Recommendations for Quantification Methods During the Performance of a Pediatric Echocardiogram: A Report From the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Rozendaal, 1998, Marfan syndrome in children and adolescents: an adjusted nomogram for screening aortic root dilatation, Heart, 79, 69, 10.1136/hrt.79.1.69
Groenink, 1998, Marfan syndrome in children and adolescents: predictive and prognostic value of aortic root growth for screening for aortic complications, Heart, 80, 163, 10.1136/hrt.80.2.163
Mart, 2003, A new on-line method for predicting aortic root dilatation during two-dimensional echocardiography in pediatric patients with Marfan syndrome using the sinus of Valsalva to annulus ratio, Pediatr Cardiol, 24, 118, 10.1007/s00246-002-0248-7
Aburawi, 2007, Relation of aortic root dilatation and age in Marfan's syndrome, Eur Heart J, 28, 376, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl457
Ahmad, 1979, Assessment of left-to-right shunt and left ventricular function in isolated ventricular septal defect. Echocardiographic study, Br Heart J, 41, 147, 10.1136/hrt.41.2.147
Lindstedt, 2002, Use of allometry in predicting anatomical and physiological parameters of mammals, Lab Anim, 36, 1, 10.1258/0023677021911731
Batterham, 1999, Scaling cardiac structural data by body dimensions: a review of theory, practice, and problems, Int J Sports Med, 20, 495, 10.1055/s-1999-8844
George, 2001, Allometric analysis of the association between cardiac dimensions and body size variables in 464 junior athletes, Clin Sci (Lond), 100, 47, 10.1042/cs1000047
Neilan, 2008, Derivation of a size-independent variable for scaling of cardiac dimensions in a normal adult population, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 779, 10.1016/j.echo.2007.12.003
Lai, 2006, Guidelines and standards for performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Task Force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 19, 1413, 10.1016/j.echo.2006.09.001
Sahn, 1978, Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements, Circulation, 58, 1072, 10.1161/01.CIR.58.6.1072
Roman, 1989, Two-dimensional echocardiographic aortic root dimensions in normal children and adults, Am J Cardiol, 64, 507, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90430-X
Picard, 1994, M-mode echocardiography: principles and examination techniques, 282
Sluysmans, 2005, Theoretical and empirical derivation of cardiovascular allometric relationships in children, J Appl Physiol, 99, 445, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01144.2004
Zilberman, 2005, Two-dimensional echocardiographic valve measurements in healthy children: gender-specific differences, Pediatr Cardiol, 26, 356, 10.1007/s00246-004-0736-z
Pettersen, 2008, Regression equations for calculation of z scores of cardiac structures in a large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an echocardiographic study, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 922, 10.1016/j.echo.2008.02.006
Quinones, 2002, Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: a report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 15, 167, 10.1067/mje.2002.120202
Hanseus, 1988, Dimensions of cardiac chambers and great vessels by cross-sectional echocardiography in infants and children, Pediatr Cardiol, 9, 7, 10.1007/BF02279877
DuBois, 1916, A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known, Arch Intern Med, 17, 863, 10.1001/archinte.1916.00080130010002
Haycock, 1978, Geometric method for measuring body surface area: a height-weight formula validated in infants, children, and adults, J Pediatr, 93, 62, 10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80601-5
Dreyer, 1912, Further experiments upon the blood volume of mammals and its relation to the surface area of the body, Phil Trans R Soc Lond, 202, 191
Boyd, 1935
Cayler, 1963, Systemic blood flow in infants and children with and without heart disease, Pediatrics, 32, 186, 10.1542/peds.32.2.186
Graham, 1971, Left heart volume estimation in infancy and childhood. Reevaluation of methodology and normal values, Circulation, 43, 895, 10.1161/01.CIR.43.6.895
Epstein, 1975, Great vessel, cardiac chamber, and wall growth patterns in normal children, Circulation, 51, 1124, 10.1161/01.CIR.51.6.1124
Roge, 1978, Cardiac structure growth pattern determined by echocardiography, Circulation, 57, 285, 10.1161/01.CIR.57.2.285
Henry, 1980, Echocardiographic measurements in normal subjects from infancy to old age, Circulation, 62, 1054, 10.1161/01.CIR.62.5.1054
Abbott, 1994, Effects of heteroscedasticity and skewness on prediction in regression: modeling growth of the human heart, Methods Enzymol, 240, 37, 10.1016/S0076-6879(94)40042-3
