Phytochemical analysis and enhanced production of alkaloids in non-dormant corm-derived callus of Gloriosa superba (L.) using plant growth regulators and abiotic elicitors

Mosoh, Dexter Achu1,2, Khandel, Ashok Kumar3, Verma, Sandeep Kumar4, Vendrame, Wagner A.5
1School of Sciences, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational (SAGE) University, Bhopal, India
2Centre for Biodiversity Exploration and Conservation (CBEC), Jabalpur, India
3Centre of Excellence in Research & Entrepreneurship Development, Bambooram Agro PVT. LTD., Sehore, India
4Institute of Biological Science, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational (SAGE) University, Indore, India
5Environmental Horticulture Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA

Tóm tắt

This study focuses on investigating the elicitation of non-embryogenic calli derived from non-dormant corm buds of the endangered medicinal plant Gloriosa superba L., renowned for its role as a primary natural source of the crucial alkaloid—colchicine. Various Murashige and Skoog (MS) based liquid media treatments, incorporating diverse combinations and concentrations of additives, abiotic elicitors, and plant growth regulators, were employed to explore their impact on calli biomass proliferation, phytochemical composition, and alkaloid content. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified major chemical constituents, and quantitative analysis revealed that elicitation with varied abiotic elicitors increased biomass and metabolite content in liquid callus cultures. The most significant outcomes, including the highest average total alkaloid content (0.425 mg (colchicine equivalent)/g dry weight), colchicine content (0.212 mg/g dry weight), and callus biomass (259 mg fresh weight and 32.5 mg dry weight), were achieved with specific MS media supplementation [1.5 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.5 mg/L 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) + 3% sucrose (w/v) + 1.0 mg/L coumaric acid + 1.5 mg/L phenylalanine + 5 mg/L casein hydrolysate (CH) + 20% coconut water (CW)] and a 4/20-h photoperiod. Notably, the seeds of Gloriosa superba L. exhibited the highest content of total alkaloids (0.283 mg (colchicine equivalent)/g dry weight) and colchicine (0.167 mg/g dry weight) among various plant parts. Our study conclusively demonstrates that the developed in vitro elicitation protocol significantly enhances colchicine and alkaloid production in the liquid callus culture compared to wild plant components. This promising approach holds potential for the sustainable production of this valuable alkaloid, addressing high demand and the challenges associated with the conservation of this endangered medicinal plant. Liquid callus cultures of Gloriosa superba (L.) improved natural colchicine production and alkaloid yield, showing potential to solve present concerns on the demand, sustainability, and medical supply of these compounds.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

citation_journal_title=BMC Complement Altern Med; citation_title=Subchronic toxicity, immunoregulation and anti-breast tumor effect of Nordamnacantal, an anthraquinone extracted from the stems of Morinda citrifolia L; citation_author=N Abu, NR Zamberi, SK Yeap, N Nordin, NE Mohamad, MF Romli, NE Rasol, T Subramani, NH Ismail, NB Alitheen; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1-10; citation_doi=10.1186/s12906-018-2102-3; citation_id=CR1 citation_journal_title=BMC Complement Altern Med; citation_title=Pharmacologically active flavonoids from the anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial extracts of Cassia angustifolia Vahl; citation_author=SI Ahmed, MQ Hayat, M Tahir, Q Mansoor, M Ismail, K Keck, RB Bates; citation_volume=16; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=460; citation_doi=10.1186/s12906-016-1443-z; citation_id=CR2 citation_journal_title=Res Chem Intermed; citation_title=Cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of novel 2-quinolone derivatives derived from coumarin; citation_author=AA Al-Amiery, RI Al-Bayati, KY Saour, MF Radi; citation_volume=38; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=559-569; citation_doi=10.1007/s11164-011-0371-2; citation_id=CR3 citation_journal_title=Int J Biol Chem Sci; citation_title=Gloriosa, a source of colchicine: review article; citation_author=ID Alemu, TM Daba; citation_volume=10; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1888; citation_doi=10.4314/ijbcs.v10i4.36; citation_id=CR4 citation_journal_title=Eur J Lipid Sci Technol; citation_title=Tannins: the new natural antioxidants?; citation_author=R Amarowicz; citation_volume=109; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=549-551; citation_doi=10.1002/ejlt.200700145; citation_id=CR5 citation_journal_title=Pol J Food Nutr Sci; citation_title=Antioxidant