Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis: Identification, Evaluation, and Future Directions for Investigation
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
del Puente, 1988, The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis is predicted by rheumatoid factor titer in a longitudinal population study, Arthritis Rheum, 31, 1239, 10.1002/art.1780311004
Aho, 1991, Rheumatoid factors antedating clinical rheumatoid arthritis, J Rheumatol, 18, 1282
Kurki, 1992, Immunopathology of rheumatoid arthritis. Antikeratin antibodies precede the clinical disease, Arthritis Rheum, 35, 914, 10.1002/art.1780350810
Aho, 1993, Antikeratin antibody and antiperinuclear factor as markers for subclinical rheumatoid disease process, J Rheumatol, 20, 1278
Aho, 1997, Serum immunoglobulins and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 56, 351, 10.1136/ard.56.6.351
Aho, 2000, Antifilaggrin antibodies within “normal” range predict rheumatoid arthritis in a linear fashion, J Rheumatol, 27, 2743
Rantapaa-Dahlqvist, 2003, Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide and IgA rheumatoid factor predict the development of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 48, 2741, 10.1002/art.11223
Nielen, 2004, Specific autoantibodies precede the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: a study of serial measurements in blood donors, Arthritis Rheum, 50, 380, 10.1002/art.20018
Majka, 2008, Duration of preclinical rheumatoid arthritis-related autoantibody positivity increases in subjects with older age at time of disease diagnosis, Ann Rheum Dis, 67, 801, 10.1136/ard.2007.076679
MacGregor, 1991, Rheumatoid factors as predictors of rheumatoid arthritis, J Rheumatol, 18, 1280
Silman, 1992, Incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in a genetically predisposed population, Br J Rheumatol, 31, 365, 10.1093/rheumatology/31.6.365
Aho, 1995, Predictive significance of rheumatoid factor, J Rheumatol, 22, 2186
Aho, 1987, The timing of rheumatoid factor seroconversions, Arthritis Rheum, 30, 719, 10.1002/art.1780300623
Jonsson, 1992, Population study of the importance of rheumatoid factor isotypes in adults, Ann Rheum Dis, 51, 863, 10.1136/ard.51.7.863
van Venrooij, 2000, Citrullination: a small change for a protein with great consequences for rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Res, 2, 249, 10.1186/ar95
Bos, 2008, Duration of pre-rheumatoid arthritis anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide positivity is positively associated with age at seroconversion, Ann Rheum Dis, 67, 1642, 10.1136/ard.2007.085456
Chibnik, 2009, Comparison of threshold cutpoints and continuous measures of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in predicting future rheumatoid arthritis, J Rheumatol, 36, 706, 10.3899/jrheum.080895
Nielen, 2004, Increased levels of C-reactive protein in serum from blood donors before the onset of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 50, 2423, 10.1002/art.20431
Nielen, 2006, Simultaneous development of acute phase response and autoantibodies in preclinical rheumatoid arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 65, 535, 10.1136/ard.2005.040659
Rantapaa-Dahlqvist, 2007, Up regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in anti-citrulline antibody and immunoglobulin M rheumatoid factor positive subjects precedes onset of inflammatory response and development of overt rheumatoid arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 66, 121, 10.1136/ard.2006.057331
Karlson, 2009, Biomarkers of inflammation and development of rheumatoid arthritis in women from two prospective cohort studies, Arthritis Rheum, 60, 641, 10.1002/art.24350
Shadick, 2006, C-reactive protein in the prediction of rheumatoid arthritis in women, Arch Intern Med, 166, 2490, 10.1001/archinte.166.22.2490
Jorgensen, 2008, Cytokines, autoantibodies and viral antibodies in premorbid and postdiagnostic sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: case-control study nested in a cohort of Norwegian blood donors, Ann Rheum Dis, 67, 860, 10.1136/ard.2007.073825
Aho, 2000, Serum C-reactive protein does not predict rheumatoid arthritis, J Rheumatol, 27, 1136
Kokkonen, 2010, Up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines predates the onset of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 62, 383, 10.1002/art.27186
Silman, 1994, Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis, APMIS, 102, 721, 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1994.tb05226.x
