Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

EFSA Journal - Tập 9 Số 10 - Trang 2407 - 2011

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abd El-Aal, 1997, Effects of gamma radiation, temperature and water activity on the production of Alternaria mycotoxins, Egyptian Journal of Microbiology, 32, 379

Abramson, 2007, Assessment of ochratoxin A and tenuazonic acid in Canadian ice-wines, Mycotoxin Research, 23, 147, 10.1007/BF02951511

Ackermann, 2011, Widespread occurrence of low levels of alternariol in apple and tomato products, as determined by comparative immunochemical assessment using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 6360, 10.1021/jf201516f

AFSSA (Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments) 2009 Evaluation des risques lies à la presence de mycotoxins dans les chaînes alimentaires humaine et animale 308

Agrios, 2005, Plant pathology, 952

Allen, 1981, Losses in sunflower yield caused by Alternaria helianthi in Southern Queensland, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 21, 98, 10.1071/EA9810098

Altemöller, 2006, Total synthesis of altenuene and isoaltenuene, European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 7, 1678, 10.1002/ejoc.200500904

An, 1989, Isolation, identification and mutagenicity of alternariol monomethyl ether, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 37, 1341, 10.1021/jf00089a029

Andersen, 2008, Secondary metabolite profiling of Alternaria dauci, A. porri, A. solani, and A. tomatophila, Mycological Research, 112, 241, 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.09.004

Andersen, 2004, Natural occurrence of fungi and fungal metabolites in moldy tomatoes, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 7507, 10.1021/jf048727k

Andersen, 2001, Chemical and morphological segregation of Alternaria alternata, A. gaisen and A. longipes, Mycological Research, 105, 291, 10.1017/S0953756201003446

Andersen, 2002, Chemical and morphological segregation of Alternaria arborescens, A. infectoria and A. tenuissima species-groups, Mycological Research, 106, 170, 10.1017/S0953756201005263

Andrew, 2009, An expanded multilocus phylogeny does not resolve morphological species within the small-spored Alternaria species complex, Mycologia, 101, 95, 10.3852/08-135

Aresta, 2003, Simultaneous determination of ochratoxin A and cyclopiazonic, mycophenolic, and tenuazonic acids in cornflakes by solid-phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 5232, 10.1021/jf034385r

Asam, 2009, Stable isotope dilution assays of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in beverages, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 5152, 10.1021/jf900450w

Asam, 2010, Precise determination of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in cereal, fruit and vegetable products using stable isotope dilution assays, Mycotoxin Research, 27, 23, 10.1007/s12550-010-0071-6

Azcarate, 2008, Alternaria toxins in wheat during the 2004 to 2005 Argentinean harvest, Journal of Food Protection, 71, 1262, 10.4315/0362-028X-71.6.1262

Barkai-Golan, 2008, Mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, 185, 10.1016/B978-0-12-374126-4.00008-5

Barreto, 2008, Alternaria cichorii in Brazil on Cichorium spp, Seeds and cultivated and weedy hosts. Journal of Phytopathology, 156, 425, 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01380.x

Barros, 2011, Soybean - Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physiology, 7

Berthiller, 2005, Masked mycotoxins: determination of a deoxynivalenol glucoside in artificially and naturally contaminated wheat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectography, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 3421, 10.1021/jf047798g

Betina, 1993, Journal of Chromatography, 54

BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung) 2003 Alternaria-Toxine in Lebensmitteln 2

Bottalico, 1992, Alternaria plant diseases in Mediterranean countries and associated mycotoxins, Topics in Secondary Metabolism, 3, 209

Bottalico, 1998, Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety, 65

Boutin, 1989, Effects of purified altertoxins I, II, and III in the metabolic communication V79 system, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 26, 75, 10.1080/15287398909531234

Brugger, 2006, Mutagenicity of the mycotoxin alternariol in cultured mammalian cells, Toxicology Letters, 164, 221, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.001

Budd, 1986, Allergens of Alternaria - a review of recent concepts, Grana, 25, 147, 10.1080/00173138609428895

Burkhardt, 2009, Absorption and metabolism of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol-9-methyl ether in Caco-2 cells in vitro, Mycotoxin Research, 25, 149, 10.1007/s12550-009-0022-2