activity of extract of pea and its fractions of low molecular phenolics and tannins; citation_author=R Amarowicz, A Troszyńska; citation_volume=53; citation_issue=1s; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=10-15; citation_id=CR6 citation_journal_title=J Food Lipids; citation_title=Antioxidant activity of almond seed extract and its fractions; citation_author=R Amarowicz, A Troszyńska, F Shahidi; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=344-358; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1745-4522.2005.00029.x; citation_id=CR7 citation_journal_title=Molecules; citation_title=Pharmacologically active phytomolecules isolated from traditional antidiabetic plants and their therapeutic role for the management of diabetes mellitus; citation_author=P Ansari, S Akther, JMA Hannan, V Seidel, NJ Nujat, YHA Abdel-Wahab; citation_volume=27; citation_issue=13; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=4278; citation_doi=10.3390/molecules27134278; citation_id=CR8 citation_journal_title=Nat Prod Commun; citation_title=Biosynthetic pathways of purine and pyridine alkaloids in coffee plants; citation_author=H Ashihara; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1934578X1601100742; citation_doi=10.1177/1934578X1601100742; citation_id=CR9 citation_journal_title=J Acad Ind Res; citation_title=Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated hairy root induction for increased Colchicine content in Gloriosa superba L; citation_author=ALG Bai, P Agastian; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=68-73; citation_id=CR10 citation_journal_title=J Chem Soc Perkin Trans; citation_title=Alkaloid biosynthesis. Part XVI. Colchicine: origin of the tropolone ring and studies with the C6–C3–C6–C1 system; citation_author=AR Battersby, TA Dobson, DM Foulkes, RB Herbert; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=1972; citation_pages=1730-1736; citation_doi=10.1039/P19720001730; citation_id=CR11 citation_journal_title=Fitoterapia; citation_title=New antioxidant and antiglycation active triterpenoid saponins from the root bark of Aralia taibaiensis; citation_author=L Bi, X Tian, F Dou, L Hong, H Tang, S Wang; citation_volume=83; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=234-240; citation_doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.11.002; citation_id=CR12 citation_journal_title=Food Chem Toxicol; citation_title=Aloe-emodin-induced apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells; citation_author=SH Chen, KY Lin, CC Chang, CL Fang, CP Lin; citation_volume=45; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=2296-2303; citation_doi=10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.005; citation_id=CR13 citation_journal_title=Phytochem Rev; citation_title=Phenolic compounds: from plants to foods; citation_author=V Cheynier; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=2–3; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=153-177; citation_doi=10.1007/s11101-012-9242-8; citation_id=CR14 citation_journal_title=Eur J Pharm Sci; citation_title=Anti-inflammatory properties of anthraquinones and their relationship with the regulation of P-glycoprotein function and expression; citation_author=RJ Choi, TM Ngoc, K Bae, HJ Cho, DD Kim, J Chun, S Khan, YS Kim; citation_volume=48; citation_issue=1–2; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=272-281; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ejps.2012.10.027; citation_id=CR15 citation_journal_title=Pharm Biol; citation_title=Natural product drug discovery in the next millennium; citation_author=GM Cragg, DJ Newman; citation_volume=39; citation_issue=sup1; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=8-17; citation_doi=10.1076/phbi.39.s1.8.0009; citation_id=CR16 citation_journal_title=Phytochem Rev; citation_title=Biosynthesis of alkaloids in Amaryllidaceae plants: a review; citation_author=I Desgagné-Penix; citation_volume=20; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=409-431; citation_doi=10.1007/s11101-020-09678-5; citation_id=CR17 citation_journal_title=Phytomedicine; citation_title=Alkaloids from Dendrobium and their biosynthetic pathway, biological activity and total synthesis; citation_author=H Duan, A Er-bu, Z Dongzhi, H Xie, B Ye, J He; citation_volume=102; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154132; citation_id=CR18 citation_journal_title=J Exp Pharmacol; citation_title=Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of selected medicinal plants in Ethiopia; citation_author=S Dubale, D Kebebe, A Zeynudin, N Abdissa, S Suleman; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=51-62; citation_doi=10.2147/JEP.S379805; citation_id=CR19 citation_journal_title=Int J Mol Sci; citation_title=The potential of plant phenolics in prevention and therapy of skin disorders; citation_author=M Działo, J Mierziak, U Korzun, M Preisner, J Szopa, A Kulma; citation_volume=17; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=160; citation_doi=10.3390/ijms17020160; citation_id=CR20 citation_title=Pharmacognosy; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_id=CR21; citation_author=WC Evans; citation_author=GE Trease; citation_publisher=Baillière Tindall citation_journal_title=J Pharm Sci; citation_title=Biological and phytochemical screening of plants; citation_author=NR Farnsworth; citation_volume=55; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1966; citation_pages=225-276; citation_doi=10.1002/jps.2600550302; citation_id=CR22 citation_journal_title=Chem Nat Compd; citation_title=Modified coumarins. 27. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 3-substituted 5, 7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarins; citation_author=M Garazd, O Muzychka, A Vovk, I Nagorichna, A Ogorodniichuk; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=19-23; citation_doi=10.1007/s10600-007-0055-8; citation_id=CR23 citation_title=The components of plant tissue culture media II: organic additions, osmotic and pH effects, and support systems; citation_inbook_title=Plant propagation by tissue culture: volume 1. The background; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=115-173; citation_id=CR24; citation_author=EF George; citation_author=MA Hall; citation_author=GJD Klerk; citation_publisher=Springer Netherlands citation_journal_title=Plant Tissue Cult Biotechnol; citation_title=Role of exogenous carbohydrate and amino acid sources on biomass and colchicine production in nontransformed root cultures of Gloriosa superba; citation_author=S Ghosh, B Ghosh, S Jha; citation_volume=25; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=247-256; citation_doi=10.3329/ptcb.v25i2.26258; citation_id=CR25 citation_journal_title=Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet; citation_title=The synergism mechanism of Rhubarb Anthraquinones on constipation elucidated by comparative pharmacokinetics of Rhubarb extract between normal and diseased rats; citation_author=X Gong, Y Li, R Zhang, X Xie, C Peng, Y Li; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=379-388; citation_doi=10.1007/s13318-014-0216-7; citation_id=CR26 citation_journal_title=Curr Med Chem; citation_title=Terpene compounds in nature: a review of their potential antioxidant activity; citation_author=E Gonzalez-Burgos, M Gómez-Serranillos; citation_volume=19; citation_issue=31; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=5319-5341; citation_doi=10.2174/092986712803833335; citation_id=CR27 citation_journal_title=Int J Pharm Sci Res; citation_title=High-performance thin layer chromatographic determination of colchicine in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids; citation_author=BG Gowda; citation_volume=4; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=2737; citation_id=CR28 citation_journal_title=Vitam Horm; citation_title=Terpenoids as plant antioxidants; citation_author=J Graßmann; citation_volume=72; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=505-535; citation_doi=10.1016/S0083-6729(05)72015-X; citation_id=CR29 citation_journal_title=Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult; citation_title=Biosynthesis of anthraquinones in cell cultures of the Rubiaceae; citation_author=YS Han, R Heijden, R Verpoorte; citation_volume=67; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=201-220; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1012758922713; citation_id=CR30 citation_title=Phytochemical methods a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_id=CR31; citation_author=A Harborne; citation_publisher=Springer Science and Business Media citation_journal_title=J Plant Physiol; citation_title=Chrysanthemum leaf epidermal surface morphology and antioxidant and defense enzyme activity in response to aphid infestation; citation_author=J He, F Chen, S Chen, G Lv, Y Deng, W Fang, Z Liu, Z Guan, C He; citation_volume=168; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=687-693; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jplph.2010.10.009; citation_id=CR32 citation_journal_title=J Ethnopharmacol; citation_title=Evaluation of antidiabetic potential of selected traditional Chinese medicines in STZ-induced diabetic mice; citation_author=K He, X Li, X Chen, X Ye, J Huang, Y Jin, P Li, Y Deng, Q Jin, Q Shi; citation_volume=137; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=1135-1142; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.033; citation_id=CR33 citation_journal_title=J Food Prot; citation_title=Assessment of antistaphylococcal activity of partially purified fractions and pure compounds from Eleutherine americana; citation_author=BO Ifesan, C Hamtasin, W Mahabusarakam, SP