Gutgesell, 1990, Growth of the human heart relative to body surface area, Am J Cardiol, 65, 662, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)91048-B
Daubeney, 1999, Relationship of the dimension of cardiac structures to body size: an echocardiographic study in normal infants and children, Cardiol Young, 9, 402, 10.1017/S1047951100005217
Kampmann, 2000, Normal values of M mode echocardiographic measurements of more than 2000 healthy infants and children in central Europe, Heart, 83, 667, 10.1136/heart.83.6.667
Warren, 2006, Dilatation of the ascending aorta in paediatric patients with bicuspid aortic valve: frequency, rate of progression and risk factors, Heart, 92, 1496, 10.1136/hrt.2005.081539
McCrindle, 2007, Coronary artery involvement in children with Kawasaki disease: risk factors from analysis of serial normalized measurements, Circulation, 116, 174, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.690875
Foster, 2008, A novel method of expressing left ventricular mass relative to body size in children, Circulation, 117, 2769, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.741157
Olivieri, 2009, Coronary artery Z score regression equations and calculators derived from a large heterogeneous population of children undergoing echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 22, 159, 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.003
Krause, 2001, Inferior vena cava diameter: a useful method for estimation of fluid status in children on haemodialysis, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 16, 1203, 10.1093/ndt/16.6.1203
Leunissen, 1993, New techniques to determine fluid status in hemodialyzed patients, Kidney Int Suppl, 41, S50
Moreno, 1984, Evaluation of size and dynamics of the inferior vena cava as an index of right-sided cardiac function, Am J Cardiol, 53, 579, 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90034-1
Kircher, 1990, Noninvasive estimation of right atrial pressure from the inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava, Am J Cardiol, 66, 493, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90711-9
Hirata, 1969, Estimation of left atrial size using ultrasound, Am Heart J, 78, 43, 10.1016/0002-8703(69)90257-9
Schabelman, 1981, Left atrial volume estimation by two-dimensional echocardiography, Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn, 7, 165, 10.1002/ccd.1810070206
Wang, 1984, Atrial volume in a normal adult population by two-dimensional echocardiography, Chest, 86, 595, 10.1378/chest.86.4.595
Ujino, 2006, Two-dimensional echocardiographic methods for assessment of left atrial volume, Am J Cardiol, 98, 1185, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.05.040
Menon, 2008, Significance of left atrial volume in patients < 20 years of age with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Am J Cardiol, 102, 1390, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.027
Keller, 2000, Left and right atrial volume by freehand three-dimensional echocardiography: in vivo validation using magnetic resonance imaging, Eur J Echocardiogr, 1, 55, 10.1053/euje.2000.0010
Bommer, 1979, Determination of right atrial and right ventricular size by two-dimensional echocardiography, Circulation, 60, 91, 10.1161/01.CIR.60.1.91
Schnittger, 1983, Standardized intracardiac measurements of two-dimensional echocardiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2, 934, 10.1016/S0735-1097(83)80242-3
Bustamante-Labarta, 2002, Right atrial size and tricuspid regurgitation severity predict mortality or transplantation in primary pulmonary hypertension, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 15, 1160, 10.1067/mje.2002.123962
Muller, 2008, Evaluation of right atrial size in patients with atrial arrhythmias: comparison of 2D versus real time 3D echocardiography, Echocardiography, 25, 617, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00674.x
Reynolds, 1991, Doppler flow velocity patterns of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, hepatic vein, coronary sinus, and atrial septal defect: a guide for the echocardiographer, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 4, 503, 10.1016/S0894-7317(14)80386-6
Weyman, 1994, Right ventricular inflow tract, 824
Nagueh, 2009, Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 22, 107, 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.023
Klein, 1991, Doppler assessment of pulmonary venous flow in healthy subjects and in patients with heart disease, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 4, 379, 10.1016/S0894-7317(14)80448-3
