Pharmacology and Management of the Vitamin K Antagonists

Chest - Tập 133 Số 6 - Trang 160S-198S - 2008
Jack Ansell1, Jack Hirsh2, Elaine M. Hylek3, Alan K. Jacobson4, Mark Crowther5, Gualtiero Palareti6
1From Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
2Hamilton Civic Hospitals, Henderson Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
3Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
4Loma Linda VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA
5McMaster University, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
6University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Whitlon, 1978, Mechanisms of coumarin action: significance of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition, Biochemistry, 17, 1371, 10.1021/bi00601a003

Fasco, 1982, Evidence that warfarin anticoagulant action involves two distinct reductase activities, J Biol Chem, 257, 11210, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33742-6

Choonara, 1988, The relationship between inhibition of vitamin K 1,2,3-epoxide reductase and reduction of clotting factor activity with warfarin, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 25, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb03274.x

Trivedi, 1988, Normal and warfarin-resistant rat hepatocyte metabolism of vitamin K 2,3 epoxide: evidence for multiple pathways of hydroxyvitamin K formation, Arch Biochem Biophys, 264, 67, 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90571-1

Stenflo, 1974, Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 71, 2730, 10.1073/pnas.71.7.2730

Nelsestuen, 1974, The mode of action of vitamin K: identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin, J Biol Chem, 249, 6347, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42259-X

Stafford, 2005, The vitamin K cycle, J Thromb Haemost, 3, 1873, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01419.x

Friedman, 1977, A spectrum of partially carboxylated prothrombins in the plasmas of coumarin treated patients, Biochim Biophys Acta, 494, 271, 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90155-6

Malhotra, 1985, The kinetics of activation of normal and gamma carboxy-glutamic acid deficient prothrombins, J Biol Chem, 260, 279, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89728-9

Nelsestuen, 1976, Role of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid: an unusual transition required for calcium-dependent binding of prothrombin to phospholipid, J Biol Chem, 251, 5648, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33107-1

Prendergast, 1977, Differentiation of metal ion-induced transitions of prothrombin fragment 1, J Biol Chem, 252, 840, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)75174-6

Borowski, 1986, Prothrombin requires two sequential metal-dependent conformational transitions to bind phospholipid, J Biol Chem, 261, 14969, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)66814-0

Becker, 2005, The importance of factor Xa regulatory pathways in vascular thromboresistance: focus on protein Z, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 19, 135, 10.1007/s11239-005-2473-4

Hauschka, 1989, Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K dependent proteins in bone, Phys Rev, 69, 990

Price, 1988, Role of vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone metabolism, Annu Rev Nutr, 8, 565, 10.1146/annurev.nu.08.070188.003025

Maillard, 1997, Protein S, a vitamin K-dependent protein, is a bone matrix component synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts, Endocrinology, 130, 1599

Pan, 1985, Sequence of the precursor to rat bone Y-carboxyglutamic acid protein that accumulated in warfarin-treated osteosarcoma cells, J Biol Chem, 260, 13398, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)38734-3

Pettifor, 1975, Congenital malformations associated with the administration of oral anticoagulants during pregnancy, J Pediatr, 86, 459, 10.1016/S0022-3476(75)80986-3

Hall, 1980, Maternal and fetal sequelae of anticoagulation during pregnancy, Am J Med, 68, 122, 10.1016/0002-9343(80)90181-3

Barnes, 2005, Reduced bone density in children on long-tern warfarin, Pediatr Res, 57, 578, 10.1203/01.PDR.0000155943.07244.04

Breckenridge, 1978, Oral anticoagulant drugs: pharmacokinetic aspects, Semin Hematol, 15, 19

O'Reilly, 1976, Vitamin K and other oral anticoagulant drugs, Annu Rev Med, 27, 245, 10.1146/annurev.me.27.020176.001333

Kelly, 1979, Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants, Clin Pharmacokinet, 4, 1, 10.2165/00003088-197904010-00001