Voravuthikunchai; citation_volume=72; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=354-359; citation_doi=10.4315/0362-028X-72.2.354; citation_id=CR34 citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; citation_title=New aspect of plant–rhizobia interaction: alkaloid biosynthesis in Crotalaria depends on nodulation; citation_author=S Irmer, N Podzun, D Langel, F Heidemann, E Kaltenegger, B Schemmerling, CM Geilfus, C Zörb, D Ober; citation_volume=112; citation_issue=13; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=4164-4169; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.1423457112; citation_id=CR35 citation_journal_title=Sci Lett; citation_title=Pharmacological activities and benefits of coconut water in plant tissue culture: a review; citation_author=NDA Kamaruzzaman, SN Jaafar, A Saleh; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1-10; citation_id=CR36 citation_journal_title=Int J Mol Sci; citation_title=Chelation of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Fe(II) by tannin constituents of selected edible nuts; citation_author=M Karamać; citation_volume=10; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=5485-5497; citation_doi=10.3390/ijms10125485; citation_id=CR37 citation_journal_title=Plant J; citation_title=Genome-guided investigation of plant natural product biosynthesis; citation_author=F Kellner, J Kim, BJ Clavijo, JP Hamilton, KL Childs, B Vaillancourt, J Cepela, M Habermann, B Steuernagel, L Clissold, K McLay, CR Buell, SE O’Connor; citation_volume=82; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=680-692; citation_doi=10.1111/tpj.12827; citation_id=CR38 citation_journal_title=J Gen Intern Med; citation_title=Reductions in use of Colchicine after FDA enforcement of market exclusivity in a commercially insured population; citation_author=AS Kesselheim, JM Franklin, SC Kim, JD Seeger, DH Solomon; citation_volume=30; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=1633-1638; citation_doi=10.1007/s11606-015-3285-7; citation_id=CR39 citation_journal_title=Molecules; citation_title=Evaluation of biosynthetic pathway and engineered biosynthesis of alkaloids; citation_author=S Kishimoto, M Sato, Y Tsunematsu, K Watanabe; citation_volume=21; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1078; citation_doi=10.3390/molecules21081078; citation_id=CR40 Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gohkale SB (2002) Pharmacognosy. In: Terpenoids, 21st edn. Nirali Prakashan, Pune, pp 377–378 citation_journal_title=Sci World J; citation_title=Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview; citation_author=S Kumar, AK Pandey; citation_volume=2013; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_doi=10.1155/2013/162750; citation_id=CR42 citation_journal_title=Biotechnology; citation_title=In vitro tuberization and colchicine content analysis of Gloriosa superba L; citation_author=CN Kumar, SK Jadhav, KL Tiwari, Q Afaque; citation_volume=14; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=142-147; citation_doi=10.3923/biotech.2015.142.147; citation_id=CR43 Kurek J (2019) Alkaloids: their importance in nature and human life. BoD–Books on Demand. citation_title=Medicinal plants as a source of alkaloids; citation_inbook_title=Medically important plant biomes: source of secondary metabolites. Microorganisms for sustainability; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=85-113; citation_id=CR45; citation_author=MV Laghezza; citation_author=S Bernardini; citation_author=L Modesti; citation_author=E Ovidi; citation_author=A Tiezzi; citation_publisher=Springer citation_journal_title=J Am Chem Soc; citation_title=The biosynthesis of the alkaloids of Colchicum. III. The incorporation of phenylalanine-2-C14 into colchicine and demecolcine; citation_author=E Leete; citation_volume=85; citation_issue=22; citation_publication_date=1963; citation_pages=3666-3669; citation_doi=10.1021/ja00905a030; citation_id=CR46 citation_journal_title=Eur J Pharmacol; citation_title=Emodin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice by inhibiting activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathways; citation_author=D Li, N Zhang, Y Cao, W Zhang, G Su, Y Sun, Z Liu, F Li, D Liang, B Liu; citation_volume=705; citation_issue=1–3; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=79-85; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.021; citation_id=CR47 citation_journal_title=Tetrahedron; citation_title=Synthesis of naturally occurring tropones and tropolones; citation_author=N Liu, W Song, CM Schienebeck, M Zhang, W Tang; citation_volume=70; citation_issue=49; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=9281-9305; citation_doi=10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.065; citation_id=CR48 citation_journal_title=Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med; citation_title=Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of the