Klein, 1992, Effects of mitral regurgitation on pulmonary venous flow and left atrial pressure: an intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 20, 1345, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90247-K
Stierle, 1995, Adverse pacemaker hemodynamics evaluated by pulmonary venous flow monitoring, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 18, 2028, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1995.tb03864.x
Rossvoll, 1993, Pulmonary venous flow velocities recorded by transthoracic Doppler ultrasound: relation to left ventricular diastolic pressures, J Am Coll Cardiol, 21, 1687, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90388-H
Yamamoto, 1997, Assessment of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by Doppler echocardiography: contribution of duration of pulmonary venous versus mitral flow velocity curves at atrial contraction, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 10, 52, 10.1016/S0894-7317(97)80032-6
Abu-Yousef, 1992, Normal and respiratory variations of the hepatic and portal venous duplex Doppler waveforms with simultaneous electrocardiographic correlation, J Ultrasound Med, 11, 263, 10.7863/jum.1992.11.6.263
Hsia, 2000, Effects of respiration and gravity on infradiaphragmatic venous flow in normal and Fontan patients, Circulation, 102, III148, 10.1161/circ.102.suppl_3.III-148
Giglia, 1993, Influence of right heart size on outcome in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, Circulation, 88, 2248, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.5.2248
Hanley, 1993, Outcomes in neonatal pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. A multiinstitutional study, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 105, 406, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)34223-0
Bull, 1982, Pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum: a revised classification, Circulation, 66, 266, 10.1161/01.CIR.66.2.266
Rhodes, 1991, Predictors of survival in neonates with critical aortic stenosis, Circulation, 84, 2325, 10.1161/01.CIR.84.6.2325
Gutgesell, 1984, Atrioventricular valve annular diameter: two-dimensional echocardiographic-autopsy correlation, Am J Cardiol, 53, 1652, 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90596-4
King, 1985, Mitral and tricuspid valve annular diameter in normal children determined by two-dimensional echocardiography, Am J Cardiol, 55, 787, 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90157-2
Tacy, 1995, Range of normal valve annulus size in neonates, Am J Cardiol, 75, 541, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80605-5
Tei, 1982, The tricuspid valve annulus: study of size and motion in normal subjects and in patients with tricuspid regurgitation, Circulation, 66, 665, 10.1161/01.CIR.66.3.665
Poutanen, 2006, Normal mitral and aortic valve areas assessed by three- and two-dimensional echocardiography in 168 children and young adults, Pediatr Cardiol, 27, 217, 10.1007/s00246-005-1056-7
Kaplan, 2000, Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of annular shape changes in the normal and regurgitant mitral valve, Am Heart J, 139, 378, 10.1016/S0002-8703(00)90077-2
Riggs, 1983, Measurement of mitral valve orifice area in infants and children by two-dimensional echocardiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1, 873, 10.1016/S0735-1097(83)80202-2
Fyrenius, 2001, Major and minor axes of the normal mitral annulus, J Heart Valve Dis, 10, 146
Sairanen, 1992, Dimensions of the heart and great vessels in normal children. A postmortem study of cardiac ventricles, valves and great vessels, Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 26, 83, 10.3109/14017439209099059
Foster, 2009, Accurate measurement of mitral annular dimensions by echocardiography: importance of correctly aligned imaging planes and anatomic landmarks, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 22, 458, 10.1016/j.echo.2009.02.008
Snider, 1997, Methods for obtaining quantitative information from the echocardiographic examination
Baumgartner, 2009, Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 22, 1, 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029
Binder, 2000, Improved assessment of mitral valve stenosis by volumetric real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 36, 1355, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00852-4
Nakatani, 1988, Value and limitations of Doppler echocardiography in the quantification of stenotic mitral valve area: comparison of the pressure half-time and the continuity equation methods, Circulation, 77, 78, 10.1161/01.CIR.77.1.78
Banerjee, 1995, Echocardiographic evaluation of congenital mitral valve anomalies in children, Am J Cardiol, 76, 1284, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80357-9