Burkhardt, 2011, Oxidative metabolism of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol-9-methyl ether in precision-cut rat liver slices in vitro, Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 55, 1079, 10.1002/mnfr.201000487

Burkin, 2011, Enzyme immunoassay of alternariol for the assessment of risk of agricultural products contamination, Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 47, 72, 10.1134/S0003683811010030

CAB International 2010 Index Fungorum www.indexfungorum.org

Chakraborty, 2006, Alternaria alternata - a new foliar fungal pathogen of tea in North Bengal, India, Plant Pathology, 55, 303, 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01330.x

Chen, 2007, Identification of tenuazonic acid as a novel type of natural photosystem II inhibitor binding in Q(B)-site of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Bioenergetics, 1767, 306, 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.02.007

Chen, 2010, Chloroplastic oxidative burst induced by tenuazonic acid, a natural photosynthesis inhibitor, triggers cell necrosis in Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1797, 391, 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.12.007

Chen, 2011, Compendium of chickpea and lentil diseases and pests, 164

Chulze, 1995, Alternaria mycotoxins in sunflower seeds: incidence and distribution of toxins in oil and meal, Journal of Food Protection, 58, 1133, 10.4315/0362-028X-58.10.1133

Czech SCF (Scientific Committee on Food of the Czech Republic) 2008 www.chpr.szu.cz/vedvybor/dokumenty/informace/info_2007_24_deklas_ALT.pdf

Clark, 1988, Compendium of sweet potato diseases, 75

Combina, 1999, Effect of heat treatments on stability of alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid in sunflower flour, Mycotoxin Research, 15, 33, 10.1007/BF02945212

Committee on Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases American Phytopathological Society www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/ApprovedCommonNames.aspx

Da Motta, 2000a, A method for the determination of two Alternaria toxins, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, in tomato products, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 31, 315, 10.1590/S1517-83822000000400015

Da Motta, 2000b, Simultaneous determination of tenuazonic and cyclopiazonic acids in tomato products, Food Chemistry, 71, 111, 10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00040-6

Da Motta, 2001, Survey of Brazilian tomato products for alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid and cyclopiazonic acid, Food Additives and Contaminants, 18, 630, 10.1080/02652030117707

Dalcero, 1997, Evaluation of Alternaria and its mycotoxins during ensiling of sunflower seeds, Natural Toxins, 5, 20, 10.1002/(SICI)(1997)5:1<20::AID-NT3>3.0.CO;2-6

Davis, 1977, Tenuazonic acid production by Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima isolated from cotton, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 34, 155, 10.1128/AEM.34.2.155-157.1977

Davis, 1994, Evaluation of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 3901, 10.1128/AEM.60.10.3901-3902.1994

Davis, 2002, Compendium of umbelliferous crop diseases, 110

Delaforge, 1997, Metabolism of tentoxin by hepatic cytochrome P-450 3A isozymes, European Journal of Biochemistry, 250, 150, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00150.x

Delgado, 1996, Determination of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether in apple juice using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, 731, 109, 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01200-1

Delgado, 1998, Natural occurrence of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether in Spanish apple juice concentrates, Journal of Chromatography A, 815, 93, 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00124-1

Desphande, 2002, Handbook of food toxicology, 387

Diana Di Mavungu, 2009, LC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for mycotoxin determination in food supplements, Food Additives and Contaminants, 26, 885, 10.1080/02652030902774649

Dong, 1993, Studies on the point mutation of c-Ha-ras gene of human fetal esophageal epithelium induced by the mycotoxins of Alternaria alternata, Journal of Henan Medical University, 3, 30

Doster, 2007, Fungal decay of first-crop and main-crop figs, Plant Disease, 91, 1657, 10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1657

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2006, Guidance of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to Uncertainties in Dietary Exposure Assessment, The EFSA Journal, 438, 1

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009, Guidance for the preparation of dossiers for sensory additives, EFSA Journal, 7, 1352, 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1352

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010a, Standard sample description for food and feed, EFSA Journal, 8, 1457, 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1457

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010b, Scientific Report: Management of left-censored data in dietary exposure assessment of chemical substances, EFSA Journal, 8, 1557, 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1557

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011a, Evaluation of the FoodEx, the food classification system applied to the development of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database, EFSA Journal, 9, 1970, 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1970

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011b, Use of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database in Exposure Assessment, EFSA Journal, 9, 2097, 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2097

