Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effects on endothelial function that are independent of lipid and antioxidant effects in healthy postmenopausal women

Desai, 1999, Surveillance for morbidity and mortality among older adults—United States, 1995–1996. CDC Surveillance Summaries, MMWR Mortal Morb Wkly Rep, 48, 7

Barrett-Conner, 1999, Hormones and heart disease in women: heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study in perspective, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 1848, 10.1210/jcem.84.6.5667

Joswig, 1999, Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and the vascular wall: mechanisms of 17 β-estradiol's effects on vascular biology, Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 107, 477, 10.1055/s-0029-1232556

Stampfer, 1991, Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study, N Engl J Med, 325, 756, 10.1056/NEJM199109123251102

Hulley, 1998, Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women, JAMA, 280, 605, 10.1001/jama.280.7.605

2002, Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 288, 321, 10.1001/jama.288.3.321

Kuiper, 1998, Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta, Endocrinology, 139, 4252, 10.1210/endo.139.10.6216

Hodges, 2000, Estrogen receptors alpha and beta: prevalence of estrogen receptor beta mRNA in human vascular smooth muscle and transcriptional effects, Circulation, 101, 1792, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.15.1792

Aavik, 2001, Estrogen receptor beta dominates in baboon carotid after endothelial denudation injury, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 182, 91, 10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00552-4

Kapiotis, 1997, Genistein, the dietary-derived angiogenesis inhibitor, prevents LDL oxidation and protects endothelial cells from damage by atherogenic LDL, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17, 2868, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.11.2868

Tikkanen, 1998, Effect of soybean phytoestrogen intake on low density lipoprotein oxidation resistance, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 3106, 10.1073/pnas.95.6.3106

Wiseman, 2000, Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F2-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans, Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 395, 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.395

Akiyama, 1987, Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases, J Biol Chem, 262, 5592, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45614-1

Shimokado, 1994, Ogata J. Protein tryosine kinase inhibitors inhibit chemotaxis of vascular smooth muscle cells, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 14, 973, 10.1161/01.ATV.14.6.973

Walker, 2001, The phytoestrogen genistein produces acute nitric oxide-dependent dilation of human forearm vasculature with similar potency to 17 β-estradiol, Circulation, 103, 258, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.2.258

Honore, 1997, Soy isoflavones enhance coronary vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic female macaques, Fertil Steril, 67, 148, 10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81872-9

Squadrito, 2000, Genistein supplementation and estrogen replacement therapy improve endothelial dysfunction induced by ovariectomy in rats, Cardiovasc Res, 45, 454, 10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00359-4

Williams, 2001, Interactive effects of soy protein and estradiol on coronary artery reactivity in atherosclerotic, ovariectomized monkeys, Menopause, 8, 307, 10.1097/00042192-200109000-00003

Nestel, 1997, Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17, 3392, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.12.3392

Squadrito, 2002, The effect of the phytoestrogen genistein on plasma nitric oxide concentrations, endothelin-1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women, Atherosclerosis, 163, 339, 10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00013-8

Simons, 2000, Phytoestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women, Am J Cardiol, 85, 1297, 10.1016/S0002-9149(00)00759-1

Hale, 2002, Isoflavone supplementation and endothelial function in menopausal women, Clin Endocrinol, 56, 693, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01533.x

Teede, 2001, Dietary soy has both beneficial and potentially adverse cardiovascular effects: a placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 3053

Corretti, 2002, Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 39, 257, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01746-6

Coward, 1996, Analysis of plasma isoflavones by reversed-phase HPLC-multiple reaction ion monitoring-mass spectrometry, Clin Chim Acta, 247, 121, 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06242-4

Friedewald, 1972, Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge, Clin Chem, 18, 499, 10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499

Kontush, 1997, Whole plasma oxidation assay as a measure of lipoprotein oxidizability, Biofactors, 6, 99, 10.1002/biof.5520060203

Brousseau, 1993, Sequential ultracentrifugation micromethod for separation of serum lipoproteins and assays of lipids, apolipoproteins, and lipoprotein particles, Clin Chem, 39, 960, 10.1093/clinchem/39.6.960

