Sequence-specific detection of individual DNA strands using engineered nanopores

Eigen, M. & Rigler, R. Sorting single molecules: application to diagnostics and evolutionary biotechnology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5740–5747 (1994).

Strunz, T., Oroszlan, K., Schafer, R. & Guntherodt, H.J. Dynamic force spectroscopy of single DNA molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 11277–11282 (1999).

Smith, S.B., Cui, Y. & Bustamante, C. Overstretching B-DNA: the elastic response of individual double-stranded and single-stranded DNA molecules. Science 271, 795–799 (1996).

Rief, M., Clausen-Schaumann, H. & Gaub, H.E. Sequence-dependent mechanics of single DNA molecules. Nat. Struct. Biol. 6, 346–349 (1999).

Kasianowicz, J.J., Brandin, E., Branton, D. & Deamer, D.W. Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 13770–13773 (1996).

Henrickson, S.E., Misakian, M., Robertson, B. & Kasianowicz, J.J. Driven DNA transport into an asymmetric nanometer-scale pore. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3057–3060 (2000).

Akeson, M., Branton, D., Kasianowicz, J.J., Brandin, E. & Deamer, D.W. Microsecond time-scale discrimination among polycytidylic acid, polyadenylic acid, and polyuridylic acid as homopolymers or as segments within single RNA molecules. Biophys. J. 77, 3227–3233 (1999).

Meller, A., Nivon, L., Brandin, E., Golovchenko, J. & Branton, D. Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 1079–1084 (2000).

Vercoutere, W. et al. Rapid discrimination among individual DNA hairpin molecules at single-nucleotide resolution using an ion channel. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 248–252 (2001).

Song, L. et al. Structure of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin, a heptameric transmembrane pore. Science 274, 1859–1866 (1996).

Aboul-ela, F., Koh, D., Tinoco, I. Jr. & Martin, F.H. Base-base mismatches. Thermodynamics of double helix formation for dCA3XA3G + dCT3YT3G (X, Y = A,C,G,T). Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 4811–4824 (1985).

Richman, D.D. et al. Nevirapine resistance mutations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selected during therapy. J. Virol. 68, 1660–1666 (1994).

Movileanu, L., Howorka, S., Braha, O. & Bayley, H. Detecting protein analytes that modulate transmembrane movement of a polymer chain within a single protein pore. Nat. Biotechnol. 18, 1091–1095 (2000).

Braha, O. et al. Designed protein pores as components for biosensors. Chem. Biol. 4, 497–505 (1997).

Gu, L.Q., Braha, O., Conlan, S., Cheley, S. & Bayley, H. Stochastic sensing of organic analytes by a pore-forming protein containing a molecular adapter. Nature 398, 686–690 (1999).

Gu, L.Q., Cheley, S. & Bayley, H. Capture of a single molecule in a nanocavity. Science 291, 636–640 (2001).

Howorka, S. et al. A protein pore with a single polymer chain tethered within the lumen. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 2411–2416 (2000).

Stora, T., Lakey, J.H. & Vogel, H. Ion-channel gating in transmembrane receptor proteins: functional activity in tethered lipid membranes. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. Engl. 38, 389–392 (1999).

Cornell, B.A. et al. A biosensor that uses ion-channel switches. Nature 387, 580–583 (1997).

Hulteen, J.C., Jirage, K.B. & Martin, C.R. Introducing chemical transport selectivity into gold nanotubule membranes. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 120, 6603–6604 (1998).

Schmidt, C., Mayer, M. & Vogel, H. A chip-based bisensor for the functional analysis of single ion-channels. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. Engl. 39, 3137–3140 (2000).

Quake, S.R. & Scherer, A. From micro- to nanofabrication with soft materials. Science 290, 1536–1540 (2000).

Corey, D.R., Munoz-Medellin, D. & Huang, A. Strand invasion by oligonucleotide–nuclease conjugates. Bioconjug. Chem. 6, 93–100 (1995).

Cheley, S., Braha, O., Lu, X., Conlan, S. & Bayley, H. A functional protein pore with a “retro” transmembrane domain. Protein Sci. 8, 1257–1267 (1999).