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) 2011c Draft Scientific Opinion on Exploring options for providing preliminary advice about possible human health risks based on the concept of Threshold of Topxicological Concern (TTC), Endorsed for public consultation www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultationsclosed/call/110712a.pdf

Fàbrega, 2002, Optimization of the method of detection of metabolites produced by the Alternaria genus: alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, altertoxin I and tentoxin, Journal of Food Science, 67, 802, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10680.x

Fehr, 2010, Repair of DNA damage induced by the mycotoxin alternariol involves tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1, Mycotoxin Research, 26, 247, 10.1007/s12550-010-0063-6

Fehr, 2009, Alternariol acts as a topoisomerase poison, preferentially affecting the Iiα isoform, Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 53, 441, 10.1002/mnfr.200700379

Fente, 1998, Determination of alternariol in tomato paste using solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, Analyst, 123, 2277, 10.1039/a804587i

Fernández-Cruz, 2010, Mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products: Analysis, occurrence and health implications, Journal of Advanced Research, 1, 113, 10.1016/j.jare.2010.03.002

Giambrone, 1978, Effect of tenuazonic acid on young chickens, Poultry Science, 57, 1554, 10.3382/ps.0571554

Griffin, 1983, Toxicity of the Alternaria metabolites alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, altenuene, and tenuazonic acid in the chicken embryo assay, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 46, 1420, 10.1128/AEM.46.6.1420-1422.1983

Gruber-Schley, 1988, Zum vorkommen von Alternaria spp, Und deren toxine in getreide und mögliche zusammenhänge mit leistungsminderungen landwirtschaftlicher nutztiere. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, 41, 11

Gyrin, 1995, Determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in some raw and processed fruit and vegetable products, Roczniki Pastwowego Zakadu Higieny, XLVI, 2, 129

Hagedorn, 1984, Compendium of pea diseases, 57

Häggblom P Stepinska A Solyakov A 2007 Alternaria mycotoxins in Swedish feed grain Gesellschaft für Mykotoxin Forschung th

Hall, 1991, Compendium of bean diseases, 73

Hartman, 1999, Compendium of soybean diseases, 128

Harveson, 2009, Compendium of beet diseases and pests, 140, 10.1094/9780890546598

Hasan, 1995, Alternaria mycotoxins in black rot lesion of tomato fruit. Conditions and regulation of their production, Mycopathologia, 130, 171, 10.1007/BF01103101

Herebian, 2009, Multi-mycotoxin analysis in complex biological matrices using LC-ESI/MS: Experimental study using triple stage quadrupole and LTQ-Orbitrap, Journal of Separation Science, 32, 939, 10.1002/jssc.200800589

Hong, 2006, Polyphasic classification of Alternaria isolated from hazelnut and walnut fruit in Europe, Mycological Research, 110, 1290, 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.08.005

Hu, 2008, Preparative isolation and purification of altertoxin I from an Alternaria sp, By HSCCC. Chromatographia, 67, 863, 10.1365/s10337-008-0618-2

Huybrechts I Sioen I Boon PE Ruprich J Lafay L Turrini A Amiano P Hirvonen T De Neve M Arcella D Moschandreas J Westerlund A Ribas-Barba L Hilbig A Papoutsou S Christensen T Oltarzewski M Virtanen S Rehurkova I Azpiri M Sette S Kersting M Walkiewicz A Serra-Majem L Volatier JL Trolle E Tornaritis M Busk L Kafatos A Fabiansson S De Henauw S Van Klaveren J Dietary Exposure Assessments for Children in Europe (the EXPOCHI project): rationale, methods and design Archives of Public Health

Infantino, 2009, First report of Alternaria petroselini on fennel in Italy, Plant Pathology, 58, 1175, 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02114.x

Irwin, 1976, Alternaria carthami, a seed-borne pathogen of safflower, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 16, 921, 10.1071/EA9760921

Jones, 1990, Compendium of apple and pear diseases, 125

Jones, 1991, Compendium of tomato diseases, 100

Kada, 1984, Handbook of Mutagenicity test procedures, 13, 10.1016/B978-0-444-80519-5.50007-9

Kirkpatrick, 2001, Compendium of cotton diseases, 100

Koch, 2005, Total synthesis of alternariol, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 70, 3275, 10.1021/jo050075r