O'Reilly, 1986, Warfarin metabolism and drug-drug interactions, 205

Miners, 1998, Cytochrome P4502C9: an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 45, 525, 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00721.x

Godbillon, 1981, Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of acenocoumarol in man, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 12, 621, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01280.x

Huastein, 1999, Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral anticoagulants, especially phenprocoumon, Semin Thromb Hemost, 25, 5, 10.1055/s-2007-996417

Caravati, 2007, Long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management, Clin Toxicol, 45, 1, 10.1080/15563650600795487

Hollinger, 1993, Case management and plasma half-life in a case of brodifacoum poisoning, Arch Intern Med, 153, 1925, 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410160099010

Zupancic-Salek, 2005, Successful reversal of anticoagulant effect of superwarfarin poisoning with recombinant activated factor VII, Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 16, 239, 10.1097/01.mbc.0000169215.70184.56

Takahashi, 2001, Pharmacogenetics of warfarin elimination and its clinical implications, Clin Pharmacokinet, 40, 587, 10.2165/00003088-200140080-00003

Wittkowsky, 2003, Pharmacology of warfarin and related anticoagulants, Managing oral anticoagulation therapy: clinical and operational guidelines, 1, 29:1

Mannucci, 1999, Genetic control of anticoagulation, Lancet, 353, 688, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)00326-2

Veenstra, 2005, CYP2C9 haplotype structure in European American warfarin patients and association with clinical outcomes, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 77, 353, 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.019

Herman, 2006, The influence of sequence variations in factor VII, gamma-glutamyl carboxylase and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex genes on warfarin dose requirement, Thromb Haemost, 95, 782, 10.1160/TH05-10-0678

Loebstein, 2001, Individual variability in sensitivity to warfarin: nature or nurture, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 70, 150, 10.1067/mcp.2001.117444

Aithal, 1999, Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 with warfarin dose requirement and risk of bleeding complications, Lancet, 353, 717, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04474-2

Higashi, 2002, Influence of CYP2C9 genetic variants on the risk of over anticoagulation and of bleeding events during warfarin therapy, JAMA, 287, 1690, 10.1001/jama.287.13.1690

Chern, 2006, CYP2C9 polymorphism and warfarin sensitivity in Taiwan Chinese, Clin Chim Acta, 367, 108, 10.1016/j.cca.2005.11.026

Herman, 2006, A novel sequence variant in exon 7 of CYP2C9 gene (CYP2C9*24) in a patient on warfarin therapy, Thromb Haemost, 95, 192, 10.1055/s-0037-1612583

Visser, 2004, The risk of bleeding complications in patients with cytochrome P450 CYP2C9*2 or CYP2C9*3 alleles on acenocoumarol or phenprocoumon, Thromb Haemost, 92, 61, 10.1160/TH03-12-0741

Takahashi, 2004, CYP2C9 and oral anticoagulation therapy with acenocoumarol and warfarin: similarities yet differences, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 75, 376, 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.01.007

Zimmerman, 1974, Biochemical basis of hereditary resistance to warfarin in the rat, Biochem Pharmacol, 23, 1033, 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90002-1

Rost, 2004, Mutations in VKORC1 cause warfarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor deficiency type 2, Nature, 427, 537, 10.1038/nature02214

Li, 2004, Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase, Nature, 427, 541, 10.1038/nature02254

D'Andrea, 2005, A polymorphism in the VKORC1 gene is associated with an inter-individual variability in the dose-anticoagulant effect of warfarin, Blood, 105, 645, 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2111

Rieder, 2005, Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose, N Engl J Med, 352, 2285, 10.1056/NEJMoa044503

Geisen, 2005, VKORC1 haplotypes and their impact on the inter-individual and inter-ethnical variability of oral anticoagulation, Thromb Haemost, 94, 773, 10.1160/TH05-04-0290

Sconce, 2005, The impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphism and patient characteristics upon warfarin dose requirements: proposal for a new dosing regimen, Blood, 106, 2329, 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1108

Harrington, 2005, Pharmacodynamic resistance to warfarin associated with Val66Met substitution in vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1, Thromb Haemost, 93, 23, 10.1160/TH04-08-0540