Alarcon, 1995, Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 21, 589, 10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00458-0
Reveille, 1998, The genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 10, 187, 10.1097/00002281-199805000-00007
Nepom, 1992, Prediction of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis by human leukocyte antigen genotyping, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 18, 785, 10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00151-4
Karlson, 2010, Gene-environment interaction between HLA-DRB1 shared epitope and heavy cigarette smoking in predicting incident rheumatoid arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 69, 54, 10.1136/ard.2008.102962
Plenge, 2009, Rheumatoid arthritis genetics: 2009 update, Curr Rheumatol Rep, 11, 351, 10.1007/s11926-009-0050-0
Barton, 2009, Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: an emerging picture, Arthritis Rheum, 61, 1441, 10.1002/art.24672
Heliovaara, 2000, Coffee consumption, rheumatoid factor, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 59, 631, 10.1136/ard.59.8.631
Mikuls, 2002, Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study, Arthritis Rheum, 46, 83, 10.1002/1529-0131(200201)46:1<83::AID-ART10042>3.0.CO;2-D
Padyukov, 2004, A gene-environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 50, 3085, 10.1002/art.20553
Hart, 2009, Exposure to traffic pollution and increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis, Environ Health Perspect, 117, 1065, 10.1289/ehp.0800503
Parks, 1999, Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and autoimmune disease, Environ Health Perspect, 107, 793, 10.1289/ehp.99107s5793
Koeger, 1995, Silica-associated connective tissue disease. A study of 24 cases, Medicine (Baltimore), 74, 221, 10.1097/00005792-199509000-00001
Blaschke, 2000, Epstein-Barr virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, synovial fluid cells, and synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, J Rheumatol, 27, 866
Oliver, 2006, Risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis, Scand J Rheumatol, 35, 169, 10.1080/03009740600718080
Silman, 1993, Rheumatoid arthritis, 7
Spector, 1990, Is poor pregnancy outcome a risk factor in rheumatoid arthritis?, Ann Rheum Dis, 49, 12, 10.1136/ard.49.1.12
Pladevall-Vila, 1996, Controversy of oral contraceptives and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analysis of conflicting studies and review of conflicting meta-analyses with special emphasis on analysis of heterogeneity, Am J Epidemiol, 144, 1, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008846
Spector, 1990, The protective effect of the oral contraceptive pill on rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of the analytic epidemiological studies using meta-analysis, J Clin Epidemiol, 43, 1221, 10.1016/0895-4356(90)90023-I
Doran, 2004, The effect of oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a population based study, J Rheumatol, 31, 207
Merlino, 2004, Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study, Arthritis Rheum, 50, 72, 10.1002/art.11434
Bhatia, 2007, Rheumatoid factor seropositivity is inversely associated with oral contraceptive use in women without rheumatoid arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 66, 267, 10.1136/ard.2006.060004
Korpilahde, 2004, Smoking history and serum cotinine and thiocyanate concentrations as determinants of rheumatoid factor in nonrheumatoid subjects, Rheumatology (Oxford), 43, 1424, 10.1093/rheumatology/keh365
Tuomi, 1990, Smoking, lung function, and rheumatoid factors, Ann Rheum Dis, 49, 753, 10.1136/ard.49.10.753
Feser, 2009, Plasma 25, OH vitamin D concentrations are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-related autoantibodies in individuals at elevated risk for RA, J Rheumatol, 36, 943, 10.3899/jrheum.080764
Elkayam, 2007, Auto-antibody profiles in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 11, 306
Elkayam, 2006, Positive anti-cyclic citrullinated proteins and rheumatoid factor during active lung tuberculosis, Ann Rheum Dis, 65, 1110, 10.1136/ard.2005.045229
Criswell, 2006, Smoking interacts with genetic risk factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis among older Caucasian women, Ann Rheum Dis, 65, 1163, 10.1136/ard.2005.049676
Kallberg, 2007, Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions involving HLA-DRB1, PTPN22, and smoking in two subsets of rheumatoid arthritis, Am J Hum Genet, 80, 867, 10.1086/516736
Klareskog, 2006, A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination, Arthritis Rheum, 54, 38, 10.1002/art.21575