Zoghbi, 2003, Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 16, 777, 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3
Donovan, 1995, Quantitative Doppler tissue imaging of the left ventricular myocardium: validation in normal subjects, Am Heart J, 130, 100, 10.1016/0002-8703(95)90242-2
Garcia, 1996, Myocardial wall velocity assessment by pulsed Doppler tissue imaging: characteristic findings in normal subjects, Am Heart J, 132, 648, 10.1016/S0002-8703(96)90251-3
Pai, 1998, Amplitudes, durations, and timings of apically directed left ventricular myocardial velocities: II. Systolic and diastolic asynchrony in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 11, 112, 10.1016/S0894-7317(98)70068-9
Feigenbaum, 2005, Evaluation of systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle, 138
Rokey, 1985, Determination of parameters of left ventricular diastolic filling with pulsed Doppler echocardiography: comparison with cineangiography, Circulation, 71, 543, 10.1161/01.CIR.71.3.543
Bowman, 1988, Peak filling rate normalized to mitral stroke volume: a new Doppler echocardiographic filling index validated by radionuclide angiographic techniques, J Am Coll Cardiol, 12, 937, 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90458-5
Nascimento, 1997, Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction in congenital heart disease by visual versus algorithmic determination, Am J Cardiol, 80, 1331, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00674-7
Schwartz, 2001, Predictors of outcome of biventricular repair in infants with multiple left heart obstructive lesions, Circulation, 104, 682, 10.1161/hc3101.093904
Colan, 2006, Validation and re-evaluation of a discriminant model predicting anatomic suitability for biventricular repair in neonates with aortic stenosis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, 1858, 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.02.020
Vogel, 1991, Left ventricular myocardial mass determined by cross-sectional echocardiography in normal newborns, infants, and children, Pediatr Cardiol, 12, 143, 10.1007/BF02238520
Regen, 1988, Left-ventricular cavity dimensions in children with normal and dilated hearts, Pediatr Cardiol, 9, 17, 10.1007/BF02279878
Nosir, 1997, The apical long-axis rather than the two-chamber view should be used in combination with the four-chamber view for accurate assessment of left ventricular volumes and function, Eur Heart J, 18, 1175, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015414
Malm, 2005, Choosing apical long-axis instead of two-chamber view gives more accurate biplane echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 18, 1044, 10.1016/j.echo.2005.03.002
Wyatt, 1980, Cross-sectional echocardiography. II. Analysis of mathematic models for quantifying volume of the formalin-fixed left ventricle, Circulation, 61, 1119, 10.1161/01.CIR.61.6.1119
Mercier, 1982, Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in children, Circulation, 65, 962, 10.1161/01.CIR.65.5.962
Wyatt, 1980, Cross-sectional echocardiography. III. Analysis of mathematic models for quantifying volume of symmetric and asymmetric left ventricles, Am Heart J, 100, 821, 10.1016/0002-8703(80)90062-9
Devereux, 1997, Measurement of left ventricular mass: methodology and expertise, J Hypertens, 15, 801, 10.1097/00004872-199715080-00002
Devereux, 1987, Detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by M-mode echocardiography. Anatomic validation, standardization, and comparison to other methods, Hypertension, 9, II19, 10.1161/01.HYP.9.2_Pt_2.II19
Gottdiener, 2004, American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for use of echocardiography in clinical trials, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 17, 1086
Hanevold, 2004, The effects of obesity, gender, and ethnic group on left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in hypertensive children: a collaborative study of the International Pediatric Hypertension Association, Pediatrics, 113, 328, 10.1542/peds.113.2.328
Daniels, 1998, Left ventricular geometry and severe left ventricular hypertrophy in children and adolescents with essential hypertension, Circulation, 97, 1907, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.19.1907
Kimball, 1993, Relation of left ventricular mass, preload, afterload and contractility in pediatric patients with essential hypertension, J Am Coll Cardiol, 21, 997, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90359-9