Marsh, 2006, Population variation in VKORC1 haplotype structure, J Thromb Haemost, 4, 473, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01759.x

Oldenburg, 1997, Missence mutations at ALA-10 in the factor IX propeptide: an insignificant variant in normal life but a decisive cause of bleeding during oral anticoagulant therapy, Br J Haematol, 98, 240, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.2213036.x

Scialla, 2005, Therapeutic management of a patient with a unique factor IX sensitivity to warfarin, Clin Adv Hematol Oncol, 4, 1

Holbrook, 2005, Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions, Arch Intern Med, 165, 1095, 10.1001/archinte.165.10.1095

Orme, 1976, Enantiomers of warfarin and phenobarbital, N Engl J Med, 295, 1482, 10.1056/NEJM197612232952613

Breckenridge, 1974, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the enantiomers of warfarin in man, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 15, 424, 10.1002/cpt1974154424

O'Reilly, 1974, Studies on the optical enantiomorphs of warfarin in man, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 16, 348, 10.1002/cpt1974162348

O'Reilly, 1978, Stereoselective interaction of phenylbutazone with 13C/12C labelled racemates of warfarin in man [abstract], Fed Proc, 37, 545

Toon, 1986, The warfarin-sulfinpyrazone interaction: stereochemical considerations, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 39, 15, 10.1038/clpt.1986.3

O'Reilly, 1976, The stereoselective interaction of warfarin and metronidazole in man, N Engl J Med, 295, 354, 10.1056/NEJM197608122950702

O'Reilly, 1980, Stereoselective interaction of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with the separated enantiomorphs of racemic warfarin in man, N Engl J Med, 302, 33, 10.1056/NEJM198001033020106

Lewis, 1974, Warfarin: stereochemical aspects of its metabolism and the interaction with phenylbutazone, J Clin Invest, 53, 1607, 10.1172/JCI107711

O'Reilly, 1987, Interaction of amiodarone with racemic warfarin and its separated enantimorphs in humans, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 42, 290, 10.1038/clpt.1987.149

O'Reilly, 1981, Lack of effect of fortified wine ingested during fasting and anticoagulant therapy, Arch Intern Med, 141, 458, 10.1001/archinte.1981.00340040054017

Cropp, 1997, A review of enzyme induction of warfarin metabolism with recommendations for patient management, Pharmacotherapy, 17, 917, 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03782.x

Bechtold, 1984, Evidence for impaired hepatic vitamin K1 metabolism in patients treated with N-methyl-thiotetrazole cephalosporins, Thromb Haemost, 51, 358, 10.1055/s-0038-1661101

Weitkamp, 1983, Prolonged bleeding times and bleeding diathesis associated with moxalactam administration, JAMA, 249, 69, 10.1001/jama.1983.03330250049027

Owens, 1962, Effect of sodium dextro-thyroxine in patients receiving anticoagulants, N Engl J Med, 266, 76, 10.1056/NEJM196201112660205

O'Reilly, 1972, Studies on the interaction of warfarin and clofibrate in man, Thromb Diath Haemorrh, 27, 309

Rothschild, 1979, Commentary: hematological perturbations associated with salicylate, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 26, 145, 10.1002/cpt1979262145

Hylek, 1998, Acetaminophen and other risk factors for excessive warfarin anticoagulation, JAMA, 279, 657, 10.1001/jama.279.9.657

Bell, 1998, Acetaminophen and warfarin: undesirable synergy, JAMA, 279, 702, 10.1001/jama.279.9.702

Mahe, 2006, Interaction between paracetamol and warfarin in patients: a double-blind, placebo- controlled, randomized study, Haematologica, 91, 1621

Thijssen, 2004, Paracetamol (acetaminophen) warfarin interaction: nAPQI, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, is an inhibitor of enzymes in the vitamin K cycle, Thromb Haemost, 92, 797, 10.1160/TH04-02-0109