Mahdi, 2009, Specific interaction between genotype, smoking and autoimmunity to citrullinated alpha-enolase in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis, Nat Genet, 41, 1319, 10.1038/ng.480
Steck, 2009, Do non-HLA genes influence development of persistent islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children with high-risk HLA-DR, DQ genotypes?, Diabetes, 58, 1028, 10.2337/db08-1179
Sheehy, 1992, HLA and insulin-dependent diabetes. A protective perspective, Diabetes, 41, 123, 10.2337/diabetes.41.2.123
Achenbach, 2005, Natural history of type 1 diabetes, Diabetes, 54, S25, 10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S25
Norris, 1996, Lack of association between early exposure to cow's milk protein and beta-cell autoimmunity. Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY), JAMA, 276, 609, 10.1001/jama.276.8.609
Ziegler, 2003, Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies, JAMA, 290, 1721, 10.1001/jama.290.13.1721
Norris, 2003, Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity, JAMA, 290, 1713, 10.1001/jama.290.13.1713
Graves, 2003, Prospective study of enteroviral infections and development of beta-cell autoimmunity. Diabetes autoimmunity study in the young (DAISY), Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 59, 51, 10.1016/S0168-8227(02)00198-5
Graves, 1999, Lack of association between early childhood immunizations and beta-cell autoimmunity, Diabetes Care, 22, 1694, 10.2337/diacare.22.10.1694
Norris, 2007, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes, JAMA, 298, 1420, 10.1001/jama.298.12.1420
Lamb, 2008, Dietary glycemic index, development of islet autoimmunity, and subsequent progression to type 1 diabetes in young children, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, 3936, 10.1210/jc.2008-0886
Verge, 1996, Number of autoantibodies (against insulin, GAD or ICA512/IA2) rather than particular autoantibody specificities determines risk of type I diabetes, J Autoimmun, 9, 379, 10.1006/jaut.1996.0051
Taplin, 2008, Natural evolution, prediction, and prevention of type 1 diabetes in youth, Endocr Res, 33, 17, 10.1080/07435800802080328
Kishiyama, 2006, Prevention strategies for type 1 diabetes, Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 7, 215, 10.1007/s11154-006-9015-z
Maddison, 1977, Quantitation of precipitating antibodies to certain soluble nuclear antigens in SLE, Arthritis Rheum, 20, 819, 10.1002/art.1780200310
Lee, 1989, Pattern of cutaneous immunoglobulin G deposition in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus is reproduced by infusing purified anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies into human skin-grafted mice, J Clin Invest, 83, 1556, 10.1172/JCI114052
Miranda-Carus, 2000, Anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La autoantibodies bind the surface of apoptotic fetal cardiocytes and promote secretion of TNF-alpha by macrophages, J Immunol, 165, 5345, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.5345
Kurien, 2000, Association of neutropenia in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with anti-Ro and binding of an immunologically cross-reactive neutrophil membrane antigen, Clin Exp Immunol, 120, 209, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01195.x
Davis, 1977, Correlation between levels of DNA antibodies and clinical disease activity in SLE, Ann Rheum Dis, 36, 157, 10.1136/ard.36.2.157
Arbuckle, 2003, Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus, N Engl J Med, 349, 1526, 10.1056/NEJMoa021933
McClain, 2004, The prevalence, onset, and clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies prior to diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Rheum, 50, 1226, 10.1002/art.20120
Arbuckle, 2003, Rapid clinical progression to diagnosis among African-American men with systemic lupus erythematosus, Lupus, 12, 99, 10.1191/0961203303lu334oa
Gross, 2005, EBV and systemic lupus erythematosus: a new perspective, J Immunol, 174, 6599, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6599
Vossenaar, 2003, Citrullination of synovial proteins in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 48, 2489, 10.1002/art.11229
Kuhn, 2006, Antibodies against citrullinated proteins enhance tissue injury in experimental autoimmune arthritis, J Clin Invest, 116, 961, 10.1172/JCI25422
Uysal, 2009, Structure and pathogenicity of antibodies specific for citrullinated collagen type II in experimental arthritis, J Exp Med, 206, 449, 10.1084/jem.20081862