Esterbauer, 1989, Continuous monitoring of in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein, Free Radic Res Commun, 6, 67, 10.3109/10715768909073429

Gerhard, 1996, Aging progressively impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans, Hypertension, 27, 849, 10.1161/01.HYP.27.4.849

Perregaux, 1999, Effect of gender differences and estrogen replacement therapy on vascular reactivity, Metabolism, 48, 227, 10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90039-2

Lieberman, 1994, Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women, Ann Intern Med, 121, 936, 10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00005

Al-Khalili, 1998, Effect of conjugated estrogen on peripheral flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women, Am J Cardiol, 82, 215, 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00314-2

Gerhard, 1998, Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women, Circulation, 98, 1158, 10.1161/01.CIR.98.12.1158

Koh, 1999, Vascular effects of estrogen and vitamin E therapies in postmenopausal women, Circulation, 100, 1851, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.18.1851

Sorensen, 1998, Combined hormone replacement therapy does not protect women against the age-related decline in endothelium-dependent vasomotor function, Circulation, 97, 1234, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.13.1234

Cagnacci, 1999, Effect of prolonged administration of transdermal estradiol on flow-mediated endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation in healthy postmenopausal women, Am J Cardiol, 84, 367, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00300-8

Sirtori, 2001, Soy proteins and cardiovascular disease, Curr Atheroscler Rep, 3, 47, 10.1007/s11883-001-0010-2

Crouse, 1999, A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins, Arch Intern Med, 159, 2070, 10.1001/archinte.159.17.2070

Yildirir, 2001, Soy protein diet significantly improves endothelial function and lipid parameters, Clin Cardiol, 24, 711, 10.1002/clc.4960241105

Caulin-Glaser, 1998, Modulation of circulating cellular adhesion molecules in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 31, 1555, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00145-4

Jager, 2000, Increased levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 are associated with risk of cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes. The Hoorn study, Diabetes, 49, 485, 10.2337/diabetes.49.3.485

Demerath, 2001, The relationship of soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin and E-selectin to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy men and women, Ann Human Biol, 28, 664, 10.1080/03014460110048530

Koh, 1997, Effects of hormone therapy on inflammatory cell adhesion molecules in postmenopausal healthy women, Am J Cardiol, 80, 1505, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00732-7

Cushman, 1999, Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Intervention (PEPI) study, Circulation, 100, 717, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.7.717

Baum, 1998, Long-term intake of soy protein improves blood lipid profiles and increases mononuclear cell low-density-lipoprotein receptor messenger RNA in hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 68, 545, 10.1093/ajcn/68.3.545

Wangen, 2001, Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 73, 225, 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.225

Gardner, 2001, The effect of soy protein with or without isoflavones relative to milk protein on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 73, 728, 10.1093/ajcn/73.4.728

Potter, 1998, Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 68, 1375S, 10.1093/ajcn/68.6.1375S

Vigna, 2000, Plasma lipoproteins in soy-treated postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 10, 315

Jenkins, 2002, Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic men and women, Am J Clin Nutr, 76, 365, 10.1093/ajcn/76.2.365

Dent, 2001, Soy protein intake by perimenopausal women does not affect circulating lipids and lipoproteins or coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, J Nutr, 131, 2280, 10.1093/jn/131.9.2280

Meinertz, 1988, Effects of soy protein and casein in low cholesterol diets on plasma lipoproteins in normolipidemic subjects, Atherosclerosis, 72, 63, 10.1016/0021-9150(88)90063-9

Sacks, 1983, Lack of an effect of dairy protein (casein) and soy protein on plasma cholesterol of strict vegetarians. An experiment and a critical review, J Lipid Res, 24, 1012, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37915-3

Hsu, 2001, Soy isoflavone supplementation in postmenopausal women. Effects on plasma lipids, antioxidant enzyme activities and bone density, J Reprod Med, 46, 221

Jenkins, 2000, Effect of soy protein foods on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and ex vivo sex hormone receptor activity—a controlled crossover trial, Metabolism, 49, 537, 10.1016/S0026-0495(00)80022-0