Hylek, 2004, Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and warfarin interaction: unraveling the pivotal role of the vitamin K cycle, Thromb Haemost, 92, 672, 10.1160/TH04-08-0472

Weibert, 1989, Effect of erythromycin in patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy, Clin Pharm, 8, 210

Lorentz, 1985, Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation by topical testosterone treatment, Clin Pharm, 4, 332

Udall, 1965, Human sources and absorption of vitamin K in relation to anticoagulation, JAMA, 194, 127, 10.1001/jama.1965.03090150019004

Dale, 1980, Bleeding during acetysalicylic acid and anticoagulant therapy in patients with reduced platelet reactivity after aortic valve replacement, Am Heart J, 99, 746, 10.1016/0002-8703(80)90625-0

Schulman, 1989, Interaction of ibuprofen and warfarin on primary haemostasis, Br J Rheumatol, 38, 46, 10.1093/rheumatology/28.1.46

Battistella, 2005, Risk of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in warfarin users treated with nonselective NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors, Arch Intern Med, 165, 189, 10.1001/archinte.165.2.189

Cazenave, 1973, Effects of penicillin G on platelet aggregation, release and adherence to collagen, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 142, 159, 10.3181/00379727-142-36980

Brown, 1974, The hemostatic defect produced by carbenicillin, N Engl J Med, 291, 265, 10.1056/NEJM197408082910601

Roth, 1975, The mechanism of the effect of aspirin on human platelets: I. Acetylation of a particulate fraction protein, J Clin Invest, 56, 624, 10.1172/JCI108132

Andreotti, 2006, Aspirin plus warfarin compared to aspirin alone after acute coronary syndromes: an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis of 25,307 patients, Eur Heart J, 27, 519, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi485

Chesebro, 1983, Trial of combined warfarin plus dipyridamole or aspirin therapy in prosthetic heart valve replacement: danger of aspirin compared with dipyridamole, Am J Cardiol, 51, 1537, 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90673-2

Turpie, 1993, Aspirin and warfarin after heart-valve replacement: a comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement, N Engl J Med, 329, 524, 10.1056/NEJM199308193290802

1998, Lancet, 351, 233, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11475-1

Wittkowsky, 2007, Dietary supplement use among anticoagulation clinic patients, J Thromb Haemost, 5, 875, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02391.x

Wittkowsky, 2001, Drug interactions updates: drugs, herbs and oral anticoagulation, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 12, 67, 10.1023/A:1012742628628

Greenblatt, 2005, Interaction of warfarin with drugs, natural substances and foods, J Clin Pharmacol, 45, 127, 10.1177/0091270004271404

Samuels, 2005, Herbal remedies and anticoagulant therapy, Thromb Haemost, 93, 3, 10.1160/TH04-05-0285

Izzo, 2005, Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction, Int J Cardiol, 98, 1, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.06.039

Jiang, 2005, Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 59, 425, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x

Engelsen, 2002, Effect of coenzyme Q10 and ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients: a randomized, double blind, placebo-crossover trial, Thromb Haemost, 87, 1076

Yuan, 2004, Brief Communication: American ginseng reduces warfarin's effect in healthy patients, Ann Intern Med, 141, 23, 10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00011

O'Reilly, 1980, Resistance to warfarin due to unrecognized vitamin K supplementation, N Engl J Med, 303, 160, 10.1056/NEJM198007173030317

Suttie, 1988, Vitamin K deficiency from dietary vitamin K restriction in humans, Am J Clin Nutr, 47, 475, 10.1093/ajcn/47.3.475

Sadowski, 1996, Structure and mechanism of activation of vitamin K antagonists, 9

Bovill, 1992, Mechanisms of vitamin K metabolism and vitamin K-dependent hemostasis: implications for warfarin therapy

Booth, 1997, Dietary vitamin K1 and stability of oral anticoagulation: proposal of a diet with a constant vitamin K1 content, Thromb Haemost, 77, 504, 10.1055/s-0038-1655997

Richards, 1943, Influence of fever upon the action of 3,3methylene bis-(4-hydroxoycoumarin), Science, 97, 313, 10.1126/science.97.2518.313

