Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Disease Burden, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Whiteman DC, Green AC, Olsen CM. Growing burden of invasive melanoma: projections of incidence rates and numbers of new cases in six susceptible populations through 2031. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:1161–71.
Lasithiotakis K, Kruger-Krasagakis S, Manousaki A, Ioannidou D, Panagiotides I, Tosca A. The incidence of cutaneous melanoma on Crete, Greece. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45:397–401.
Mansson-Brahme E, Johansson H, Larsson O, Rutqvist LE, Ringborg U. Trends in incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in a Swedish population 1976–1994. Acta Oncol. 2002;41:138–46.
Stang A, Pukkala E, Sankila R, Soderman B, Hakulinen T. Time trend analysis of the skin melanoma incidence of Finland from 1953 through 2003 including 16,414 cases. Int J Cancer. 2006;119:380–4.
Ulmer MJ, Tonita JM, Hull PR. Trends in invasive cutaneous melanoma in Saskatchewan 1970-1999. J Cutan Med Surg. 2003;7:433–42.
Dennis LK. Analysis of the melanoma epidemic, both apparent and real: data from the 1973 through 1994 surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program registry. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:275–80.
Geller AC, Miller DR, Annas GD, Demierre MF, Gilchrest BA, Koh HK. Melanoma incidence and mortality among US whites, 1969–1999. JAMA. 2002;288:1719–20.
Hall HI, Miller DR, Rogers JD, Bewerse B. Update on the incidence and mortality from melanoma in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:35–42.
Perera E, Gnaneswaran N, Staines C, Win AK, Sinclair R. Incidence and prevalence of non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: a systematic review. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56:258–67.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2016. http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-047079.pdf . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
National Cancer Institute. SEER Stats Fact Sheets: Melanoma of the skin. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/melan.html . Accessed 13 July 2016.
Monshi B, Vujic M, Kivaranovic D, et al. The burden of malignant melanoma—lessons to be learned from Austria. Eur J Cancer. 2016;56:45–53.
Erdmann F, Lortet-Tieulent J, Schuz J, et al. International trends in the incidence of malignant melanoma 1953–2008—are recent generations at higher or lower risk? Int J Cancer. 2013;132:385–400.
Linos E, Swetter SM, Cockburn MG, Colditz GA, Clarke CA. Increasing burden of melanoma in the United States. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:1666–74.
Shaikh WR, Dusza SW, Weinstock MA, Oliveria SA, Geller AC, Halpern AC. Melanoma thickness and survival trends in the United States, 1989 to 2009. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108:pii-djv294.
Higgins HW, Lee KC, Galan A, Leffell DJ. Melanoma in situ: part I. Epidemiology, screening, and clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;73:181–90.
Frangos JE, Duncan LM, Piris A, et al. Increased diagnosis of thin superficial spreading melanomas: a 20-year study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:387–94.
Welch HG, Woloshin S, Schwartz LM. Skin biopsy rates and incidence of melanoma: population based ecological study. BMJ. 2005;331:481.
Katalinic A, Kunze U, Schafer T. Epidemiology of cutaneous melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany: incidence, clinical subtypes, tumour stages and localization (epidemiology of skin cancer). Br J Dermatol. 2003;149:1200–6.
Leiter U, Garbe C. Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer—the role of sunlight. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;624:89–103.
Eide MJ, Krajenta R, Johnson D, et al. Identification of patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer using health maintenance organization claims data. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171:123–8.
Fransen M, Karahalios A, Sharma N, English DR, Giles GG, Sinclair RD. Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia. Med J Aust. 2012;197:565–8.
Mudigonda T, Pearce DJ, Yentzer BA, Williford P, Feldman SR. The economic impact of non-melanoma skin cancer: a review. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2010;8:888–96.
Qureshi AA, Wei-Passanese EX, Li T, Han J. Host risk factors for the development of multiple non-melanoma skin cancers. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:565–70.
Flohil SC, Seubring I, van Rossum MM, Coebergh JW, De Vries E, Nijsten T. Trends in basal cell carcinoma incidence rates: a 37-year Dutch observational study. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:913–8.
Wehner MR, Shive ML, Chren MM, Han J, Qureshi AA, Linos E. Indoor tanning and non-melanoma skin cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e5909.