Jenkins, 2004, Reproducibility and accuracy of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular parameters using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 44, 878, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.050
Soliman, 2008, Accuracy and reproducibility of quantitation of left ventricular function by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography versus cardiac magnetic resonance, Am J Cardiol, 102, 778, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.04.062
van den Bosch, 2006, Comparison of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of left ventricular mass, Am J Cardiol, 97, 113, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.114
Arai, 2004, Accuracy of measurement of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by new real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with wall motion abnormalities secondary to myocardial infarction, Am J Cardiol, 94, 552, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.05.015
Lu, 2008, How accurately, reproducibly, and efficiently can we measure left ventricular indices using M-mode, 2-dimensional, and 3-dimensional echocardiography in children?, Am Heart J, 155, 946, 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.11.034
Riehle, 2008, Real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic acquisition and quantification of left ventricular indices in children and young adults with congenital heart disease: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 78, 10.1016/j.echo.2007.05.021
Iino, 2007, Volume measurement of the left ventricle in children using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with ventriculography, J Cardiol, 49, 221
Lipshultz, 1991, Late cardiac effects of doxorubicin therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood, N Engl J Med, 324, 808, 10.1056/NEJM199103213241205
Lipshultz, 1994, Limitations of fractional shortening as an index of contractility in pediatric patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, J Pediatr, 125, 563, 10.1016/S0022-3476(94)70008-7
Colan, 1984, Left ventricular end-systolic wall stress-velocity of fiber shortening relation: a load-independent index of myocardial contractility, J Am Coll Cardiol, 4, 715, 10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80397-6
Pai, 1998, Amplitudes, durations, and timings of apically directed left ventricular myocardial velocities: I. Their normal pattern and coupling to ventricular filling and ejection, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 11, 105, 10.1016/S0894-7317(98)70067-7
Sohn, 1997, Assessment of mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function, J Am Coll Cardiol, 30, 474, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)88335-0
Nikitin, 2003, Longitudinal ventricular function: normal values of atrioventricular annular and myocardial velocities measured with quantitative two-dimensional color Doppler tissue imaging, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 16, 906, 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00279-7
Eidem, 2004, Impact of cardiac growth on Doppler tissue imaging velocities: a study in healthy children, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 17, 212, 10.1016/j.echo.2003.12.005
Roberson, 2007, Annular and septal Doppler tissue imaging in children: normal z-score tables and effects of age, heart rate, and body surface area, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 20, 1276, 10.1016/j.echo.2007.02.023
Kukulski, 2000, A comparison of regional myocardial velocity information derived by pulsed and color Doppler techniques: an in vitro and in vivo study, Echocardiography, 17, 639, 10.1046/j.1540-8175.2000.00639.x
Van de Veire, 2008, Technological advances in tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography, Heart, 94, 1065, 10.1136/hrt.2007.120758
Rudko, 2008, IVRT′/IVRT index is a useful tool for detection of elevated left ventricular filling pressure in patients with preserved ejection fraction, Echocardiography, 25, 473, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00644.x
Vogel, 2002, Validation of myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction as a novel noninvasive index of right ventricular contractility: comparison with ventricular pressure-volume relations in an animal model, Circulation, 105, 1693, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000013773.67850.BA
Rychik, 1996, Quantitative assessment of myocardial tissue velocities in normal children with Doppler tissue imaging, Am J Cardiol, 77, 1254, 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00178-6