acetone extract of the roots of Senna italica (Fabaceae); citation_author=P Masoko, SS Gololo, MP Mokgotho, JN Eloff, R Howard, L Mampuru; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_doi=10.4314/ajtcam.v7i2.50873; citation_id=CR49 citation_journal_title=Antioxidants (basel); citation_title=Dietary phenolic compounds: their health benefits and association with the gut microbiota; citation_author=Y Matsumura, M Kitabatake, S Kayano, T Ito; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=880; citation_doi=10.3390/antiox12040880; citation_id=CR50 citation_journal_title=Molecules; citation_title=A review on mechanistic insight of plant derived anticancer bioactive phytocompounds and their structure activity relationship; citation_author=K Mazumder, A Aktar, P Roy, B Biswas, ME Hossain, KK Sarkar, SC Bachar, F Ahmed, ASM Monjur-Al-Hossain, K Fukase; citation_volume=27; citation_issue=9; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=3036; citation_doi=10.3390/molecules27093036; citation_id=CR51 citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem; citation_title=Antioxidative flavan-3-ol dimers from the leaves of Camellia fangchengensis; citation_author=XH Meng, C Liu, R Fan, LF Zhu, SX Yang, HT Zhu, D Wang, CR Yang, YJ Zhang; citation_volume=66; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=247-254; citation_doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04572; citation_id=CR52 citation_journal_title=Pharmacia; citation_title=Effect of coconut water on callus growth on Cyamopsis tetragonolobust; citation_author=S Mohammed, M Ali; citation_volume=1; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=25-27; citation_id=CR53 citation_journal_title=In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant; citation_title=Effects of sterilization methods and plant growth regulators on in vitro regeneration and tuberization in Gloriosa superba (L.); citation_author=DA Mosoh, AK Khandel, SK Verma, WA Vendrame; citation_volume=59; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=792-807; citation_doi=10.1007/s11627-023-10387-9; citation_id=CR54 citation_journal_title=Physiol Plant; citation_title=A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures; citation_author=T Murashige, F Skoog; citation_volume=15; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1962; citation_pages=473-497; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x; citation_id=CR55 citation_journal_title=Planta; citation_title=The complete chloroplast genome of colchicine plants (Colchicum autumnale L. and Gloriosa superba L.) and its application for identifying the genus; citation_author=PAT Nguyen, JS Kim, JH Kim; citation_volume=242; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=223-237; citation_doi=10.1007/s00425-015-2303-7; citation_id=CR56 citation_journal_title=J Food Process Preserv; citation_title=Phytochemical screening, extraction, and determination of the bioactivities of the extract-enriched polyphenols and saponins from Musa balbisiana Fruit; citation_author=HTN Nhon, TT Phan, PTK Lien, NNH Van, DTA Dao, LTH Anh; citation_volume=2023; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_doi=10.1155/2023/2581641; citation_id=CR57 citation_journal_title=Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res; citation_title=Glory lily (Gloriosa superba L.)—a review; citation_author=S Padmapriya, K Rajamani, VA Sathiyamurthy; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=43-49; citation_id=CR58 citation_journal_title=J Intercult Ethnopharmacol; citation_title=Phytochemical screening and study of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of extracts from stem wood of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxburgh; citation_author=DR Pant, ND Pant, DB Saru, UN Yadav, DP Khanal; citation_volume=6; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=170-176; citation_doi=10.5455/jice.20170403094055; citation_id=CR59 citation_journal_title=Saudi J Biol Sci; citation_title=Phyto-constituents profiling of Luffa echinata and in vitro assessment of antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticancer and anti-acetylcholine esterase activities; citation_author=SB Patel, SG Ghane; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=3835-3846; citation_doi=10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.050; citation_id=CR60 citation_journal_title=Chem Rev; citation_title=Seven-membered conjugated carbo- and heterocyclic compounds and their homoconjugated analogs and metal complexes. Synthesis, biosynthesis, structure, and reactivity; citation_author=F Pietra; citation_volume=73; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1973; citation_pages=293-364; citation_doi=10.1021/cr60284a002; citation_id=CR61 citation_journal_title=Phytochem Rev; citation_title=Saponins as cytotoxic agents: a review; citation_author=I Podolak, A