Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in drinking water of Tehran, Iran
Tóm tắt
Distribution and seasonal variation of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the drinking water of Tehran, the capital of Iran. Detected single and total PAHs concentrations were in the range of 2.01-38.96 and 32.45-733.10 ng/L, respectively, which were quite high compared to the values recorded in other areas of the world. The average occurrence of PAHs with high molecular weights was 79.55%; for example, chrysene occurred in 60.6% of the samples, with a maximum concentration of 438.96 ng/L. In addition, mean carcinogen to non-carcinogen PAHs ratio was 63.84. Although the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene, as an indicator of water pollution to PAHs, was lower than the guideline value proposed by World Health Organization (WHO) as well as that of Iranian National Drinking Water Standards for all of the samples, the obtained results indicated that carcinogen PAHs present in the drinking water of Tehran can cause threats to human health.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Fehr R, Mekel O, Lacombe M, Wolf U: Towards health impact assessment of drinking-water privatization-the example of waterborne carcinogens in North Rhine-Westphalia Germany). B World Health Organ 2003,81(6):408–414.
Berryman D, Houde F, DeBlois C, O'Shea M: Nonylphenolic compounds in drinking and surface waters downstream of treated textile and pulp and paper effluents: a survey and preliminary assessment of their potential effects on public health and aquatic life. Chemosphere 2004,56(3):247–255. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.030
Dobaradaran S, Mahvi AH, Nabizadeh R, Mesdaghinia A, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Rastkari N, Nazmara S: Hazardous organic compounds in groundwater near Tehran automobile industry. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2010,85(5):530–533. 10.1007/s00128-010-0131-9
Karyab H, Mahvi AH, Nazmara S, Bahojb A: Determination of water sources contamination to diazinon and malathion and spatial pollution patterns in Qazvin, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012,90(1):126–131.
Jafari AJ, Abasabad RP, Salehzadeh A: Endocrine disrupting contaminants in water resources and sewage in HAMADAN City of IRAN. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 2009,6(2):89–96.
Mackay D, Shiu WY, Ma KC, Lee SC: Handbook of Environmental Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals. 2nd edition. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC press, Taylor and Francis group; 2006.
WHO Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. In Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization; http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/polyaromahydrocarbons.pdf
Olivella MA, Ribalta TG, de Febrer AR, Mollet JM, de Las Heras FX: Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine waters after Mediterranean forest fires. Sci Total Environ 2006,355(1–3):156–166.
Martorell I, Perelló G, Martí-Cid R, Castell V, Llobet JM, Domingo JL: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in foods and estimated PAH intake by the population of Catalonia, Spain: temporal trend. Environ Int 2010,36(5):424–432. 10.1016/j.envint.2010.03.003
Halek F, Nabi GH, Ganjidoust H, Keyanpour M, Mirmohammadi M: Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Tehran. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 2006,3(3):247–254.
Maliszewska-Kordybach B, Smreczak B, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A: Concentrations, sources, and spatial distribution of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils in the Eastern part of the EU: Poland as a case study. Sci Total Environ 2009,407(12):3746–3753. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.010
Perra G, Pozo K, Guerranti C, Lazzeri D, Volpi V, Corsolini S, Focardi S: Levels and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in superficial sediment from 15 Italian marine protected areas (MPA). Mar Pollut Bull 2011,62(4):874–877. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.023
Lorenzi D, Entwistle JA, Cave M, Dean JR: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust: implications for human health. Chemosphere 2011,83(7):970–977. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.020
Olivella MÀ: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainwater and surface waters of Lake Maggiore, a subalpine lake in Northern Italy. Chemosphere 2006,63(1):116–131. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.045
Mahvi A, Mardani G: Determination of Phenanthrene in Urban Runoff of Tehran, Capital of Iran. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 2005, 2: 5–11.
Ngabe B, Bidleman TF, Scott GI: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in storm runoff from urban and coastal South Carolina. Sci Total Environ 2000,255(1–3):1–9.
