Reactive arthritis: the role of bacterial antigens in inflammatory arthritis

Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology - Tập 6 Số 2 - Trang 285-308 - 1992
Rodney Hughes, Andrew Keat

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Adler, 1973, Degradation of 14C-labelled group A streptococci and micrococci in muscular lesions in the mouse, Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 9, 483

Ahvonen, 1969, Arthritis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infection, Acta Rheumatologica Scandinavica, 15, 232, 10.3109/rhe1.1969.15.issue-1-4.32

Amor, 1965, Sur l'origine virale possible du syndrome oculo-uréthrosynovial, Presse Médicale, 73, 1825

Ansell, 1964, Arthritic manifestations in regional enteritis, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 23, 64, 10.1136/ard.23.1.64

Astorga, 1969, Immunological studies of an experimental chronic arthritis resembling rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 12, 589, 10.1002/art.1780120606

Bannatyne, 1986, Rheumatoid arthritis: its clinical history, etiology, and pathology, Lancet, i, 1120

Bardin, 1990, Treatment by tetracycline or erythromycin of urethritides allows significant prevention of post-venereal arthritic flares in Reiter's syndrome patients, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 33, S26-s2

Bayston, 1990, Bacterial endotoxin and current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of endotoxaemia, Journal of Medical Microbiology, 31, 73, 10.1099/00222615-31-2-73

Benacerraf, 1959, Localisation of colloidal substances in vascular endothelium. A mechanism of tissue damage. Part 1: Factors causing the pathological deposition of colloidal carbon, American Journal of Pathology, 35, 75

Bjarnason, 1984, Intestinal permeability and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Lancet, ii, 1171, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92739-9

Bolton, 1981, Acute arthritis associated with Clostridium difficile colitis, British Medical Journal, 283, 1023, 10.1136/bmj.283.6298.1023

Bourne, 1985, Arthritis and coeliac disease, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 44, 592, 10.1136/ard.44.9.592

Brewerton, 1988, Causes of arthritis, Lancet, ii, 1063, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)90076-1

Brodie, 1818, Pathological and surgical Observations on Diseases of Joints, 514

Brook, 1954

Browne, 1900, Rheumatism and tonsillitis, Lancet, ii, 970, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)86893-8

Buchanan, 1972, Arthritis after jejunoileostomy, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 15, 644, 10.1002/art.1780150614

Buddingh, 1944, Experimental Streptobacillus moniliformis arthritis in the chick embryo, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 80, 59, 10.1084/jem.80.1.59

Bywaters, 1958, Arthritis associated with ulcerative colitis. A clinical and pathological study, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 17, 169, 10.1136/ard.17.2.169

Clegg, 1980, Articular complications of jejunoileal bypass surgery, Journal of Rheumatology, 7, 65

Collins, 1940, Observations of polyarthritis and experimental Erysipelothrix infection of swine, Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 50, 323, 10.1002/path.1700500213

Cook, 1969, Chronic arthritis produced by streptococcal-L forms, Journal of Pathology, 99, 283, 10.1002/path.1710990404

Cromartie, 1966, Rheumatic-like cardiac lesions in mice, Science, 154, 285, 10.1126/science.154.3746.285

Cromartie, 1977, Arthritis in rats after systemic injection of streptococcal cells or cell walls, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 146, 1585, 10.1084/jem.146.6.1585

Crone, 1986, Modulation of solute permeability in microvascular endothelium, Federation Proceedings, 45, 77

Crowe, 1932, 14

Dan, 1987, Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from the liver of a patient with prolonged fever, Gut, 28, 1514, 10.1136/gut.28.11.1514

Delamere, 1983, Jejuno-ileal bypass arthropathy: its clinical features and associations, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 42, 533, 10.1136/ard.42.5.553

de Joy, 1989, Streptococcal cell wall arthritis. Passive transfer of disease with a T cell line and cross-reactivity of streptococcal cell wall antigens withMycobacterium tuberculosis, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 170, 369, 10.1084/jem.170.2.369

de Koning, 1989, Yersinia in intestinal biopsy specimens from patients with seronegative spondylo-arthropathy: correlation with specific serum IgA antibodies, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 159, 109, 10.1093/infdis/159.1.109

De Vos, 1989, Ileocolonoscopy in seronegative spondylarthropathy, Gastroenterology, 96, 339, 10.1016/0016-5085(89)91557-6

