopamine release in the striatum, Nat Neurosci, 4, 1224, 10.1038/nn769

Zoli, 1999, Increased neurodegeneration during ageing in mice lacking high-affinity nicotine receptors, EMBO J, 18, 1235, 10.1093/emboj/18.5.1235

Zoli, 2002, Identification of the nicotinic receptor subtypes expressed on dopaminergic terminals in the rat striatum, J Neurosci, 22, 8785, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-20-08785.2002

Zuo, 2001, Dual action of n-alcohols on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Mol Pharmacol, 60, 700

Zuo, 2002, Alcohol modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is α subunit dependent, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 26, 779