Park JS, Wade TL, Sweet ST: Atmospheric deposition of PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides to Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. Atmos Environ 2002,36(10):1707–1720. 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00586-6
Vogelsang C, Grung M, Jantsch TG, Tollefsen KE, Liltved H: Occurrence and removal of selected organic micropollutants at mechanical, chemical and advanced wastewater treatment plants in Norway. Water Res 2006,40(19):3559–3570. 10.1016/j.watres.2006.07.022
Vidal M, Domínguez J, Luís A: Spatial and temporal patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in eggs of a coastal bird from northwestern Iberia after a major oil spill. Sci Total Environ 2011,409(13):2668–2673. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.025
ATSDR Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. In Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Altanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry; http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=122&tid=25
Binková B, Šrám RJ: The genotoxic effect of carcinogenic PAHs, their artificial and environmental mixtures (EOM) on human diploid lung fibroblasts. Mutat Res-Fund Mol M 2004,547(1–2):109–121.
Singh VK, Patel DK, Jyoti , Ram S, Mathur N, Siddiqui MK: Blood levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children and their association with oxidative stress indices: an Indian perspective. Clin Biochem 2008,41(3):152–161. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.11.017
Li N, Lee HK: Solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water: negative effect of humic acid. J Chromatogr A 2001,921(2):255–263. 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00879-2
US.EPA Analytical Methods Approved for Drinking Water Compliance Monitoring. Drinking Water Analytical Methods http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html
Li B, Qu C, Bi J: Identification of trace organic pollutants in drinking water and the associated human health risks in Jiangsu Province, China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012,88(6):880–884. 10.1007/s00128-012-0619-6
Kabzinski AKM, Cyran J, Juszczak R: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water (including drinking water) of Lodz. Pol J Environ Stud 2002,11(6):695–706.
Manoli E, Samara C, Konstantinou I, Albanis T: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bulk precipitation and surface waters of Northern Greece. Chemosphere 2000,41(12):1845–1855. 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00134-X
Chen HW: Distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in household drinking water. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2007,78(3–4):201–205.
Badawy MI, Emababy MA: Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water in Egypt. Desalination 2010,251(1–3):34–40.
USEPA: Polycyclic Organic Matter. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/polycycl.html
WHO: Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 4th edition. World Health Organization; 2011. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548151_eng.pdf
ISIRI 1053, 5th.revision, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Drinking water -Physical and chemical specifications 2010. http://www.isiri.org/Portal/File/ShowFile.aspx?ID=1af17a3d-649c-4ead-a8d3–7ffb480bfa41
European Communities: The quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Journal of the European Communities Council Directive 98/83/EC. http://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/Legislation/Food_Legisation_Links/Water/EU_Directive_98_83_EC.pdf
Merwade VM, Maidment DR, Goff JA: Anisotropic considerations while interpolating river channel bathymetry. J Hydrol 2006,331(3–4):731–741.
Stackelberg PE, Gibs J, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Zaugg SD, Lippincott RL: Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. Sci Total Environ 2007,377(2–3):255–272.
Deborde M, von Gunten U: Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment—Kinetics and mechanisms: a critical review. Water Res 2008,42(1–2):13–51.
Maier M, Maier D, Lloyd BJ: Factors influencing the mobilisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the coal-tar lining of water mains. Water Res 2000,34(3):773–786. 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00230-4
Zazouli MA, Nasseri S, Hazratilivari M: Chemical fractions of natural organic matter in two water treatment plants of Tehran and DBPS formation potential. Toxicol Lett 2009, 189: S136. Supplement
Pardakhti AR, Bidhendi GR, Torabian A, Karbassi A, Yunesian M: Comparative cancer risk assessment of THMs in drinking water from well water sources and surface water sources. Environ Monit Assess 2011,179(1–4):499–507.
Ghoochani M, Rastkari N, Nazmara S, Mahvi AH, Nabizadeh R: Survey of the Concentration of Halo Acetic Acids in Tehran Drinking Water: September 2011; 12th International conference on environmental science and technology. Rhodes, Greece; 2011. http://www.srcosmos.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx?aa=15045
Vilhunen S, Vilve M, Vepsäläinen M, Sillanpää M: Removal of organic matter from a variety of water matrices by UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 method. J Hazard Mater 2010,179(1–3):776–782.
Sankoda K, Nomiyama K, Yonehara T, Kuribayashi T, Shinohara R: Evidence for in situ production of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on tidal flats: environmental monitoring and laboratory scale experiment. Chemosphere 2012,88(5):542–547. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.017