Dixey, 1988, The arthropathy of cystic fibrosis, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 47, 218, 10.1136/ard.47.3.218

Dunlop, 1968, Seronegative polyarthritis. The Bedsonia (Chlamydia) group of agents and Reiter's disease—a progress report, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 27, 234, 10.1136/ard.27.3.234

Ebringer, 1977, Ankylosing spondylitis: Klebsiella and HLA B27, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 16, 190, 10.1093/rheumatology/16.3.190

Fernandez-Herlihy, 1977, Arthritis after jejunoileostomy for intractable obesity, Journal of Rheumatology, 4, 135

Flax, 1963, Further immunologic studies of adjuvant disease in the rat, International Archives of Allergy, 23, 331, 10.1159/000229438

Ford, 1985, Lymphocytes from the site of disease but not blood lymphocytes indicate the cause of arthritis, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 44, 701, 10.1136/ard.44.10.701

Gabrielle, 1938, Syndrome retro-articulaire au course d'une entérite a lamblia, Lyons Médicale, 162, 299

Gans, 1974, The escape of endotoxin from the intestine, Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 139, 395

Gaston, 1989, Synovial T lymphocyte recognition of organisms that trigger reactive arthritis, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 76, 348

Goldenberg, 1984, Arthritis in rabbits induced by killed Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal lipopolysaccharide, Journal of Rheumatology, 11, 3

Graby, 1949, Syndrome de Fiessinger Leroy avec polyneurite, Cahier Medicale, 4, 93

Granfors, 1988, Host-microbe interaction in reactive arthritis, 24

Granfors, 1989, Yersinia antigens in synovial fluid cells from patients with reactive arthritis, New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 216, 10.1056/NEJM198901263200404

Granfors, 1990, Bacterial antigens in peripheral blood cells in Yersinia-triggered arthritis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 85, S45

Granfors, 1990, Salmonella lipopolysaccharide in synovial cells from patients with reactive arthritis, Lancet, 335, 685, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90804-E

Grun, 1892, Acute gout, Lancet, i, 235

Grun, 1892, Bacteria in acute rheumatism, Lancet, i, 1063

Hamilton, 1982, Intestinal permeability in coeliac disease. The response to gluten withdrawal and single dose gluten challenge, Gut, 23, 202, 10.1136/gut.23.3.202

Hammer, 1990, Yersinia enterocolitica in the synovial membrane of patients with Yersinia-induced arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 33, 1795, 10.1002/art.1780331206

Harmsen, 1985, The role of macrophages in particle translocation from lungs to lymph nodes, Science, 230, 1277, 10.1126/science.4071052

Hawkins, 1976, Detection by electron microscope of rod-shaped organisms in synovial membrane from a patient with the arthritis of Whipple's disease, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 35, 502, 10.1136/ard.35.6.502

Hill, 1987, Development of an experimental animal model for reactive arthritis induced by Yersinia enterocolitica infection, Infection and Immunity, 55, 721, 10.1128/IAI.55.3.721-726.1987

Hodgson, 1977, Immune complexes in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 29, 187

Hollander, 1986, Increased intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their relatives, Annals of Internal Medicine, 105, 883, 10.7326/0003-4819-105-6-883

Hollingsworth, 1965, Synovial inflammatory response to bacterial endotoxin, The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 38, 241

Holoshitz, 1983, Lines of T-lymphocytes induce or vaccinate against autoimmune arthritis, Science, 219, 56, 10.1126/science.6336851

Hough, 1988, Induction of arthritis in C57B1/6 mice by chlamydial antigen. Effect of prior immunisation or infection, American Journal of Pathology, 130, 163

Howes, 1970, Ocular vascular permeability. Effect of systemic administration of bacterial endotoxin, Archives of Ophthalmology, 84, 360, 10.1001/archopht.1970.00990040362017

Hughes, 1989, Comparison of serum and synovial fluid chlamydial antibody titres, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 32, S113

Hughes, 1991, Bacterial antigens in synovial fluid in seronegative arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 34, S197

Hughes, 1991, Intra-articular chlamydial antigen and inflammatory arthritis, Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 291, 575

Inman, 1987, Immunochemical analysis of immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis in Reiter's syndrome and non-specific urethritis, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 69, 246

Inman, 1989, Immunological features of ‘reactive arthritis’ due to Chlamydia trachomatis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 32, S113