O'Leary, 1998, Diastolic ventricular function in children: a Doppler echocardiographic study establishing normal values and predictors of increased ventricular end-diastolic pressure, Mayo Clin Proc, 73, 616, 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)64884-2
Ayabakan, 2004, Left ventricular myocardial velocities in healthy children: quantitative assessment by tissue Doppler echocardiography and relation to the characteristics of filling of the left ventricle, Cardiol Young, 14, 156, 10.1017/S1047951104002070
Hiarada, 2000, Tissue doppler imaging of left and right ventricles in normal children, Tohoku J Exp Med, 191, 21, 10.1620/tjem.191.21
Kapusta, 2000, Assessment of myocardial velocities in healthy children using tissue Doppler imaging, Ultrasound Med Biol, 26, 229, 10.1016/S0301-5629(99)00102-7
Mori, 2000, Left ventricular wall motion velocities in healthy children measured by pulsed wave Doppler tissue echocardiography: normal values and relation to age and heart rate, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 13, 1002, 10.1067/mje.2000.108131
Frommelt, 2002, Usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging analysis of tricuspid annular motion for determination of right ventricular function in normal infants and children, Am J Cardiol, 89, 610, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02308-6
Rhodes, 1997, Comparison between the mean dP/dt during isovolumetric contraction and other echocardiographic indexes of ventricular systolic function, Echocardiography, 14, 215, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.1997.tb00713.x
Rhodes, 1993, A new noninvasive method for the estimation of peak dP/dt, Circulation, 88, 2693, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.6.2693
Border, 2003, Color M-mode and Doppler tissue evaluation of diastolic function in children: simultaneous correlation with invasive indices, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 16, 988, 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00511-X
Brun, 1992, Left ventricular flow propagation during early filling is related to wall relaxation: a color M-mode Doppler analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 20, 420, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90112-Z
Takatsuji, 1996, A new approach for evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function: spatial and temporal analysis of left ventricular filling flow propagation by color M-mode Doppler echocardiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 365, 10.1016/0735-1097(96)81240-X
Tei, 1995, New non-invasive index for combined systolic and diastolic ventricular function, J Cardiol, 26, 135
Eidem, 1998, Nongeometric quantitative assessment of right and left ventricular function: myocardial performance index in normal children and patients with Ebstein anomaly, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 11, 849, 10.1016/S0894-7317(98)70004-5
Friedberg, 2008, Relation between left ventricular regional radial function and radial wall motion abnormalities using two-dimensional speckle tracking in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, Am J Cardiol, 102, 335, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.03.064
Ramani, 2009, Pulmonary hypertension affects left ventricular basal twist: a novel use for speckle-tracking imaging, Echocardiography, 26, 44, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00760.x
Goffinet, 2009, Assessment of subendocardial vs. subepicardial left ventricular rotation and twist using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: comparison with tagged cardiac magnetic resonance, Eur Heart J, 30, 608, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn511
van Dalen, 2008, Age-related changes in the biomechanics of left ventricular twist measured by speckle tracking echocardiography, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 295, H1705, 10.1152/ajpheart.00513.2008
Song, 2008, Evaluation of left ventricular rotation and twist using speckle tracking imaging in patients with atrial septal defect, J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci, 28, 190, 10.1007/s11596-008-0219-1
Helbing, 1995, Comparison of echocardiographic methods with magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of right ventricular function in children, Am J Cardiol, 76, 589, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80161-1
Lai, 2008, Accuracy of guideline recommendations for two-dimensional quantification of the right ventricle by echocardiography, Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 24, 691, 10.1007/s10554-008-9314-4
Cooper, 1984, Comparison of M-mode echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular wall thickness obtained by the subcostal and parasternal approach in children, Am J Cardiol, 54, 835, 10.1016/S0002-9149(84)80216-7