Köppen, 2010, Determination of mycotoxins in foods: current state of analytical methods and limitations, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 86, 1595, 10.1007/s00253-010-2535-1

Králová, 2006, Occurrence of Alternaria toxins in fibre flax, linseed, and peas grown in organic and conventional farms: monitoring pilot study, Czech Journal of Food Science, 24, 288, 10.17221/3327-CJFS

Kroes, 2004, Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): guidance for application to substances at low levels in the diet, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42, 65, 10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.006

Kütt, 2010, Detection of alternariol in Estonian grain samples, Agronomy Research, 8, 317

Lagopodi, 1998, Effect of a leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata on yield of sunflower in Greece, Plant Disease, 82, 41, 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.1.41

Lau, 2003, Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in fruit juices and beverages, Journal of Chromatography A, 998, 119, 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00606-X

Leeson, 2008, Commercial poultry nutrition, 400

Lehmann, 2006, Estrogenic and clastogenic potential of the mycotoxin alternariol in cultured mammalian cells, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44, 398, 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.013

Lehmann, 2005, Estrogenic and genotoxic potential of equol and two hydroxylated metabolites of Daidzein in cultured human Ishikawa cells, Toxicology Letters, 158, 72, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.02.011

Li, 2000, Alternaria mycotoxins in weathered wheat from China, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 2920, 10.1021/jf0000171

Li, 2006, Direct detection and quantification of Alternaria alternata lycopersici toxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light-scattering detection, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 64, 398, 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.06.004

Liakopoulou-Kyriakides, 1997, Isolation and synthesis of a host-selective toxin produced by Alternaria alternata, Phytochemistry, 45, 37, 10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00789-3

Liu, 1992, Etiologic role of Alternaria alternata in human esophageal cancer, Chinese Medical Journal, 105, 394

Liu, 1991, Relevance to human cancer of N-nitroso compounds, tobacco smoke and mycotoxins, 258

Logrieco, 2003, Epidemiology of toxigenic fungi and their associated mycotoxins for some Mediterranean crops, European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109, 645, 10.1023/A:1026033021542

Logrieco, 1988, Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in some plant products, Microbiological Alimentary Nutrition, 6, 13

Logrieco, 1990, Incidence of Alternaria species in grains from Mediterranean countries and their ability to produce mycotoxins, Mycologia, 82, 501, 10.2307/3760022

Logrieco, 2009, Alternaria toxins and plant diseases: an overview of origin, occurrence and risks, World Mycotoxin Journal, 2, 129, 10.3920/WMJ2009.1145

Maas, 1998, Compendium of strawberry diseases, 128, 10.1094/9780890546178

Magnani, 2007, Analysis of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether on flavedo and albedo tissues of tangerines (Citrus reticulata) with symptoms of Alternaria brown spot, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 4980, 10.1021/jf0704256

Mahaffee, 2009, Compendium of hop diseases and pests, 112

Mansfield, 2007, Relationship of sphinganine analog mycotoxin contamination in maize silage to seasonal weather conditions, and agronomic and ensiling practices, Phytopathology, 97, 504, 10.1094/PHYTO-97-4-0504

Mathre, 1997, Compendium of barley diseases, 120

Matysik, 1996, Gradient thin-layer chromatography and densitometry determination of Alternaria mycotoxins, Chromatographia, 42, 555, 10.1007/BF02290291

McDonald, 2011, Animal nutrition

McDonald, 1963, Leaf and stem spot of sunflowers caused by Alternaria zinniae, Phytopathology, 53, 93

Mirocha, 1992, AAL toxins, fumonisins (biology and chemistry) and host-specificity concepts, Mycopathologia, 117, 47, 10.1007/BF00497278

Monbaliu, 2009, Development of a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for sweet pepper analysis, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 23, 3, 10.1002/rcm.3833

Monbaliu, 2010, Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed as analyzed by a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS Method, J. Agric. Food Chem, 58, 66, 10.1021/jf903859z

Montemurro, 1992, Alternaria: biology, plant diseases and metabolites, 449

Narain, 1981, Leaf-spot of sunflower caused by Alternaria tenuissima in India, FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 29, 29

Nawaz, 1997, Mycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: I. Determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in oilseed rape meal and sunflower seed meal, Food Additives and Contaminants, 14, 249, 10.1080/02652039709374522