Argenziano G, Zalaudek I, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, et al. Total body skin examination for skin cancer screening in patients with focused symptoms. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66:212–9.
Argenziano G, Giacomel J, Zalaudek I, et al. Twenty nevi on the arms: a simple rule to identify patients younger than 50 years of age at higher risk for melanoma. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2014;23:458–63.
Giavedoni P, Puig S, Carrera C. Noninvasive imaging for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2016;35:31–41.
Menge TD, Pellacani G. Advances in noninvasive imaging of melanoma. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2016;35:18–24.
Deinlein T, Richtig G, Schwab C, et al. The use of dermatoscopy in diagnosis and therapy of nonmelanocytic skin cancer. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2016;14:144–51.
Di Carlo A, Elia F, Desiderio F, Catricala C, Solivetti FM, Laino L. Can video thermography improve differential diagnosis and therapy between basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis? Dermatol Ther. 2014;27:290–7.
Ulrich M, Themstrup L, de Carvalho N, et al. Dynamic optical coherence tomography in dermatology. Dermatology. 2016;232:298–311.
Nashan D, Dirschka T. Aktinische Keratosen. Der Fokus verlagert sich hin zu einer feldgerichteten Therapie. Dtsch Dermatol. 2014;62:42–7.
Werner RN, Stockfleth E, Connolly SM, et al. Evidence- and consensus-based (S3) Guidelines for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis—International League of Dermatological Societies in cooperation with the European Dermatology Forum—Short version. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:2069–79.
Criscione VD, Weinstock MA, Naylor MF, Luque C, Eide MJ, Bingham SF. Actinic keratoses: natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial. Cancer. 2009;115:2523–30.
Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS. Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet. 1988;1:795–7.
Dodson JM, DeSpain J, Hewett JE, Clark DP. Malignant potential of actinic keratoses and the controversy over treatment. A patient-oriented perspective. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127:1029–31.
Schmitz L, Kahl P, Majores M, Bierhoff E, Stockfleth E, Dirschka T. Actinic keratosis: correlation between clinical and histological classification systems. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:1303–7.
Sekulic A, Migden MR, Oro AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2171–9.
Eroglu Z, Ribas A. Combination therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors for melanoma: latest evidence and place in therapy. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2016;8:48–56.
Dhillon S. Dabrafenib plus trametinib: a review in advanced melanoma with a BRAF (V600) mutation. Target Oncol. 2016;11:417–28.
Atkins MB, Larkin J. Immunotherapy combined or sequenced with targeted therapy in the treatment of solid tumors: current perspectives. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108:djv414.
Long G, et al. A phase 1/3 multicenter trial of talimogene laherparepvec in combination with pembrolizumab for unresected, stage IIIB-IV melanoma (MASTERKEY-265). J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(Suppl):abstr TPS9598.
Marrone KA, Ying W, Naidoo J. Immune-related adverse events from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;100:242–51.
Brondum-Jacobsen P, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Benn M. Skin cancer as a marker of sun exposure associates with myocardial infarction, hip fracture and death from any cause. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:1486–96.
Lindqvist PG, Epstein E, Landin-Olsson M, et al. Avoidance of sun exposure is a risk factor for all-cause mortality: results from the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort. J Intern Med. 2014;276:77–86.
Zittermann A. Vitamin D and disease prevention with special reference to cardiovascular disease. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;92:39–48.
Imperial College London School of Public Health. Country trends in metabolic risk factors. https://www1.imperial.ac.uk/publichealth/departments/ebs/projects/eresh/majidezzati/healthmetrics/metabolicriskfactors/metabolic_risk_factor_maps/ . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
Brennan PJ, Greenberg G, Miall WE, Thompson SG. Seasonal variation in arterial blood pressure. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:919–23.
Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2224–60.
Murray CJ, Ezzati M, Flaxman AD, et al. GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics. Lancet. 2012;380:2063–6.
Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, et al. Systematic review: vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:307–14.
Parker J, Hashmi O, Dutton D, et al. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2010;65:225–36.
Chowdhury R, Kunutsor S, Vitezova A, et al. Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ. 2014;348:g1903.
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:307–20.
Feelisch M, Kolb-Bachofen V, Liu D, et al. Is sunlight good for our heart? Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1041–5.