Ishikawa, 1986, Arthritis presumably caused by Chlamydia in Reiter's syndrome, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Am), 68, 777, 10.2106/00004623-198668050-00024

Jayson, 1970, Inflammatory bowel disease in ankylosing spondylitis, Gut, 11, 506, 10.1136/gut.11.6.506

Jirik, 1989, Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory mediators augment IL-6 secretion by human endothelial cells, Journal of Immunology, 142, 144

Julkunen, 1964, Chronic salpingo-oophoritis and rheumatoid spondylitis, Acta Rheumatologica Scandinavica, 10, 209, 10.3109/rhe1.1964.10.issue-1-4.23

Kaufman, 1988, CD8+ lymphocytes in intracellular infections, Immunology Today, 9, 168, 10.1016/0167-5699(88)91292-3

Keat, 1983, Reiter's syndrome and reactive arthritis in perspective, New England Journal of Medicine, 309, 1606, 10.1056/NEJM198312293092604

Keat, 1986, Is spondylitis caused by Klebsiella?, Immunology Today, 7, 144, 10.1016/0167-5699(86)90081-2

Keat, 1990, Sexually transmitted arthritis syndromes, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 74, 1617

Keat, 1990, Do synovial fluid cells indicate the cause of reactive arthritis?, Journal of Rheumatology, 17, 1257

Keat, 1978, Role of Chlamydia trachomatis and HLA-B27 in sexually acquired reactive arthritis, British Medical Journal, i, 605, 10.1136/bmj.1.6113.605

Keat, 1983, Chlamydial infection in the aetiology of arthritis, British Medical Bulletin, 39, 168, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071811

Keat, 1987, Chlamydia trachomatis and reactive arthritis: The missing link, Lancet, i, 72, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91910-6

Kihlstrom, 1989, Immunoblot analysis of antibody response to Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 18, 377, 10.3109/03009748909102099

Kling, 1938, 51

Klockars, 1987, Silica exposure and rheumatoid arthritis: a follow up study of granite workers 1940–1981, British Medical Journal, 294, 997, 10.1136/bmj.294.6578.997

Koga, 1973, Immunogenicity and arthritogenicity in the rat of an antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis wax D, Journal of Immunology, 111, 599

Kohashi, 1976, Structural requirements in arthritogenicity of peptidoglycans from Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus plantarum and analogous synthetic compounds, Journal of Immunology, 116, 1635

Kohashi, 1985, Reverse effect of gram-positive bacteria versus gram-negative bacteria on adjuvant-induced arthritis in germ free rats, Microbiology and Immunology, 29, 487, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00851.x

Kossman, 1980, Syndrome de Fiessinger Leroy Reiter chez l'enfant et Ureaplasma urealyticum, Pédiatrie, 35, 237

Kousa, 1978, Frequent association of chlamydial infection with Reiter's syndrome, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 5, 57, 10.1097/00007435-197804000-00004

Kuhns, 1936, Role of the reticulo-endothelial system in the deposition of colloidal and particulate matter in articular cavities, Archives of Surgery, 33, 68, 10.1001/archsurg.1936.01190010071004

Kuzell, 1960, Cultivation of pleuropneumonia-like organisms in Reiter's disease, including one instance of laboratory cross-infection, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 79, 650, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb42737.x

Lahesmaa-Rantala, 1987, Yersinia specific immune complexes in the synovial fluid of patients with Yersinia triggered reactive arthritis, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 46, 510, 10.1136/ard.46.7.510

Lauhio, 1991, Double-blind placebo-controlled study of three months' treatment with lymecycline in reactive arthritis, with special reference to chlamydialarthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 34, 6, 10.1002/art.1780340103

Launois, 1899, Arthropathies récividantes; amyotrophie généralisee, troubles trophiques multiples (cornes cutanées, chute d'un ongle) d'origine blenorrhagique, Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Médicale des Hospitaux de Paris, 16, 736

LeFevre, 1978, Accumulation of latex in Peyer's patches and its subsequent appearance in villi and mesenteric lymph nodes, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 159, 298, 10.3181/00379727-159-40336

Leff, 1983, The effect of revision of the intestinal bypass on post-intestinal bypass arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 26, 678, 10.1002/art.1780260517

Leff, 1983, A prospective analysis of the arthritis syndrome and immune function in jejunoileal bypass patients, Journal of Rheumatology, 10, 612

