Single shot spinal anaesthesia with hypobaric bupivacaine for hip fracture repair surgery in the elderly. Randomized, double blinded comparison of 3.75mg vs. 7.5mg

Errando, 2014, Single shot spinal anesthesia with very low hyperbaric bupivacaine dose (3.75mg) for hip fracture repair surgery in the elderly. A randomized, double blinded study, Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim Alonso-Chico, 2003, Comparación de la respuesta hemodinámica en la anestesia subaracnoidea con bupivacaína frente a bupivacaína con fentanilo en cirugía traumatológica en ancianos, Rev. Esp. Anestesiol. Reanim., 50, 17 GEIOS. Grupo de Estudio e Investigación de la Osteoporosis de la Sociedad Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, 2009 Clegg, 2013, Frailty in elderly people, Lancet, 381, 752, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9 Escolano, 2006, Anestesias en Cataluña en las edades extremas: pediatría y geriatría, Med. Clin. (Barc)., 126, 62, 10.1157/13088806 Piscitelli, 2012, Incidence and costs of hip fractures vs strokes and acute myocardial infarction in Italy: comparative analysis based on national hospitalization records, Clin Interv Aging, 7, 575, 10.2147/CIA.S36828 Formiga, 2005, Mortalidad por fractura de fémur: analizando las causas de un viejo problema, Med. Clin. (Barc)., 124, 55, 10.1157/13070458 Smektala, 2008, The effect of time-to-surgery on outcome in elderly patients with proximal femoral fractures, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 9, 171, 10.1186/1471-2474-9-171 Reguant, 2012, Prognostic factors for mortality in elderly patients with hip fracture, Rev. Esp. Anestesiol. Reanim., 59, 289, 10.1016/j.redar.2012.03.006 Fernandez-Moyano, 2014, Comprehensive care program for elderly patients over 65 years with hip fracture, Rev. Clin. Esp., 1, 17 Thiagarajah, 2011, The management and mortality of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery following recent acute myocardial infarction, Acta Orthop. Belg., 77, 626 Komarasamy, 2007, Mortality following hip fracture surgery in patients with recent myocardial infarction, Ann Royal Coll Surg Engl, 89, 521, 10.1308/003588407X187720 Huddleston, 2012, Myocardial infarction after hip fracture repair: a population-based study, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 60, 2020, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04205.x Gupta, 2012, Clinical presentation and outcome of perioperative myocardial infarction in the very elderly following hip fracture surgery, J Hosp Med, 7, 713, 10.1002/jhm.1967 Nakasuji, 2012, Hypotension from spinal anesthesia in patients aged greater than 80 years is due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance, J. Clin. Anesth., 24, 201, 10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.07.014 Veering, 2006, Hemodynamic effects of central neural blockade in elderly patients, Can J Anesth, 53, 117, 10.1007/BF03021814 Pairtridge, 2012, Frailty in the older surgical patent: a review, Age Ageing, 41, 142, 10.1093/ageing/afr182 Horlocker, 1993, Density, specific gravity, and baricity of spinal anesthetic solutions at body temperature, Anesth. Analg., 76, 1015, 10.1213/00000539-199305000-00018 Malinovsky, 1999, Intrathecal bupivacaine in humans: influence of volume and baricity of solutions, Anesthesiology, 91, 1260, 10.1097/00000542-199911000-00016 Sen, 2010, Comparison of intrathecal hyperbaric and isobaric levobupivacaine in urological surgery, Minerva Anestesiol., 76, 24 Faust, 2003, Isobaric versus hypobaric spinal bupivacaine for total hip arthroplasty in the lateral position, Anesth. Analg., 97, 589, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000070228.13782.ED Biboulet, 1998, Causes and prediction of maldistribution during continuous spinal anesthesia with isobaric or hyperbaric bupivacaine, Anesthesiology, 88, 1487, 10.1097/00000542-199806000-00011 Meyhoff, 2009, Is it possible to predict hypotension during onset of spinal anesthesia in elderly patients?, J. Clin. Anesth., 21, 23, 10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.06.015 Abou-Setta, 2011, Comparative effectiveness of pain management interventions for hip fracture: a systematic review, Ann. Intern. Med., 155, 234, 10.7326/0003-4819-155-4-201108160-00346 Luger, 2010, Neuroaxial versus general anaesthesia in geriatric patients for hip fracture surgery: does it matter?, Osteoporosis Int, 21, S555, 10.1007/s00198-010-1399-7 Rodgers, 2000, Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials, BMJ, 321, 1493, 10.1136/bmj.321.7275.1493 Biboulet, 2012, Hemodynamic profile of target-controlled spinal anesthesia compared with 2 target-controlled general anesthesia techniques in elderly patients with cardiac comorbidities, Reg. Anesth. Pain Med., 37, 433, 10.1097/AAP.0b013e318252e901 Hunt, 2013, 90-Day mortality after 409,096 total hip replacements for osteoarthritis, from the National Joint Registry for England and Wales: a retrospective