Ogawa, 1995, Compendium of stone fruit diseases, 128

Osborne, 1988, Transformation of C3H/10T½ cells and induction of EBV-early antigen in Raji cells by altertoxins I and III, Toxicology in Vitro, 2, 97, 10.1016/0887-2333(88)90019-7

Ostry V Skarkova J Ruprich J 2004 Occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins and Alternaria spp. In lentils and human health

Ostry, 2007, Mycobiota of Czech wine grapes and occurrence of ochratoxin A and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh grape juice, must and wine, Czech Mycology, 59, 241, 10.33585/cmy.59210

Ostry, 2008, Alternaria mycotoxins: an overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs, World Mycotoxin Journal, 1, 175, 10.3920/WMJ2008.x013

Oviedo, 2009, Effect of environmental factors on tenuazonic acid production by Alternaria alternata on soybean-based media, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107, 1186, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04301.x

Oviedo, 2010, Impact of water activity and temperature on growth and alternariol and alternariol; monomethyl ether production of Alternaria alternata isolated from soybean, Journal of Food Protection, 73, 336, 10.4315/0362-028X-73.2.336

Oviedo, 2011, Influence of water activity and temperature on growth and mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternate on irradiated soya beans, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 149, 127, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.007

Ozcelik, 1990, Toxin production by Alternaria alternata in tomatoes and apples stored under various conditions and quantitation of the toxins by high-performance liquid-chromatography, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 11, 187, 10.1016/0168-1605(90)90011-S

Pearson, 1988, Compendium of grape diseases, 121

Peever, 2004, Molecular systematics of citrus-associated Alternaria species, Mycologia, 96, 119, 10.2307/3761993

Pero, 1973, Toxicity of metabolites produced by the “Alternaria”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 4, 87, 10.1289/ehp.730487

Pernezny, 2003, Compendium of pepper diseases, 88

Pfeiffer, 2008, Activities of human recombinant cytochrome P450 isoforms and human hepatic microsomes for the hydroxylation of Alternaria toxins, Mycotoxin Research, 24, 117, 10.1007/BF03032337

Pfeiffer, 2007a, Alternaria toxins: DNA strand-breaking activity in mammalian cells in vitro, Mycotoxin Research, 23, 152, 10.1007/BF02951512

Pfeiffer, 2007b, Novel oxidative metabolites of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol methyl ether, Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 51, 307, 10.1002/mnfr.200600237

Pfeiffer, 2009, Glucuronidation of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol-9-methyl ether in vitro: chemical structures of glucuronides and activities of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms, Mycotoxin Research, 25, 3, 10.1007/s12550-008-0001-z

Ploetz, 1994, Compendium of tropical fruit diseases, 118

Pollock, 1982a, The distribution, elimination, and metabolism of 14C-alternariol monomethyl ether, Journal of Environmental Science and Health B, 17, 109, 10.1080/03601238209372306

Pollock, 1982b, The subchronic toxicity and teratogenicity of alternariol monomethyl ether produced by Alternaria solani, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 20, 899, 10.1016/S0015-6264(82)80225-3

Porter, 1990, Compendium of peanut diseases, 73

Pryor, 2003, Molecular characterization of Embellisia and Nimbya species and their relationship to Alternaria, Ulocladium and Stemphylium, Mycologia, 95, 1141, 10.2307/3761916

Pryor, 2000, Molecular phylogenetic relationships amongst Alternaria species and related fungi based upon analysis of nuclear ITS and mt SSU rDNA sequences, Mycological Research, 104, 1312, 10.1017/S0953756200003002

Queiroz, 2000, Alternaria brasiliensis sp. Nov., a leaf pathogen on Phaseolus vulgaris, Mycopathologia, 150, 61, 10.1023/A:1010809425902

Rahmani, 2009, Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 8, 202, 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00079.x

Rasmussen, 2010, Multi-mycotoxin analysis of maize silage by LC-MS/MS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 397, 765, 10.1007/s00216-010-3545-7

Rimmer, 2007, Compendium of brassica diseases, 117

Robiglio, 1995, Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria alternata strains isolated from Red Delicious apples in Argentina, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 24, 413, 10.1016/0168-1605(94)00035-5