Lehman, 1984, Lactobacillus casei cell wall-induced arthritis in rats: cell wall fragment distribution and persistence in chronic arthritis-susceptibleLEW/N and -resistant F344/N rats, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 27, 939, 10.1002/art.1780270815

Levin, 1970, Detection of endotoxin in human blood and demonstration of an inhibitor, Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 75, 903

Levy, 1966, Etude par microscopie electronique dans inclusions des cellules synoviales dans un cas de syndrome oculourethro-synovial, Pathologie et Biologie, 14, 216

Lofgren, 1984, Acute oligoarthritis associated with Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis, Archives of Internal Medicine, 144, 617, 10.1001/archinte.1984.00350150229045

Maizel, 1970, Whipple's disease: a review of 19 patients from one hospital and a review of the literature since 1950, Medicine, 49, 175, 10.1097/00005792-197005000-00001

Manicourt, 1981, Immune complexes in polyarthritis after Salmonella gastroenteritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 8, 613

Marcolongo, 1979, Gastrointestinal involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: A biopsy study, Journal of Rheumatology, 6, 163

Martin, 1984, C. trachomatis infections in men with Reiter's syndrome, Annals of Internal Medicine, 100, 207, 10.7326/0003-4819-100-2-207

Mason, 1958, Prostatitis and ankylosing spondylitis, British Medical Journal, i, 748, 10.1136/bmj.1.5073.748

Merilahti-Palo, 1991, Bacterial antigens in synovial biopsy specimens in Yersinia triggered reactive arthritis, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 50, 87, 10.1136/ard.50.2.87

Metchnikoff, 1907

Mezey, 1974, Is endogenous ethanol production responsible for hepatic dysfunction following jejunoileal anastomosis for morbid obesity?, Clinical Research, 22, 694A

Mielants, 1991, Intestinal mucosal permeability in inflammatory rheumatic diseases, Journal of Rheumatology, 18, 394

Moake, 1977, Intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and circulating immune complexes after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery, Annals of Internal Medicine, 86, 576, 10.7326/0003-4819-86-5-576

Moller, 1980, HLA antigens and sacroiliitis in chronic prostatitis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 9, 138, 10.3109/03009748009098144

Moore, 1989, Antibody to streptococcal cell wall peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers in sera of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis but absent in isolated immune complexes, Journal of Rheumatology, 16, 1069

Muller-Schoop, 1978, Chlamydia trachomatis as a possible cause of peritonitis and perihepatitis in young women, British Medical Journal, i, 1022, 10.1136/bmj.1.6119.1022

Olhagen, 1969, Intestinal Clostridium perfringens in rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases, Excerpta Medica International Congress Series, 213, 443

Palmer, 1980, Bacteriological and endotoxin studies in cases of ulcerative colitis submitted to surgery, Gut, 21, 851, 10.1136/gut.21.10.851

Papa, 1983, The effect of ischemia of the dog's colon on transmural migration of bacteria and endotoxin, Journal of Surgical Research, 35, 264, 10.1016/S0022-4804(83)80013-4

Park, 1984, Antibodies to peptidoglycan in patients with spondylarthritis: a clue to disease aetiology?, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 43, 725, 10.1136/ard.43.5.725

Pearson, 1956, Development of arthritis, periarthritis and periostitis in rats given adjuvants, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 91, 95, 10.3181/00379727-91-22179

Pearson, 1964, Passive transfer of adjuvant arthritis by lymph node or spleen cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 120, 547, 10.1084/jem.120.4.547

Pelton, 1985, The rheumatoid synovial membrane participates in systemic anti-viral immune responses, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 62, 657

Peterson, 1990, Absence of the 7.5 kd plasmid in a Chlamydia trachomatis isolate, 145

Poole, 1992, A search for Chlamydia trachomatis in synovial fluid from patients with reactive arthritis using the polymerase chain reaction and antigen detection methods, British Journal of Rheumatology, 31, 31, 10.1093/rheumatology/31.1.31

Popert, 1964, A prospective study of Reiter's syndrome: an interim report on the first 82 cases, British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 40, 160

Poynton, 1900, The aetiology of rheumatic fever, Lancet, ii, 861, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)97880-8

Poynton, 1900, The aetiology of rheumatic fever, Lancet, ii, 932, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)86866-5

Rahman, 1990, High levels of anti-peptidoglycan antibodies in psoriatic and other seronegative arthritides, Journal of Rheumatology, 17, 621