Galanty, D Sobolewska; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=425-474; citation_doi=10.1007/s11101-010-9183-z; citation_id=CR62 citation_journal_title=Mol Biotechnol; citation_title=Biotransformation of colchicinoids into their corresponding 3-O-glucosyl derivatives by selected strains of Bacillus megaterium; citation_author=C Ponzone, D Berlanda, F Donzelli, V Acquati, R Ciulla, A Negrini, M Rovati, D Evangelista, E Fata, D Ciceri, F Perterlongo, W Cabri; citation_volume=56; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=653-659; citation_doi=10.1007/s12033-014-9741-5; citation_id=CR63 citation_journal_title=J Food Sci; citation_title=Antioxidant activity of crude extract, alkaloid fraction, and flavonoid fraction from Boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) leaves; citation_author=N Quezada, M Asencio, VJ Del, J Aguilera, B Gómez; citation_volume=69; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=C371-C376; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb10700.x; citation_id=CR64 citation_journal_title=Food Sci Nutr; citation_title=Phytobioactive compounds as therapeutic agents for human diseases: a review; citation_author=M Riaz, R Khalid, M Afzal, F Anjum, H Fatima, S Zia, G Rasool, C Egbuna, AG Mtewa, CZ Uche, MA Aslam; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=2500-2529; citation_doi=10.1002/fsn3.3308; citation_id=CR65 Saleem A, Akhtar MF, Shah MA, Saleem M, Siddique R (2023) Phytonutrients: adverse drug reactions. In: Phytonutrients and neurological disorders. Academic Press, pp 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824467-8.00015-2 citation_journal_title=J Genet Eng Biotechnol; citation_title=Organic and inorganic elicitors enhance in vitro regeneration of Rosa canina; citation_author=L Samiei, PM Davoudi, A Tehranifar, Z Karimian; citation_volume=19; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=60; citation_doi=10.1186/s43141-021-00166-7; citation_id=CR67 citation_journal_title=Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci; citation_title=Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Moringa concanensis Nimmo; citation_author=K Santhi, R Sengottuvel; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=633-640; citation_doi=10.20546/ijcmas.2016.501.064; citation_id=CR68 citation_journal_title=J Pharmacogn Phytochem; citation_title=Phytochemistry of medicinal plants; citation_author=M Saxena, J Saxena, R Nema, D Singh, A Gupta; citation_volume=1; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=168-182; citation_id=CR69 citation_journal_title=Int J Sci Res Publ; citation_title=Phytochemical screening of Gloriosa superba L. from different geographical positions; citation_author=M Senthilkumar; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=1-5; citation_id=CR70 citation_journal_title=Indian J Econ Plants; citation_title=Estimation of phytochemicals from mother plants and in vitro raised plants of Gloriosa superba; citation_author=S Sharma, B Devi, V Sharma; citation_volume=8; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=127-130; citation_id=CR71 citation_journal_title=Jordan J Agric Sci; citation_title=Colchicine production from Colchicum and the role of in vitro cultures: a review; citation_author=RA Shibli, NQ Daradkah, IM Makhadmeh, SH Baghdadi; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=17; citation_id=CR72 citation_journal_title=Anal Sci; citation_title=Spectrophotometric determination of Rauwolfia alkaloids, estimation of Reserpine in pharmaceuticals; citation_author=DK Singh, B Srivastva, A Sahu; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=571-573; citation_doi=10.2116/analsci.20.571; citation_id=CR73 citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci; citation_title=Exploring medicinal plant legacy for drug discovery in post-genomic era; citation_author=S Singh, DB Singh, S Singh, R Shukla, PW Ramteke, K Misra; citation_volume=89; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=1141-1151; citation_doi=10.1007/s40011-018-1013-x; citation_id=CR74 citation_journal_title=ACS Omega; citation_title=Phytochemical screening, quantification, FT-IR analysis, and in silico characterization of potential bio-active compounds identified in HR-LC/MS analysis of the polyherbal formulation from Northeast India; citation_author=PK Singh, J Singh, T Medhi, A Kumar; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=37; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=33067-33078; citation_doi=10.1021/acsomega.2c03117; citation_id=CR75 citation_journal_title=Curr Med Chem; citation_title=Colchicine semisynthetics: chemotherapeutics for cancer?; citation_author=G Sivakumar; citation_volume=20; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=892-898; citation_doi=10.2174/0929867311320070005; citation_id=CR76 citation_journal_title=J Hortic Sci Biotechnol; citation_title=In