Social Policy and Sexual Offenders: Contrasting United States' and European Policies

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research - Tập 8 - Trang 423-440 - 2000
Roxanne Lueb1
1Washington State Institute of Public Policy, Olympia, USA

Tóm tắt

This article contrasts US and European social policies with regard to sexual offending. The three waves of social policy which are discernible in the United States' history (sexual psychopath laws, the focus on the domestic sex crimes under the influence of feminism, and a renewed attention towards sexual predators) are first described. The most significant policy trend at present concerning sex offences focuses on government controls after release. The broad overview of European countries' solutions to the same problems, concentrates on the contrasts and similarities between Europe and the United States. At present, the United States and parts of Europe are both focused on ways to increase public protection from sex offenders, particularly in ways outside the context of the criminal law. The harm caused by sex offences, in combination with the persistent nature of some patterns of sex offending, has caused citizens and governments to push for specialised remedies and powers.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams, D.B., Summary of State Sex Offender Registry Dissemination Procedures: Update 1999. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics Fact Sheet (August), 1999.

Albrecht, H.-J., Dangerous criminal offenders in the German criminal justice system. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 10(2), pp. 69-73, 1997.

Anttila, I., Incarceration for Crimes Never Committed. Helsinki: Research Institute of Legal Policy, 1975.

Ayres B.D. Jr., California child molesters face 'chemical castration'. The New York Times, p. A10, 27 August 1996.

BBC News, UK charity exposes child abuse 'silence'. 26 May 1999. http://news6.thdo.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/newsid%5F352000/352673.stm.

BBC News, Make offenders get help-Bingham. 27 January 2000a. http://news6.thdo.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/newsid%5F620000/620562.stm.

BBC News, Lifelong order plan unveiled. 26 June 2000b. http://news6.thdo.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/scotland/newsid%5F806000/806164.stm.

BBC News, To name and shame. 24 July 2000c. http://news6.thdo.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/newsid%5F848000/848759.stm.

BBC News, Should paedophiles be named and shamed? 31 July 2000d. http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/talking_point/newsid_848000/848780.stm.

BBC Politics, Broad Welcome for Government Guidelines on Paedophiles. 1997. http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/08/0811/police.shtml.

Berliner, L., D. Schram, L. Miller and D.C. Milloy, A sentencing alternative for sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, pp. 487-502, 1995.

Brakel, S.J., J. Parry and B.A. Weiner, The Mentally Disabled and the Law, 3rd ed. Chicago: American Bar Foundation, 1985.

Butler, K., Shame of UE over 500,000 Sex Slaves. 28 April 1997. http://www.poptel.net/ aries/women/archive/msg00039.html.

Centre for Europe's Children, The Council of Europe and the Centre for Europe's Children, 2000. http://www.eurochild.gla.ac.uk/centre/coe.htm.

Clark, J., J. Austin and D.A. Henry, 'Three Strikes and You're Out': A review of state legislation. Research in Brief (newsletter). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, September, 1997.

English, K., S. Pullen and L. Jones, Managing adult sex offenders in the community-A containment approach. Research in Brief (newsletter). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, January, 1997.

Finkelhor, D., Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research. New York: Free Press, 1984.

Finn, P., Sex offender community notification. Research in Action (newsletter) Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, February, 1997.

Floud, J. and W. Young, Dangerousness and Criminal Justice. Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble, 1982.

Freedman, E.B., 'Uncontrolled desires': The response to the sexual psychopath, 1920-1960. Journal of American History, 74, pp. 83-106, 1987.

Glaberson, W., At center of 'Megan's Law' case, a man the system couldn't reach. New York Times, p. C10, 6 May 1996.

Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry. Psychiatry and Sex Psychopath Legislation: The 30s to the 80s. New York: Mental Health Materials Center, Inc, 1977.

Grove, W.M. and P.E. Meehl, Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical statistical controversy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2, pp. 293-323, 1996.

Guttmacher, M.S. and H. Weihofen, Psychiatry and the Law. New York: W.W. Norton and Company Inc, 1952.