Jiang, 1994, Right ventricle, 901
Levine, 1984, Echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular volume, Circulation, 69, 497, 10.1161/01.CIR.69.3.497
Silverman, 1983, Evaluation of right ventricular volume and ejection fraction in children by two-dimensional echocardiography, Pediatr Cardiol, 4, 197, 10.1007/BF02242255
Dell'Italia, 1991, The right ventricle: anatomy, physiology, and clinical importance, Curr Probl Cardiol, 16, 653, 10.1016/0146-2806(91)90009-Y
Haddad, 2008, Right ventricular function in cardiovascular disease, part I: anatomy, physiology, aging, and functional assessment of the right ventricle, Circulation, 117, 1436, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.653576
Kaul, 1984, Assessment of right ventricular function using two-dimensional echocardiography, Am Heart J, 107, 526, 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90095-4
Popescu, 2005, Right ventricular functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction: relation with left ventricular function and interventricular septum motion. GISSI-3 echo substudy, Heart, 91, 484, 10.1136/hrt.2003.028050
Koestenberger, 2009, Right ventricular function in infants, children and adolescents: reference values of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in 640 healthy patients and calculation of z score values, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 22, 715, 10.1016/j.echo.2009.03.026
Watanabe, 2003, Measurement of tricuspid annular diastolic velocities by Doppler tissue imaging to assess right ventricular function in patients with congenital heart disease, Pediatr Cardiol, 24, 463, 10.1007/s00246-002-0372-4
Lytrivi, 2005, Color Doppler tissue imaging for evaluation of right ventricular systolic function in patients with congenital heart disease, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 18, 1099, 10.1016/j.echo.2005.03.029
Kutty, 2008, Assessment of regional right ventricular velocities, strain, and displacement in normal children using velocity vector imaging, Echocardiography, 25, 294, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2007.00584.x
Samad, 2002, Prognostic impact of right ventricular involvement as assessed by tricuspid annular motion in patients with acute myocardial infarction, Am J Cardiol, 90, 778, 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02612-7
Kjaergaard, 2006, Impact of preload and afterload on global and regional right ventricular function and pressure: a quantitative echocardiography study, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 19, 515, 10.1016/j.echo.2005.12.021
Lee, 2007, Echocardiographic assessment of right heart hemodynamic parameters, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 20, 773, 10.1016/j.echo.2007.03.002
Nageh, 1999, Estimation of mean right atrial pressure using tissue Doppler imaging, Am J Cardiol, 84, 1448, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00595-0
Sade, 2007, Noninvasive estimation of right ventricular filling pressure by ratio of early tricuspid inflow to annular diastolic velocity in patients with and without recent cardiac surgery, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 20, 982, 10.1016/j.echo.2007.01.012
Moon-Grady, 2008, Color M-mode propagation velocity, but not its ratio to early diastolic inflow velocity, changes throughout gestation in normal human fetuses, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 31, 535, 10.1002/uog.5303
Torbicki, 1989, Attempts at measuring pulmonary arterial pressure by means of Doppler echocardiography in patients with chronic lung disease, Eur Respir J, 2, 856, 10.1183/09031936.93.02090856
Kisanuki, 1987, Doppler echocardiographic documentation of diastolic pulmonary artery forward flow, Am J Cardiol, 59, 711, 10.1016/0002-9149(87)91202-1
Redington, 1992, Antegrade diastolic pulmonary arterial flow as a marker of right ventricular restriction after complete repair of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and critical pulmonary valve stenosis, Cardiol Young, 2, 382, 10.1017/S1047951100007988
Roberson, 2007, Right ventricular Tei index in children: effect of method, age, body surface area, and heart rate, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 20, 764, 10.1016/j.echo.2006.11.002
Lindqvist, 2008, Echocardiography in the assessment of right heart function, Eur J Echocardiogr, 9, 225
Ichida, 1987, Cross sectional echocardiographic assessment of great artery diameters in infants and children, Br Heart J, 58, 627, 10.1136/hrt.58.6.627