vitro corm production in Gloriosa superba L., an ayurvedic medicinal plant; citation_author=G Sivakumar, KV Krishnamurthi, TD Rajendran; citation_volume=78; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=450-453; citation_doi=10.1080/14620316.2003.11511648; citation_id=CR77 citation_journal_title=Chem Nat Compd; citation_title=Colchicine production in Gloriosa superba calluses by feeding precursors; citation_author=G Sivakumar, KV Krishnamurthy, J Hao, KY Paek; citation_volume=40; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=499-502; citation_doi=10.1007/s10600-005-0020-3; citation_id=CR78 citation_title=Phytochemical screening of medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_id=CR79; citation_author=A Sofowora; citation_publisher=Spectrum Books Limited citation_journal_title=Carbohydr Res; citation_title=Cytotoxic and antioxidant triterpene saponins from Butyrospermum parkii (Sapotaceae); citation_author=LA Tapondjou, LB Nyaa, P Tane, M Ricciutelli, L Quassinti, M Bramucci, G Lupidi, BK Ponou, L Barboni; citation_volume=346; citation_issue=17; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=2699-2704; citation_doi=10.1016/j.carres.2011.09.014; citation_id=CR80 citation_journal_title=Molecules; citation_title=Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; citation_author=SH Tiong, CY Looi, H Hazni, A Arya, M Paydar, WF Wong, SC Cheah, MR Mustafa, K Awang; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=9770-9784; citation_doi=10.3390/molecules18089770; citation_id=CR81 citation_journal_title=Curr Tradit Med; citation_title=Ethnopharmacological insights on therapeutic potential of Gloriosa superba; citation_author=R Tirkey, S Saraf, S Saraf; citation_volume=9; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=77-89; citation_id=CR82 citation_journal_title=Medicines; citation_title=Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: an overview; citation_author=D Tungmunnithum, A Thongboonyou, A Pholboon, A Yangsabai; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=93; citation_doi=10.3390/medicines5030093; citation_id=CR83 citation_journal_title=Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult; citation_title=Micropropagation of Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. using SETISTM bioreactor; citation_author=WA Vendrame, J Xu, DG Beleski; citation_volume=153; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=67-76; citation_doi=10.1007/s11240-022-02441-y; citation_id=CR84 citation_journal_title=J Ethnopharmacol; citation_title=In vitro effects of active components of Polygonum multiflorum Radix on enzymes involved in the lipid metabolism; citation_author=W Wang, Y He, P Lin, Y Li, R Sun, W Gu, J Yu, R Zhao; citation_volume=153; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=763-770; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.042; citation_id=CR85 citation_journal_title=Front Pharmacol; citation_title=Pharmacokinetics of Anthraquinones from medicinal plants; citation_author=D Wang, XH Wang, X Yu, F Cao, X Cai, P Chen, M Li, Y Feng, H Li, X Wang; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_doi=10.3389/fphar.2021.638993; citation_id=CR86 citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem; citation_title=Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity; citation_author=GC Yen, HY Chen; citation_volume=43; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=27-32; citation_doi=10.1021/jf00049a007; citation_id=CR87 citation_journal_title=J Cereal Sci; citation_title=Changes in the phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity in developmental maize kernels and expression profiles of phenolic biosynthesis-related genes; citation_author=S Zhang, J Ji, S Zhang, W Xiao, C Guan, G Wang, Y Wang; citation_volume=96; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103113; citation_id=CR88 citation_journal_title=Curr Med Chem; citation_title=Plant troponoids: chemistry, biological activity, and biosynthesis; citation_author=J Zhao; citation_volume=14; citation_issue=24; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=2597-2621; citation_doi=10.2174/092986707782023253; citation_id=CR89 citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Adv; citation_title=Jasmonate-responsive transcription factors regulating plant secondary metabolism; citation_author=M Zhou, J Memelink; citation_volume=34; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=441-449; citation_doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.004; citation_id=CR90 citation_journal_title=Front Med; citation_title=Biosynthetic pathway of terpenoid indole alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus; citation_author=X Zhu, X Zeng, C Sun, S Chen; citation_volume=8; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=285-293; citation_doi=10.1007/s11684-014-0350-2; citation_id=CR91