Rotem, 1994, The genus Alternaria: biology, epidemiology and pathogenicity, 326

Sauer, 1978, Toxicity of Alternaria metabolites found in weathered sorghum grain at harvest, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 26, 1380, 10.1021/jf60220a022

Schrader, 2006, Further examination of the effects of nitrosylation on Alternaria alternata mycotoxin mutagenicity in vitro, Mutation Research, 606, 61, 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.02.008

Schwartz, 2008, Compendium of onion and garlic diseases and pests, 127

Scott, 1980, Liquid chromatographic determination of tenuazonic acids in tomato paste, Journal of AOAC International, 63, 3, 10.1093/jaoac/63.3.612

Scott, 1980, Mutagens produced by Alternaria alternata, Mutation Research, 78, 33, 10.1016/0165-1218(80)90023-3

Scott, 1997, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of Alternaria mycotoxins, Journal of Chromatography A, 765, 255, 10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00917-X

Scott, 2001, Analysis of agricultural commodities and foods for Alternaria mycotoxins, Journal of AOAC International, 84, 1809, 10.1093/jaoac/84.6.1809

Scott, 2001, Stability of Alternaria toxins in fruit juices and wine, Mycotoxin Research, 17, 9, 10.1007/BF02946112

Scott, 2006, Analysis of wines, grape juices and cranberry juices for Alternaria toxins, Mycotoxin Research, 22, 142, 10.1007/BF02956778

Seitz, 1975, Weathered grain sorghum: natural occurrence of alternariols and storability of the grain, Phytopathology, 65, 1259, 10.1094/Phyto-65-1259

Shephard, 2009, Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2007-2008, World Mycotoxin Journal, 2, 3, 10.3920/WMJ2008.1095

Shephard, 2010, Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2008-2009, World Mycotoxin Journal, 3, 3, 10.3920/WMJ2009.1172

Shew, 1991, Compendium of tobacco diseases, 96

Siegel, 2009, Determination of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acids in cereals by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion-trap multistage mass spectrometry after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 4582, 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.063

Siegel, 2010b, Quantification of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in beer, Food Chemistry, 120, 902, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.070

Siegel, 2010a, Degradation of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and altenuene upon bread baking, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 9622, 10.1021/jf102156w

Simmons, 1992, Alternaria Biology, Plant Diseases and Metabolites, 1

Simmons, 2007, Alternaria: An identification manual, 775

Skarkova J Ostry V Prochazkova I 2005 Planar chromatographic determination of Alternaria toxins in selected foodstuffs

Smith, 1968, Toxic effects of the sodium and the N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine salts of tenuazonic acid (NSC-525816 and NSC-82260), Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, 52, 579

Snowdon, 1990a, A colour atlas of post-harvest diseases and disorders of fruits and vegetables, 302

Snowdon, 1990b, A colour atlas of post-harvest diseases and disorders of fruits and vegetables, 718, 10.1201/b18214

Somma, 2011, AFLP variability, toxin production, and pathogenicity of Alternaria species from Argentinean tomato fruits and puree, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, 414, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.006

Solfrizzo, 2004, Liquid chromatographic determination of Alternaria toxins in carrots, Journal of AOAC International, 87, 101

Stack, 1985, Liquid chromatographic determination of tenuazonic acid and alternariol methyl ether in tomatoes and tomato products, Journal of AOAC International, 68, 640, 10.1093/jaoac/68.4.640

Stack, 1986, Mutagenicity of the Alternaria metabolites altertoxins I, II and III, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52, 718, 10.1128/AEM.52.4.718-722.1986

Stevenson, 2001, Compendium of potato diseases, 144

Stinson, 1981, Mycotoxin production in whole tomatoes, apples, oranges, and lemons, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 29, 790, 10.1021/jf00106a025

Stockmann-Juvala, 2008, A review of toxic effects and mechanisms of action of fumonisin B-1, Human & Experimental Toxicology, 27, 799, 10.1177/0960327108099525

Sulyok, 2007, A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric multi-mycotoxin method for the quantification of 87 analytes and its application to semi-quantitative screening of moldy food samples, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 389, 1515, 10.1007/s00216-007-1542-2

Sulyok, 2010, Application of an LC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin method for the semi-quantitative determination of mycotoxins occurring in different types of food infected by moulds, Food Chemistry, 119, 408, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.042