Weinert, 1996, Feasibility of aortic diameter measurement by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography for preoperative selection and preparation of homograft aortic valves, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 112, 954, 10.1016/S0022-5223(96)70095-8
Otto, 1997, Prospective study of asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise predictors of outcome, Circulation, 95, 2262, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.9.2262
De Bruyne, 2000, Pressure-derived fractional flow reserve to assess serial epicardial stenoses: theoretical basis and animal validation, Circulation, 101, 1840, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.15.1840
Baumgartner, 1999, “Overestimation” of catheter gradients by Doppler ultrasound in patients with aortic stenosis: a predictable manifestation of pressure recovery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 33, 1655, 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00066-2
Niederberger, 1996, Importance of pressure recovery for the assessment of aortic stenosis by Doppler ultrasound. Role of aortic size, aortic valve area, and direction of the stenotic jet in vitro, Circulation, 94, 1934, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.8.1934
Barker, 2002, Comparison of simultaneous invasive and noninvasive measurements of pressure gradients in congenital aortic valve stenosis, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 15, 1496, 10.1067/mje.2002.126415
Villavicencio, 2003, Pressure recovery in pediatric aortic valve stenosis, Pediatr Cardiol, 24, 457, 10.1007/s00246-002-0361-7
Otto, 1986, Determination of the stenotic aortic valve area in adults using Doppler echocardiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 7, 509, 10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80460-0
Baumgartner, 2009, Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice, Eur J Echocardiogr, 10, 1, 10.1093/ejechocard/jen303
Beroukhim, 2006, Comparison of the pattern of aortic dilation in children with the Marfan's syndrome versus children with a bicuspid aortic valve, Am J Cardiol, 98, 1094, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.05.032
Chu, 2006, Assessment of coronary artery aneurysms in paediatric patients with Kawasaki disease by multidetector row CT angiography: feasibility and comparison with 2D echocardiography, Pediatr Radiol, 36, 1148, 10.1007/s00247-006-0281-4
English, 2003, Growth of the aorta in children with Williams syndrome: does surgery make a difference?, Pediatr Cardiol, 24, 566, 10.1007/s00246-003-0302-0
Gussenhoven, 1983, Comparison of internal diameter of great arteries in congenital heart disease. A cross-sectional echocardiographic study, Br Heart J, 49, 45, 10.1136/hrt.49.1.45
Rossi-Foulkes, 1999, Phenotypic features and impact of beta blocker or calcium antagonist therapy on aortic lumen size in the Marfan syndrome, Am J Cardiol, 83, 1364, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00101-0
Fogel, 1994, Magnetic resonance and echocardiographic imaging of pulmonary artery size throughout stages of Fontan reconstruction, Circulation, 90, 2927, 10.1161/01.CIR.90.6.2927
Snider, 1984, Two-dimensional echocardiographic determination of aortic and pulmonary artery sizes from infancy to adulthood in normal subjects, Am J Cardiol, 53, 218, 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90715-X
Sheil, 1995, Echocardiographic assessment of aortic root dimensions in normal children based on measurement of a new ratio of aortic size independent of growth, Am J Cardiol, 75, 711, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80659-6
Nistri, 2002, Bicuspid aortic valve: abnormal aortic elastic properties, J Heart Valve Dis, 11, 369
Nkomo, 2003, Bicuspid aortic valve associated with aortic dilatation: a community-based study, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 23, 351, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000055441.28842.0A
Fedak, 2003, Vascular matrix remodeling in patients with bicuspid aortic valve malformations: implications for aortic dilatation, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 126, 797, 10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00398-2
Kurotobi, 2002, Coronary diameter in normal infants, children and patients with Kawasaki disease, Pediatr Int, 44, 1, 10.1046/j.1442-200X.2002.01508.x
Yasuoka, 2002, Left anterior descending coronary artery flow and its relation to age in children, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 15, 69, 10.1067/mje.2002.115537
Ordovas, 2007, Disparity between ratios of diameters and blood flows in central pulmonary arteries in postoperative congenital heart disease using MRI, J Magn Reson Imaging, 25, 721, 10.1002/jmri.20863