Wessler, 1984, Warfarin: from bedside to bench, N Engl J Med, 311, 645, 10.1056/NEJM198409063111007

Zivelin, 1993, Mechanism of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin as evaluated in rabbits by selective depression of individual procoagulant vitamin-K dependent clotting factors, J Clin Invest, 92, 2131, 10.1172/JCI116814

Patel, 1996, Decreased thrombin activity of fibrin clots prepared in cord plasma compared to adult plasma, Pediatr Res, 39, 826, 10.1203/00006450-199605000-00014

Weitz, 1990, Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors, J Clin Invest, 86, 385, 10.1172/JCI114723

Furie, 1990, Randomized prospective trial comparing the native prothrombin antigen with the prothrombin time for monitoring anticoagulant therapy, Blood, 75, 344, 10.1182/blood.V75.2.344.344

Quick, 1935, The prothrombin time in haemophilia and in obstructive jaundice, J Biol Chem, 109, 73

Poller, 1987, Progress in standarisation in anticoagulant control, Hematol Rev, 1, 225

Kirkwood, 1983, Calibration of reference thromboplastins and standardisation of the prothrombin time ratio, Thromb Haemost, 49, 238, 10.1055/s-0038-1657371

Hirsh, 2001, Oral anticoagulants: mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range, Chest, 8S, 10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.8S

World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. 33rd report: technical report series No. 687. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1983

Johnston, 1996, Reliability of the international normalized ratio for monitoring the induction phase of warfarin: comparison with the prothrombin time ratio, J Lab Clin Med, 128, 214, 10.1016/S0022-2143(96)90014-1

Kovacs, 1994, Assessment of the validity of the INR system for patients with liver impairment, Thromb Haemost, 71, 727, 10.1055/s-0038-1642513

Denson, 1995, Validity of the INR system for patients with liver impairment, Thromb Haemost, 73, 162, 10.1055/s-0038-1653742

Robert, 1996, Prothrombin time in liver failure: time, ratio, activity percentage, or international normalized ratio?, Hepatology, 24, 1392, 10.1002/hep.510240613

Malinchoc, 2000, Normalizing the prothrombin time, Hepatology, 32, 881, 10.1053/jhep.2000.18711

Lind, 1999, Clinically significant differences in the international normalized ratio measured with reagents of different sensitivities, Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 10, 215, 10.1097/00001721-199907000-00001

Poggio, 1989, The effect of some instruments for prothrombin time testing on the international sensitivity index (ISI) of two rabbit tissue thromboplastin reagents, Thromb Haemost, 62, 868, 10.1055/s-0038-1651019

D'Angelo, 1989, Comparison of two automated coagulometers and the manual tilt tube method for determination of prothrombin time, Am J Clin Pathol, 92, 321, 10.1093/ajcp/92.3.321

Poller, 1989, Effect of automation on the prothrombin time test in NEQAS surveys, J Clin Pathol, 42, 97, 10.1136/jcp.42.1.97

Ray, 1990, The dependence of the international sensitivity index on the coagulometer used to perform the prothrombin time, Thromb Haemost, 63, 424, 10.1055/s-0038-1645059

Van Rijn, 1989, Correction of instrument and reagent based differences in determination of the international normalized ratio (INR) for monitoring anticoagulant therapy, Clin Chem, 355, 840, 10.1093/clinchem/35.5.840

Thomson, 1990, Automation and prothrombin time: a United Kingdom field study of two widely used coagulometers, J Clin Pathol, 43, 679, 10.1136/jcp.43.8.679

Kinck, 2001, Clinical impact of inter-laboratory variation in international normalized ratio determinations, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 58, 684, 10.1093/ajhp/58.8.684

Jacobson, 1999, Significant variation in the reporting of prothrombin time results despite utilization of the INR method of reporting [abstract], Circulation, 100, I620

Fairweather, 1998, College of American Pathologists Conference XXXI on laboratory monitoring of anticoagulant therapy: laboratory monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 122, 768