Sydenham, 1988, Occurrence and chemical determination of zearalenone and alternariol monomethyl ether in sorghum-based mixed feeds associated with an outbreak of suspected hyperestrogenism in swine, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 36, 621, 10.1021/jf00081a054

Terminiello, 2006, Occurrence of alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid in Argentinean tomato puree, Mycotoxin Research, 22, 236, 10.1007/BF02946748

Teviotdale, 2002, Compendium of nut crop diseases in temperate zones, 100

Thomma, 2003, Alternariaspp, 4, 225

Tiemann, 2009, The mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol methyl ether negatively affect progesterone synthesis in porcine granulosa cells in vitro, Toxicology Letters, 186, 139, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.01.014

Timmer, 2000, Compendium of citrus diseases, 128, 10.1094/9780890545850

Torres, 1993, Alternaria metabolites in sunflower seeds - Incidence and effect of pesticides on their production, Mycopathologia, 121, 17, 10.1007/BF01103349

Van der Westhuizen, 1998, Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis in rat primary hepatocyte cultures by fumonisin B-1 and other structurally related compounds, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 36, 497, 10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00012-X

Whitney, 1986, Compendium of beet diseases and insects, 76

Wiese, 1987, Compendium of wheat diseases, 112

Visconti, 1986, Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in olives - their production and possible transfer into the oil, Food Additives and Contaminants, 3, 323, 10.1080/02652038609373599

Visconti, 1994, Compounds other than aflatoxin, 315

Viñas, 1992, Incidence and mycotoxin production by Alternaria tenuis in decayed apples, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 14, 284, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1992.tb00706.x

Vloutoglou, 1999, Infection of linseed by Alternaria linicola; effects of inoculum density, temperature, leaf wetness and light regime, European Journal of Plant Pathology, 105, 585, 10.1023/A:1008783421500

Wang, 1996, Fumonisins and Alternaria alternata lycopersici toxins: sphinganine analog mycotoxins induce apoptosis in monkey kidney cells, Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 3461, 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3461

Webster, 1992, Compendium of rice diseases, 86

Webley, 1997, Alternaria toxins in weather damaged wheat and sorghum in the 1995-1996 Australian harvest, Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 48, 1249, 10.1071/A97005

Weidenbörner, 2008, Mycotoxins in foodstuffs, 503, 10.1007/978-0-387-73689-1

White, 1999, Compendium of corn diseases, 128

WHO (World Health Organization) 2009 Principles and Methods for the Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 240 Chapter 6: Dietary Exposure Assessment of Chemicals in Food www.who.int/ipcs/food/principles/en/index1.html

WHO/IPCS (World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety) 2008 Uncertainty and Data Quality in Exposure Assessment. Part 1: Guidance document on characterizing and communicating uncertainty in exposure assessment. Part 2: Hallmarks of data quality in chemical exposure assessment www.who.int/ipcs/publications/methods/harmonization/exposure_assessment.pdf

Wittkowski, 1983, Bestimmung von Alternaria-Toxinen in Obst- und Gemiiseerzeugnissen, Zeitschrift füir Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung, 177, 447, 10.1007/BF01409674

Wollenhaupt, 2008, Influence of alternariol (AOH) on regulator proteins of cap-dependent translation in porcine endometrial cells, Toxicology Letters, 182, 57, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.08.005

Woodey, 1992, Alternaria Biology, plant diseases and metabolites, 409

Xu, 1996, The inhibitory effect of extracts from Fructus lycii and Rhizoma polygonati on in vitro DNA breakage by Alternariol, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 9, 67

Yekeler, 2001, Analysis of toxic effects of Alternaria toxins on esophagus of mice by light and electron microscopy, Toxicologic Pathology, 29, 492, 10.1080/01926230152499980

Yu, 1982, Taxonomy and pathogenicity of four seed-borne species of Alternaria from sesame, Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 78, 447, 10.1016/S0007-1536(82)80151-4

Yu, 1999, Immunoassay of selected mycotoxins in hay, silage and mixed feed, Food and Agricultural Immunology, 11, 307, 10.1080/09540109999690

Zitter, 1996, Compendium of cucurbit diseases, 120

Zhen, 1991, Mutagenicity of Alternaria alternata and Penicillium cyclopium isolated from grains in an area of high incidence of oesophageal cancer - Linxian, China, IARC Scientific Publications, 105, 253