Lundberg, 2005, Citrullinated proteins have increased immunogenicity and arthritogenicity and their presence in arthritic joints correlates with disease severity, Arthritis Res Ther, 7, R458, 10.1186/ar1697
Hill, 2003, Cutting edge: the conversion of arginine to citrulline allows for a high-affinity peptide interaction with the rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DRB1*0401 MHC class II molecule, J Immunol, 171, 538, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.538
Hill, 2008, Arthritis induced by posttranslationally modified (citrullinated) fibrinogen in DR4-IE transgenic mice, J Exp Med, 205, 967, 10.1084/jem.20072051
Kanazawa, 2006, Aberrant MHC class II expression in mouse joints leads to arthritis with extraarticular manifestations similar to rheumatoid arthritis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 14465, 10.1073/pnas.0606450103
Ho, 2010, Autoimmunity against fibrinogen mediates inflammatory arthritis in mice, J Immunol, 184, 379, 10.4049/jimmunol.0901639
Kraan, 1998, Asymptomatic synovitis precedes clinically manifest arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 41, 1481, 10.1002/1529-0131(199808)41:8<1481::AID-ART19>3.0.CO;2-O
Arnett, 1988, The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 31, 315, 10.1002/art.1780310302
Aletaha, 2005, The need for new classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 52, 3333, 10.1002/art.21410
Silman, 1995, Selection of study population in the development of rheumatic disease criteria: comment on the article by the American College of Rheumatology Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee, Arthritis Rheum, 38, 722, 10.1002/art.1780380527
van Baarsen, 2010, Gene expression profiling in autoantibody-positive patients with arthralgia predicts development of arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 62, 694, 10.1002/art.27294
Symmons, 2003, The Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR), Clin Exp Rheumatol, 21, S94
van der Helm-van Mil, 2007, A prediction rule for disease outcome in patients with recent-onset undifferentiated arthritis: how to guide individual treatment decisions, Arthritis Rheum, 56, 433, 10.1002/art.22380
van Dongen, 2007, Efficacy of methotrexate treatment in patients with probable rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Arthritis Rheum, 56, 1424, 10.1002/art.22525
Verpoort, 2004, Undifferentiated arthritis–disease course assessed in several inception cohorts, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 22, S12
van Aken, 2003, The Leiden early arthritis clinic, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 21, S100
Panel ACoRAaELARE, editor. New rheumatoid arthritis criteria. American College of Rheumatology Annual Meeting. Philadelphia, PA, 2009.
Pedersen, 2007, Strong combined gene-environment effects in anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-positive rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide case-control study in Denmark, Arthritis Rheum, 56, 1446, 10.1002/art.22597
Verpoort, 2007, Association of smoking with the constitution of the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide response in the absence of HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles, Arthritis Rheum, 56, 2913, 10.1002/art.22845
Smolik, 2009, Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic associations, Compend Contin Educ Dent, 30, 188
Deane, 2008, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-related autoantibodies are associated with pulmonary airway abnormalities in individuals without RA [abstract 340], Arthritis Rheum, 58, S292
Aho, 1988, Rheumatoid factors and rheumatoid arthritis, Scand J Rheumatol Suppl, 74, 41, 10.3109/03009748809102938
Dorner, 2004, Rheumatoid factor revisited, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 16, 246, 10.1097/00002281-200405000-00013
van der Helm-van Mil, 2005, Antibodies to citrullinated proteins and differences in clinical progression of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Res Ther, 7, R949, 10.1186/ar1767
Verpoort, 2007, Fine specificity of the anti-citrullinated protein antibody response is influenced by the shared epitope alleles, Arthritis Rheum, 56, 3949, 10.1002/art.23127
Verpoort, 2006, Isotype distribution of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in undifferentiated arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis reflects an ongoing immune response, Arthritis Rheum, 54, 3799, 10.1002/art.22279
Malhotra, 1995, Glycosylation changes of IgG associated with rheumatoid arthritis can activate complement via the mannose-binding protein, Nat Med, 1, 237, 10.1038/nm0395-237