Reiter, 1916, Ueber eine bisher unerkannte Spirochäteninfektion (spirochaetosis arthritica), Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 42, 1535, 10.1055/s-0028-1135542

Romanus, 1953, Pelvo-spondylitis ossificans in the male and genito-urinary infection, Acta Medica Scandinavica, 145, 172

Rose, 1977, Intestinal bypass arthritis: association with circulating immune complexes and HLA B27, Journal of Rheumatology, 4, 129

Rosenbaum, 1980, Endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats as a model for human disease, Nature, 280, 611, 10.1038/286611a0

Rosenow, 1914, Aetiology of arthritis deformans. Preliminary note, Journal of the American Medical Association, 62, 1146, 10.1001/jama.1914.02560400014004

Sanford, 1958, Studies on the absorption of Escherichia coli endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract of dogs in the pathogenesis of irreversible hemorrhagicshock, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 37, 1425, 10.1172/JCI103733

Schachter, 1966, Isolation of bedsoniae from the joints of patients with Reiter's syndrome, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 122, 283, 10.3181/00379727-122-31113

Schatten, 1954, The role of intestinal bacteria in liver necrosis following experimental excision of the hepatic arterial supply, Surgery, 36, 256

Schumacher, 1969, The microvasculature of the synovial membrane of the monkey: Ultrastructural studies, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 12, 387, 10.1002/art.1780120406

Schumacher, 1988, Light and electron microscopic studies on the synovial membrane in Reiter's syndrome. Immunocytochemical identification of chlamydial antigen in patients with early disease, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 31, 937, 10.1002/art.1780310801

Schwab, 1957, Studies on a toxic cellular component of group A streptococci, Journal of Bacteriology, 74, 673, 10.1128/JB.74.5.673-679.1957

Schwab, 1967, Association of experimental chronic arthritis with persistence of group A streptococcal cell walls in the articular tissue, Journal of Bacteriology, 94, 1728, 10.1128/JB.94.5.1728-1735.1967

Sergott, 1986, Human adjuvant disease, possible autoimmune disease after silicone implantation: a review of the literature, case studies and speculation for thefuture, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 78, 104, 10.1097/00006534-198607000-00018

Shaffer, 1939, The passage of type III rabbit virulent pneumococci from the vascular system into joints and certain other body cavities, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 70, 293, 10.1084/jem.70.3.293

Shagrin, 1971, Polyarthritis in obese patients with intestinal bypass, Annals of Internal Medicine, 75, 377, 10.7326/0003-4819-75-3-377

Shatkin, 1973, Study of the aetiological role of Halprovia-microorganisms of PLT group in diseases of joints, Vopr Reum, 2, 12

Shupe, 1964, Pathologic study of psitticosis-lymphogranuloma polyarthritis of lambs, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 25, 943

Sieper, 1991, Synovial T lymphocyte specific immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis in Reiter's disease, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 34, 588, 10.1002/art.1780340511

Sigal, 1986, Proliferative response of mononuclear cells in Lyme disease. Reactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi antigen is greater in joint fluid than in blood, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 29, 761, 10.1002/art.1780290609

Smialowicz, 1977, Processing of streptococcal cell walls by rat macrophages and human monocytes in vitro, Infection and Immunity, 17, 591, 10.1128/IAI.17.3.591-598.1977

Stagg, 1991, Peripheral blood and synovial fluid T cells differ in their response to alloantigens and recall antigens presented by dendritic cells, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 84, 72, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb08126.x

Stein, 1981, The intestinal bypass arthritis-dermatitis syndrome, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 24, 684, 10.1002/art.1780240509

Steinfort, 1987, Reactive arthritis in bronchiectasis, Annual Review of Respiratory Diseases, 135, SA42

Storz, 1966, Polyarthritis of calves: isolation of psittacosis agents from affected joints, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 27, 633

Szanto, 1979, Sacroiliitis and salpingitis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 8, 129, 10.3109/03009747909114443

Taylor-Robinson, 1988, Evidence that Chlamydia trachomatis causes seronegative arthritis in women, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 47, 295, 10.1136/ard.47.4.295

Toivanen, 1988, Pathogenesis of reactive arthritis, 172

Toivanen, 1987, Do bacterial antigens persist in reactive arthritis?, Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 5, S125

Tuffrey, 1984, The distribution and effect of Chlamydia trachomatis in CBA mice inoculated genitally, intra-articularly or intravenously, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 173, 29, 10.1007/BF02123566

