Prevalence and associated factors of malnutrition among children under-five years in Sindh, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

Gul Nawaz Khan1, Ali Turab1, Mohammad Imran Khan2, Arjumand Rizvi1, Fariha Shaheen1, Asmat Ullah1, Amjad Hussain1, Imtiaz Hussain1, Imran Ahmed1, Muhammad Yaqoob1, Shabina Ariff1, Sajid Bashir Soofi1
1Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
2Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

UNICEF/WHO/World Bank. Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates by UNICEF, WHO & World Bank. 2014. http://data.worldbank.org/child-malnutrition.

Demissie S, Worku A. Magnitude and factors associated with malnutrition in children 6–59 months of age in Pastoral community of Dollo Ado District, Somali Region, Ethiopia. Sci J Public Health. 2013;1:175–83.

Meshram II, Arlappa N, Balakrishna N, Rao KM, Laxmaiah A, Brahmam GNV. Trends in the prevalence of undernutrition, nutrient and food intake and predictors of undernutrition among under five year tribal children in India. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21:568–76.

Masibo PK, Makoka D. Trends and determinants of undernutrition among young Kenyan children: Kenya Demographic and Health Survey; 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008–2009. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:1715–27.

Pasricha SR, Biggs BA. Undernutrition among children in South and South-East Asia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010;46:497–503.

Jesmin A, Yamamoto SS, Malik AA, Haque A. Prevalence and determinants of chronic malnutrition among preschool children: a cross-sectional study in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29:494–9.

Pruss-Unstun A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J. Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. Geneva: WHO; 2008.

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim K, Shibuya K, Aboyans, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2095–128.

Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:710–7.

Guerrant RL, DeBoer MD, Moore SR, Scharf RJ, Lima AAM. The impoverished gut—a triple burden of diarrhoea, stunting and chronic disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10:220–9.

Ferriman A. BMJ readers choose the “sanitary revolution” as greatest medical advance since 1840. BMJ. 2007;334:111.

Esrey SA, Potash JB, Roberts L, Shiff C. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ. 1991;69:609–21.

Wolf J, Prüss-Ustün A, Cumming O, Bartram J, Bonjour S, Cairncross S, et al. Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19(8):928–42.

Clasen TF, Bostoen K, Schmidt WP, Boisson S, Fung IC, Jenkins MW, et al. Interventions to improve disposal of human excreta for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;6:CD007180.

Engell RE, Lim SS. Does clean water matter? An updated analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions and diarrhoeal diseases. Lancet. 2013;381:544.

Bhutta ZA, Hafeez A, Rizvi A, Ali N, Khan A, Ahmad F, et al. Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities. Lancet. 2013;381:2207–18.

Bhutta ZA, Gazdar H, Haddad L. Seeing the unseen: breaking the logjam of undernutrition in Pakistan. Ids Bull I Dev Stud. 2013;44:1–9.

Bhutta ZA, Gupta I, de’Silva H, Manandhar D, Awasthi S, Hossain SMM. Maternal and child health: is South Asia ready for change? BMJ. 2004;328:816–9.

National Nutrition Survey 2011. Planning Commission, Planning & Development Division, Government of Pakistan. 2011.

Sindh Bureau of Statistics and UNICEF; Sindh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014, Final Report. Karachi: Sindh Bureau of Statistics and UNICEF; 2015.

Gorstein J, Sullivan KM, Parvanta I, Begin F. Indicators and methods for cross-sectional surveys of vitamin and mineral status of populations. The Micronutrient Initiative (Ottawa) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta). 2007.

World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight for- length, weight-for-height and body mass index-forage: methods and development. Geneva. 2006.

Gwatkin DR, Rutstein S, Johnson K, Pande R, Wagstaff A. Socio-economic differences in health, nutrition, and population. Washington: World Bank; 2000.

Wamani H, Astrom AN, Peterson S, Tumwine JK, Tylleskar T. Boys are more stunted than girls in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys. BMC Pediatr. 2007;7:17.

Novignon J, Aboagye E, Agyemang OS, Aryeetey G. Socioeconomic-related inequalities in child malnutrition: evidence from the Ghana multiple indicator cluster survey. Health Econ Rev. 2015;5:34.

Van Den B, Ettyang GB, Keino S, Plasqui G. Determinants of stunting and overweight among young children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Food Nutr Bull. 2014;35:167–78.

Hong R. Effect of economic inequality on chronic childhood undernutrition in Ghana. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10:371–8.

Fotso JC. Child health inequities in developing countries: differences across urban and rural areas. Int J Equity Health. 2006;5:9.

Fotso JC. Urban–rural differentials in child malnutrition: trends and socioeconomic correlates in sub-Saharan Africa. Health Place. 2007;13:205–23.

Kumar A, Kumari D. Decomposing the Rural–urban Differentials in Childhood Malnutrition in India, 1992–2006. Asian Popul Stud. 2014;10:144–62.

Kismul, et al. The social context of severe child malnutrition: a qualitative household case study from a rural area of the Democratic Republic of Congo International. J Equity Health. 2015;14:47.

Disha A, Kuntal KS, Phuong HN, Michael TD, Marie TR, Purnima M, et al. Household food insecurity is associated with higher child undernutrition in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Vietnam, but the effect is not mediated by child dietary diversity. J Nutr. 2013;143:2015–21.

McDonald CM, McLean J, Kroeun H, Talukder A, Lynd LD, Green TJ. Household food insecurity and dietary diversity as correlates of maternal and child undernutrition in rural Cambodia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(2):242–6.