analysis, Lancet, 382, 1097, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61749-3 Critchley, 1996, Hypotension, subarachnoid block and the elderly patient, Anaesthesia, 51, 1139, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb15051.x Gray, 1999, Drug-induced cognition disorders in the elderly: incidence, prevention and management, Drug Saf., 21, 101, 10.2165/00002018-199921020-00004 Hogan, 2007, Trying to understand spinal anesthesia, Can J Anesth, 54, 607, 10.1007/BF03022953 Higuchi, 2004, Influence of lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid density, velocity, and volume on extent and duration of plain bupivacaine spinal anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 100, 106, 10.1097/00000542-200401000-00019 De Santiago, 2011, Selected spinal anesthesia: diluted solutions and low dosages, Rev. Esp. Anestesiol. Reanim., 58, 201, 10.1016/S0034-9356(11)70040-8 De Santiago, 2010, Low-dose hypobaric spinal anesthesia for anorectal surgery in jackknife position: levobupivacaine-fentanyl compared to lidocaine-fentanyl, Rev. Esp. Anestesiol. Reanim., 57, 565, 10.1016/S0034-9356(10)70283-8 De Santiago, 2011, Low-dose, low-concentration levobupivacaine plus fentanyl selective spinal anesthesia for knee arthroscopy: a dose finding study, Anesth. Analg., 112, 477, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318202cd03 Asehnoune, 2005, Small-dose bupivacaine-sufentanil prevents cardiac output modifications after spinal anesthesia, Anesth. Analg., 101, 1512, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000180996.91358.CC Ben-David, 2000, Minidose bupivacaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture in the aged, Anesthesiology, 92, 6, 10.1097/00000542-200001000-00007 Olofsson, 2004, Low-dose bupivacaine with sufentanil prevents hypotension after spinal anesthesia for hip repair in elderly patients, Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 48, 1240, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00504.x Zohar, 2007, Intrathecal anesthesia for elderly patients undergoing short transurethral procedures: a dose-finding study, Anesth. Analg., 104, 552, 10.1213/01.ane.0000255329.55037.cd Parlow, 1999, Addition of opioids alters the density and spread of intrathecal local anesthetics? An in vitro study, Can J Anesth, 46, 66, 10.1007/BF03012518 Fernandez-Galinski, 1996, Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl in geriatric patients, Anesth. Analg., 83, 537, 10.1213/00000539-199609000-00017 Carpenter, 1998, Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume is the primary determinant of sensory block extent and duration during spinal anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 89, 24, 10.1097/00000542-199807000-00007 Khatouf, 2005, Rachianesthésie hypobare unilatérale chez le sujet âgé pour la chirurgie traumatique de la hanche: étude pilote, Ann Fr Anesth Réanim, 24, 249, 10.1016/j.annfar.2004.12.027 Minville, 2006, Spinal anesthesia using single injection small-dose bupivacaine versus continuous catheter injection techniques for surgical repair of hip fracture in elderly patients, Anesth. Analg., 102, 1559, 10.1213/01.ane.0000218421.18723.cf Sharrock, 2000, Fractured femur in the elderly: intensive perioperative care is warranted, Br. J. Anaesth., 84, 139, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013392 Cook, 2003, Priorities in perioperative geriatrics, Anesth. Analg., 96, 1823, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000063822.02757.41 Foss, 2005, Mortality analysis in hip fracture patients: implications for design of future outcome trials, Br. J. Anaesth., 94, 24, 10.1093/bja/aei010 Brossa-Torruella, 2005, Mortalidad a los tres años de los pacientes con fractura de fémur, Med. Clin. (Barc)., 124, 53, 10.1157/13070452 Chilov, 2003, Evidence-based guidelines for fixing broken hips: an update, Med J Austral, 179, 489, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05653.x Favarel-Garrigues, 1996, Hemodynamic effects of spinal anestesia in the elderly: single dose versus titration through a catheter, Anesth. Analg., 82, 312 De Andres, 1995, Continuous spinal anaesthesia versus single dosing. A comparative study, Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 12, 135 de Andres, 1994, Comparison of continuous spinal anaesthesia using a 32-gauge catheter with anaesthesia using a single-dose 24-gauge atraumatic needle in young patients, Br. J. Anaesth., 73, 747, 10.1093/bja/73.6.747 Goy, 2004, Sensorimotor anesthesia and hypotension after subarachnoid block: combined spinal-epidural versus single-shot spinal technique, Anesth. Analg., 98, 491, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000097182.21374.DE O’Keeffe, 1994, Postoperative delirium in the elderly, Br. J. Anaesth., 73, 673, 10.1093/bja/73.5.673 Wu, 2004, Postoperative cognitive function as an outcome of regional anesthesia and analgesia, Reg. Anesth. Pain Med., 29, 257, 10.1097/00115550-200405000-00013