Mowbray M, McLintock S, Weerakoon R, et al. Enzyme-independent NO stores in human skin: quantification and influence of UV radiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:834–42.
Liu D, Fernandez BO, Hamilton A, et al. UVA irradiation of human skin vasodilates arterial vasculature and lowers blood pressure independently of nitric oxide synthase. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134:1839–46.
Geldenhuys S, Hart PH, Endersby R, et al. Ultraviolet radiation suppresses obesity and symptoms of metabolic syndrome independently of vitamin D in mice fed a high-fat diet. Diabetes. 2014;63:3759–69.
Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev Med Virol. 2015;25(Suppl 1):2–23.
World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer fact sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs380/en/ #. Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, et al. A review of human carcinogens—part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:321–2.
de Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:1048–56.
de Sanjose S, Alemany L, Ordi J, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus genotype attribution in over 2000 cases of intraepithelial and invasive lesions of the vulva. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:3450–61.
Alemany L, Saunier M, Tinoco L, et al. Large contribution of human papillomavirus in vaginal neoplastic lesions: a worldwide study in 597 samples. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50:2846–54.
Alemany L, Saunier M, varado-Cabrero I, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA prevalence and type distribution in anal carcinomas worldwide. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:98–107.
Castellsague X, Alemany L, Quer M, et al. HPV Involvement in Head and Neck Cancers: Comprehensive Assessment of Biomarkers in 3680 Patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108:djv403.
Alemany L, Cubilla A, Halec G, et al. Role of Human Papillomavirus in Penile Carcinomas Worldwide. Eur Urol. 2016;69:953–61.
Moscicki AB, Schiffman M, Burchell A, et al. Updating the natural history of human papillomavirus and anogenital cancers. Vaccine. 2012;30(Suppl 5):F24–33.
Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, et al. Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2645–54.
Castellsague X, Bosch FX, Munoz N, et al. Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1105–12.
Castellsague X, Diaz M, Vaccarella S, et al. Intrauterine device use, cervical infection with human papillomavirus, and risk of cervical cancer: a pooled analysis of 26 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:1023–31.
Bosch FX, Broker TR, Forman D, et al. Comprehensive control of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases. Vaccine. 2013;31(Suppl 7):H1–31.
Zakrzewska K, Regalbuto E, Pierucci F, et al. Pattern of HPV infection in basal cell carcinoma and in perilesional skin biopsies from immunocompetent patients. Virol J. 2012;9:309.
Borgogna C, Zavattaro E, De Andrea M, et al. Characterization of beta papillomavirus E4 expression in tumours from Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis patients and in experimental models. Virology. 2012;423:195–204.
McLaughlin-Drubin ME. Human papillomaviruses and non-melanoma skin cancer. Semin Oncol. 2015;42:284–90.
National Center for Respiratory Diseases. HP vaccine information for clinicians. https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/hcp/need-to-know.pdf . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM, et al. Overall efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against grade 3 or greater cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomised, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:89–99.
Dillner J, Kjaer SK, Wheeler CM, et al. Four year efficacy of prophylactic human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine against low grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and anogenital warts: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c3493.
Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE, et al. A 9-valent HPV vaccine against infection and intraepithelial neoplasia in women. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:711–23.
Giuliano AR, Palefsky JM, Goldstone S, et al. Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV Infection and disease in males. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:401–11.
Luna J, Plata M, Gonzalez M, et al. Long-term follow-up observation of the safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of Gardasil in adult women. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e83431.
Palefsky JM, Giuliano AR, Goldstone S, et al. HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1576–85.
Drolet M, Benard E, Boily MC, et al. Population-level impact and herd effects following human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:565–80.
EMC. Efudix cream summary of product characteristics. http://www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/6219 . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
EMC. Actikerall 5 mg/g + 100 mg/g cutaneous solution summary of product characteristics. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24614 . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
EMC. Solaraze summary of product characteristics. http://www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/21229 . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
EMC. Aldara 5% cream summary of product characteristics. http://www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/8 . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
EMC. Zyclara 3.75% cream summary of product characteristics. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/27323 . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
EMC. Picato 500 mcg/g gel summary of product characteristics. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/27247 . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.
EMC. Picato 150 mcg/g gel summary of product characteristics. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/27246 . Accessed 2 Aug 2016.