Ioan-Facsinay, 2008, Marked differences in fine specificity and isotype usage of the anti-citrullinated protein antibody in health and disease, Arthritis Rheum, 58, 3000, 10.1002/art.23763
Gregersen, 1987, The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 30, 1205, 10.1002/art.1780301102
Berglin, 2004, A combination of autoantibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) and HLA-DRB1 locus antigens is strongly associated with future onset of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Res Ther, 6, R303, 10.1186/ar1187
Johansson, 2006, PTPN22 polymorphism and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in combination strongly predicts future onset of rheumatoid arthritis and has a specificity of 100% for the disease, Arthritis Res Ther, 8, R19, 10.1186/ar1868
van der Helm-van Mil, 2008, Validation of a prediction rule for disease outcome in patients with recent-onset undifferentiated arthritis: moving toward individualized treatment decision-making, Arthritis Rheum, 58, 2241, 10.1002/art.23681
Feitsma, 2007, Risk of progression from undifferentiated arthritis to rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of the PTPN22 1858T-allele in anti-citrullinated peptide antibody positive patients, Rheumatology (Oxford), 46, 1092, 10.1093/rheumatology/kem006
van der Helm-van Mil, 2006, The HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles are primarily a risk factor for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and are not an independent risk factor for development of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 54, 1117, 10.1002/art.21739
Allaart, 2007, Treatment of recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis: lessons from the BeSt study, J Rheumatol Suppl, 80, 25
Goekoop-Ruiterman, 2008, Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial, Arthritis Rheum, 58, S126
Cush, 2007, Early rheumatoid arthritis—is there a window of opportunity?, J Rheumatol Suppl, 80, 1
Emery, 2010, Impact of T-cell costimulation modulation in patients with undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis or very early rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical and imaging study of abatacept (the ADJUST trial), Ann Rheum Dis, 69, 510, 10.1136/ard.2009.119016
Rewers, 2009, Immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes: human trials and a look into the future, Diabetes Care, 32, 1769, 10.2337/dc09-0374
James, 2007, Hydroxychloroquine sulfate treatment is associated with later onset of systemic lupus erythematosus, Lupus, 16, 401, 10.1177/0961203307078579
Endres, 2006, Statins: potential new indications in inflammatory conditions, Atheroscler Suppl, 7, 31, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.01.005
McInnes, 2004, Do statins offer therapeutic potential in inflammatory arthritis?, Ann Rheum Dis, 63, 1535, 10.1136/ard.2004.022061
Klareskog, 2004, Statins in rheumatoid arthritis—two birds with one stone?, Lancet, 363, 2011, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16485-4
Jick, 2009, Hyperlipidaemia, statin use and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 68, 546, 10.1136/ard.2008.091967
Dawber, 1951, Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham Study, Am J Public Health Nations Health, 41, 279, 10.2105/AJPH.41.3.279
Kolfenbach, 2009, A prospective approach to investigating the natural history of preclinical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using first-degree relatives of probands with RA, Arthritis Rheum, 61, 1735, 10.1002/art.24833
Oen, 2005, Familial seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in North American Native families: effects of shared epitope and cytokine genotypes, J Rheumatol, 32, 983
El-Gabalawy, 2009, Immunogenetic risks of anti-cyclical citrullinated peptide antibodies in a North American Native population with rheumatoid arthritis and their first-degree relatives, J Rheumatol, 36, 1130, 10.3899/jrheum.080855
Deane, 2009, Identification of undiagnosed inflammatory arthritis in a community health fair screen, Arthritis Rheum, 61, 1642, 10.1002/art.24834
Bizzaro, 2008, The predictive significance of autoantibodies in organ-specific autoimmune diseases, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 34, 326, 10.1007/s12016-007-8059-5
Rose, 2008, Predictors of autoimmune disease: autoantibodies and beyond, Autoimmunity, 41, 419, 10.1080/08916930802031686
Maradit-Kremers, 2005, Increased unrecognized coronary heart disease and sudden deaths in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study, Arthritis Rheum, 52, 402, 10.1002/art.20853