Seascapes of fear: evaluating sublethal predator effects experienced and generated by marine mammals

Marine Mammal Science - Tập 24 Số 1 - Trang 1-15 - 2008
Aaron J. Wirsing1, Michael R. Heithaus1, Alejandro Frid2, Lawrence M. Dill3
1Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Biscayne Bay Campus, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, Florida 33181, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]
2352 Creek Road, Bowen Island, British Columbia VON 1G0, Canada
3Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada

Tóm tắt

AbstractThe notion that predators can affect their prey without killing them is widely supported in the ecological literature yet rarely applied by marine mammal studies. We present three case studies in which patterns of time allocation by individual marine mammal foragers were used to index the sublethal effects of predators on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and dugongs (Dugong dugon). In each case, foraging individuals optimized energy gain and safety from predators by spending less time in more profitable but dangerous patches or decreasing their use of risky feeding tactics that would increase net energy gain. By implication, marine mammals are subject to the non consumptive effects of their predators (i.e., to intimidation), and fear can mediate their impacts on their resources. We suggest, therefore, that future studies quantify patterns of time allocation to measure sublethal effects of predators on marine mammals, as well as the capacity of marine mammals to have sublethal effects on their own prey. We argue that such an approach is important because non consumptive effects may be of greater magnitude than lethal effects of predators, and information on sublethal effects of predators can inform conservation plans and studies of community structure.

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Marine Mammal Science

Tập 24 Số 1

1-15

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