Utsinger, 1980, Systemic immune complex disease following intestinal bypass surgery: Bypass disease, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2, 488, 10.1016/S0190-9622(80)80149-6

Utsinger, 1981, Absorption and articular deposition of ingested I131 E. coli cell wall in reactive arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 24, S58

Utsinger, 1978, Clinical and immunologic study of the post-intestinal bypass arthritis-dermatitis syndrome, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 21, 599

van der Bel-Kahn, 1978, Chlamydia trachomatis endocarditis, American Heart Journal, 95, 627, 10.1016/0002-8703(78)90305-8

van Deventer, 1988, Intestinal endotoxemia. Clinical significance, Gastroenterology, 94, 825, 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90261-2

van Eden, 1988, Cloning of the mycobacterial epitope recognised by T lymphocytes in adjuvant arthritis, Nature, 331, 171, 10.1038/331171a0

Verinder, 1978, Septic arthritis due to Mycoplasma hominis. A case report and review of the literature, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 60, 224, 10.1302/0301-620X.60B2.659469

Vernon-Roberts, 1976, Adjuvant arthritis in the rat. Distribution of fluorescent material after footpad injection of rodamine-labelled tubercle bacilli, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 35, 389, 10.1136/ard.35.5.389

Viitanen, 1991, Application of the polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence techniques to the detection of bacteria in Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 34, 89, 10.1002/art.1780340114

Vilppula, 1981, Chlamydial isolations and serology in Reiter's syndrome, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 10, 181, 10.3109/03009748109095295

Volkman, 1973, Polyarthritis associated with Salmonella infection in rats, Infection and Immunity, 8, 814, 10.1128/IAI.8.5.814-818.1973

Wagener, 1988, Endotoxin in the plasma of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 17, 301, 10.3109/03009748809098801

Walker, 1978, The contribution of intestinal endotoxin to mortality in hosts with compromised resistance: A review, Experimental Hematology, 6, 172

Wands, 1976, Arthritis associated with intestinal-bypass procedure for morbid obesity, New England Journal of Medicine, 294, 121, 10.1056/NEJM197601152940301

Wellmann, 1984, Whole-gut irrigation as anti-endotoxaemic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease, Hepato-gastroenterology, 31, 91

Whipple, 1907, A hitherto undescribed disease characterised anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues, Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, 198, 382

White, 1969, Induction of experimental chronic arthritis in rabbits by cell-free fragments of Erysipelothrix, Journal of Bacteriology, 98, 403, 10.1128/JB.98.2.403-406.1969

White, 1971, Rabbit arthritis induced by cell-free extracts of Erysipelothrix, Infection and Immunity, 3, 715, 10.1128/IAI.3.6.715-722.1971

Whitehouse, 1969, Passive transfer of adjuvant-induced arthritis and allergic encephalomyelitis in rats using thoracic duct lymphocytes, Nature, 224, 1322, 10.1038/2241322a0

Wilder, 1982, Strain and sex variation in the susceptibility to streptococcal cell wall-induced polyarthritis in the rat, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 25, 1064, 10.1002/art.1780250906

Wilder, 1983, The pathogenesis of group A streptococcal cell wall-induced polyarthritis in the rat. Comparative studies in arthritis resistant and susceptible in-bred rat strains, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 26, 1442, 10.1002/art.1780261205

Wood, 1962, Protection of rats against adjuvant arthritis by bacterial lipopolysaccharides, Science, 137, 544, 10.1126/science.137.3529.544

Wood, 1969, Capacity of mycobacterial wax D and its subfractions to induce adjuvant arthritis in rats, International Archives of Allergy, 35, 456, 10.1159/000230198

Woodward, 1879, vol. I, 407

Wordsworth, 1990, Chlamydial DNA is absent from the joints of patients with sexually acquired reactive arthritis, British Journal of Rheumatology, 29, 208, 10.1093/rheumatology/29.3.208

Wright, 1965, The arthritis of ulcerative colitis, British Medical Journal, ii, 670, 10.1136/bmj.2.5463.670

Yardley, 1961, Combined electron and light microscopy in Whipple's disease, Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 109, 80

Zapanta, 1979, Arthritis associated with jejunoileal bypass, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 22, 711, 10.1002/art.1780220704

Ziff, 1976, How far can rheumatic diseases be viewed as immunopathological responses to microbial infection?, 627