Regime shifts to sustainability through processes of niche formation: The approach of strategic niche management
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For comments and suggestions, we would like to thank Boelie Elzen, Arie Rip, two reviewers and all project partners involved in the EU-SEER support project on strategic niche management.
Such systems consist of a fleet of vehicles that can be rented for short periods, and central management that controls their location and disposition. Examples are the Praxitele and TULIP systems currently experimented with in France.
Hard M., 1994, The Past, Present and Future of the Motorcar in Europe, 137
Abernathy W.J., 1978, Technology Review, 50, 41
Dosi, 1982, op. cit, 6, 153
Nelson, 1977, op. cit, 6, 57
Dosi G., 1988, Journal of Economic Litnature, 26, 1120
Rip A., 1992, Rwista di Studi Epistemologici e Sociali Sulla Scienza e la Tecnolopia, 2, 69
Elzen B., 1996, Mobilieit met Toekomt. Naar een Vraaggericht Technologiebeleid
Elzen, 1996, op. cit
The ZEV legislation may be changed to include hybrid-electric vehicles, to be defined as 'equivalent zero emissions veh
Since an exhaust gas catalyst does not function well at low temperatures, pre-heating the catalyst markedly reduces the level of harmful emissions. The catalyst can be pre-heated with electricity from the grid or with a device that stores engine heat and releases it when the engine is started. Petrol cars can be equipped with a pre-heated catalyst without further changes to the vehicle. Alternative, cold-start emissions may be stored and treated when the catalyst is warmed up.
Porac, J.F., Rosa, J.A. and Saxon, M.S. America's Family Vehicle: The Minivan Market as an Enacted Conceptual System. Paper for the Multidisciplinary International Workshop on Path Creation and Dependence. August, Copenhagen Business School.
The typical range of a current generation electric vehicle is 100 km, the top speed 90 km/h, and charging takes some 6 hours. Refuelling a natural gas vehicle also takes longer than refuelling a conventional car. On the other hand, hybrid-electric cars have none of these disadvantages. Their market introduction could thus be as successful as that of the minivans. Even the cost aspect is comparable: minivans are substantially more expensive than conventional cars and so are hybrids expected to be.
Dosi, 1997, op. cit
Nelson, 1997, op. cit
Rip A., 1998, Resources and Technology
Rip, 1998, op. cit
Hughes T.P., 1983, Networks of Power. Ekctnjicatwn in Western Society 1880-1930
It is important to note that a technological regime does not fix technological choices, but is open to various kinds of change-at the level of regime components and even the overall architecture. Technological regimes change in conjunction with the evolution of social needs, technological possibilities and organizational change like new management systems.
Kemp R., 1994, Technological Paradigms and Transition Paths: The Case of Energy Technologies
When steamships entered the market, sailing ship manufacturers stepped up their efforts to improve sailing ships in order to protect their business. This resulted in great improvements which helped sailing ships to survive the competition for a certain while.
Hughes, 1995, op. cit, 7
For these and other examples see Schot, forthcoming, op. cit., Ref. 11.
The use of process management as a means of social-political governance has been advocated by various policy scientists. See, for instance, J. Kooiman (Ed.), M o h Govmnce. Nezn Gouernment- Somty Interachnj (London, Sage, 1993); P. Glasbergen (Ed.), Managing Environmental Dirputes. Network Management os an Alternatwe (Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1994).
Schot, 1995, op. cit, 7
We specifically include the adjective 'strategic' in the label of the approach, to stress the importance of anticipation. In running an experiment, the actors should adopt a forward-looking perspective, by anticipating emerging opportunities and possible threats that create, widen or close windows of opportunity.
Green K., 1994, Creating Demand for Biotechnology: Shaping Technologies and Markets, 164
Schot J., 1997, op. cit, 25
Rip A., 1992, Rivista di Studi Epistnnolgici e Sociali Sulla Scienza e la Technologie, 2, 69
Under the Dutch road tax system, electric vehicles fall in the heavily taxed 'rest' category; moreover, road vehicles are taxed according to their weight, which puts electric vehicles, with their heavy batteries, at a disadvantage. To take care of this problem, the Dutch government announced that it would give a tax break and investment subsidy to electric vehicles. A similar policy exists in the UK where electric vehicles are exempted from excise taxes.
Schot, 1985, op. cit, 14
Rip, 1985, op. cit, 14
Rip A., 1995, Managing technology in Society. in Approach of Constructive Technology Assessment
Wallace D., 1995, Environmental Policy and Industnil Innovation. Strakgzes in Europe, US and Japan
David P.A., 1992, Path-dependence in Economic Processes: Implications for Policy Analysis in Dynamical System Contexts