Ng, 1993, Failure of the international normalized ratio to generate consistent results within a local medical community, Am J Clin Pathol, 99, 689, 10.1093/ajcp/99.6.689

Poller, 1987, Laboratory control of oral anticoagulants [editorial], BMJ, 294, 1184, 10.1136/bmj.294.6581.1184

Kazama, 1990, Evaluation of international normalized ratios by a controlled field survey with 4 different thromboplastin reagents, Thromb Haemost, 64, 535, 10.1055/s-0038-1647353

Van Den Besselaar, 1993, Status of present and candidate international reference preparations (IRP) of thromboplastin for the prothrombin time: a report of the Subcommittee for Control of Anticoagulation, Thromb Haemost, 69, 85, 10.1055/s-0038-1651553

Duncan, 1994, Effect of concentration of trisodium citrate anticoagulant on calculation of the international normalized ratio and the international sensitivity index of thromboplastin, Thromb Haemost, 72, 84, 10.1055/s-0038-1648816

Adcock, 1997, Effect of 3.2% vs. 3.8% sodium citrate on routine coagulation testing, Am J Clin Pathol, 107, 105, 10.1093/ajcp/107.1.105

Gohlke-Barwolf, 1995, Guidelines for prevention of thromboembolic events in valvular heart disease: study Group of the Working Group on Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology, Eur Heart J, 16, 1320, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060739

Salem, 2004, Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease: native and prosthetic, Chest, 457S, 10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.457S

Landefeld, 1989, Bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: relation to the prothrombin time and important remediable lesions, Am J Med, 87, 153, 10.1016/S0002-9343(89)80690-4

Fihn, 1993, Risk factors for complications of chronic anticoagulation: a multi-center study; Warfarin Optimized Outpatient Follow-up Study Group, Ann Intern Med, 118, 511, 10.7326/0003-4819-118-7-199304010-00005

Cannegieter, 1995, Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves, N Engl J Med, 333, 11, 10.1056/NEJM199507063330103

Hylek, 1994, Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin, Ann Intern Med, 120, 897, 10.7326/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00001

Palareti, 1996, Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISOCOAT): Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy, Lancet, 348, 423, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)01109-9

Hylek, 1996, An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation, N Engl J Med, 335, 540, 10.1056/NEJM199608223350802

Hull, 1982, Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis, N Engl J Med, 307, 1676, 10.1056/NEJM198212303072704

Turpie, 1988, Randomized comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement, Lancet, 1, 1242, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92070-3

Saour, 1990, Trial of different intensities of anticoagulation in patients with prosthetic heart valves, N Engl J Med, 322, 428, 10.1056/NEJM199002153220703

Altman, 1991, Comparison of two levels of anticoagulant therapy in patients with substitute heart valves, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 101, 427, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)36724-8

Hering, 2005, Thromboembolic and bleeding complications following St. Jude mechanical valve replacement, Chest, 127, 53, 10.1378/chest.127.1.53

Pruefer, 2001, Intensity of oral anticoagulation after implantation of St. Jude Medical mitral or multiple valve replacement: lessons learned from GELIA (GELIA 5), Eur Heart J Suppl, Q39, 10.1016/S1520-765X(01)90041-0

Koertke, 2005, Low-dose International Normalized Ratio self-management: a promising tool to achieve low complicated rates after mechanical valve replacement, Ann Thorac Surg, 79, 1909, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.09.012

Hering, 2005, Drug insight: an overview of current anticoagulation therapy after heart valve replacement, Nat Clin Prac Cardiovasc Med, 2, 415, 10.1038/ncpcardio0271

Salem, 2004, Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease-native and prosthetic: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy, Chest, 457S, 10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.457S

2006, Circulation, 114, 84, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176857

Ridker, 2003, Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism, N Engl J Med, 348, 1425, 10.1056/NEJMoa035029

Kearon, 2003, Comparison of low-intensity warfarin therapy with conventional intensity warfarin therapy for long-term prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism, N Engl J Med, 349, 631, 10.1056/NEJMoa035422