Hagell, A., The Dangerous Carers Project: A European Pilot of a New Information Gathering Schedule, 1997. Executive Summary. http://www.eurochild.gla.ac.uk/documents/ childwelfare/daphneexecsummary.htm.

Hansen, J.O., Sexual predators: Why Megan's Law is not enough. Atlanta Journal-Constitution, p. D11, 10 June 1997.

Harvard Law Review, Recent legislation. 108, pp. 787-792, 1995.

Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO), Sex Offenders Act 1997, Chap. 51. Acts of Parliament. London: HMSO, 1997.

Hilpern, K., Child protection: The law and the lynch mob. The Guardian, p. 22, 19 February 1997.

Home Office, The Crime and Disorder Act: Sex Offender Orders-Guidance, 1998. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/cdact/soo.htm.

Jerusalem, M.P., A framework for post-sentence sex offender legislation: Perspectives on prevention, registration, and the public's 'right' to know. Vanderbilt Law Review, 48, pp. 219-255, 1995.

Koss, M.P. and M.R. Harvey, The Rape Victim: Clinical and Community Interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1991.

LaFond, J.Q., Washington's sexually violent predator law: A deliberate misuse of the therapeutic state for social control. University of Puget Sound Law Review, 15, pp. 655-708, 1992.

Lieb, R., V. Quinsey and L. Berliner, Sexual predators and social policy. In: M. Tonry (Ed), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (23), pp. 43-114. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Mathiesen, T., The Defenses of the Weak: A Sociological Study of a Norwegian Correctional Institution. London: Tavistock, 1965.

Matson, S. and R. Lieb, Sex Offender Community Notification: A Review of Laws in 32 States. Olympia, WS: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 1996.

Matson, S. and R. Lieb, Sexual Predator Commitment Laws. Olympia, WS: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 1997.

Meijers Institute, Frequency Tables: TBS Population 1990-1996. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Meijers Institute, 1997.

Montana, J.A., An ineffective weapon in the fight against child sexual abuse: New Jersey's Megan's Law. Journal of Law and Policy, 3, pp. 569-604, 1995.

Moyer, L.K., The mentally abnormal offender in Sweden: An overview and comparisons with American law. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 22, pp. 71-106, 1974.

National Conference of State Legislatures, 'Three Strikes' Legislation Update. Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures, 1996.

The Netherlands, Ministry of Justice, TBS: A Special Hospital Order of the Dutch Criminal Code. Memorandum of the Dutch Government. The Hague: Ministry of Justice, 1994.

Petrunik, M., Models of Dangerousness: A Cross Jurisdictional Review of Dangerousness Legislation and Practice. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada, 1994.

Phillips, D.M. and R. Troyano, Community Notification as Viewed by Washington's Citizens. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 1998.

Prager, I., 'Sexual psychopathology' and child molesters: The experiment fails. Journal of Juvenile Law, 6, pp. 49-79, 1982.

Prentky, R.A., Community notification and constructive risk reduction. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, pp. 295-298, 1996.

Quinsey, V.L., G.T. Harris and M.E. Rice, Violent Offenders: Appraising and Managing Risk. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1998.

Radio Address of the President. Chicago, IL: Office of the Press Secretary, 22 June 1996.

Rudin, J.B., Megan's law: Can it stop sexual predators-and at what cost to constitutional rights? Criminal Justice, 11, pp. 3-10, 60-63, 1996.

Sansone, J., Sentencing, Corrections and Special Treatment Services in Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands. Hartford, CT: Hartford Institute of Criminal and Social Justice, 1976.

Serrill, M.S., Profile/Denmark. Corrections Magazine, 3, pp. 23-29, 1977.

Spohn, C. and J. Horney, Rape Law Reform: A Grassroots Revolution and Its Impact. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.

Stanford Law Review, Sane laws for sexual psychopaths. 1, pp. 486-496, 1949.

Sutherland, E.H., The diffusion of sexual psychopathy laws. American Journal of Sociology, 56, pp. 142-148, 1950.

Tonry, M., Mandatory penalties. In: M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 16, pp. 243-273. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Criminal registration ordinances: Police control over potential recidivists. 103, pp. 60-112, 1954.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research

Tập 8

423-440

Thông tin tác giả