Anand, 1999, Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 282, 2058, 10.1001/jama.282.21.2058

Segal, 2000, Prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of trials of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs, J Gen Intern Med, 15, 56, 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.04329.x

Hart, 1999, Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 131, 492, 10.7326/0003-4819-131-7-199910050-00003

1994, Arch Intern Med, 154, 1449, 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420130036007

1997, Ann Neurol, 42, 857, 10.1002/ana.410420606

Palareti, 1997, Thrombotic events during oral anticoagulant treatment: results of the inception-cohort, prospective, collaborative ISCOAT study: iSCOAT study group (Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy), Thromb Haemost, 78, 1438, 10.1055/s-0038-1665430

Sackett, 1991, 283

Bern, 1990, Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters, Ann Intern Med, 112, 423, 10.7326/0003-4819-76-3-112-6-423

Nightingale, 1997, A prospective analysis of 949 long-term central venous access catheters for ambulatory chemotherapy in patients with gastrointestinal malignancy, Eur J Cancer, 33, 398, 10.1016/S0959-8049(97)89012-0

Boraks, 1998, Prevention of central venous catheter associated thrombosis using minidose warfarin in patients with haematological malignancies, Br J Haematol, 101, 483, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00732.x

Couban, 2002, A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of low dose warfarin for the prevention of symptomatic central venous catheter-associated thrombosis in patients with cancer [abstract], Blood, 100, 703a

Heaton, 2002, Minidose (1 mg) warfarin as prophylaxis for central vein catheter thrombosis, Intern Med J, 32, 84, 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2002.00171.x

Dale, 1991, Prevention of venous thrombosis with minidose warfarin after joint replacement, BMJ, 303, 224, 10.1136/bmj.303.6796.224

Fordyce, 1991, Efficacy of fixed minidose warfarin prophylaxis in total hip replacement, BMJ, 303, 219, 10.1136/bmj.303.6796.219

Poller, 1995, Minidose warfarin and failure to prevent deep vein thrombosis after joint replacement surgery despite inhibiting the postoperative rise in plasminogen activator inhibitor activity, Clin Appl Thromb Haemost, 1, 267, 10.1177/107602969500100404

Gulløv, 1998, Fixed mini-dose warfarin and aspirin alone and in combination versus adjusted-dose warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: Second Copenhagen Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin, and Anticoagulation Study (the AFASAK-2 study), Arch Intern Med, 158, 1513, 10.1001/archinte.158.14.1513

1997, Lancet, 350, 389, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01180-X

Petersen, 1989, Placebo-controlled, randomized trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation: the Copenhagen AFASAK study, Lancet, 1, 175, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91200-2

1990, N Engl J Med, 323, 1505, 10.1056/NEJM199011293232201

Ezekowitz, 1992, Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, N Engl J Med, 327, 1406, 10.1056/NEJM199211123272002

1991, Circulation, 84, 527, 10.1161/01.CIR.84.2.527

1993, Lancet, 342, 1255, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92358-Z

Currie, 2006, Evaluation of survival and ischaemic and thromboembolic event rates in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in the general population when treated and untreated with warfarin, Heart, 92, 196, 10.1136/hrt.2004.058339

Oden, 2006, Optimal INR for prevention of stroke and death in atrial fibrillation: a critical appraisal, Thromb Res, 117, 493, 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.11.025

2006, Eur Heart J, 27, 1979, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl176

1996, Lancet, 348, 633, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03487-3

Hylek, 2003, Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation, N Engl J Med, 349, 1019, 10.1056/NEJMoa022913

Indredavik, 2005, Frequency and effect of optimal anticoagulation before onset of ischaemic stroke in patients with known atrial fibrillation, J Intern Med, 258, 133, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01512.x

O'Donnell, 2006, Preadmission antithrombotic treatment and stroke severity in patients with atrial fibrillation and acute ischaemic stroke: an observational study, Lancet Neurol, 5, 749, 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70536-1

Van Es, 2002, Aspirin and coumadin after acute coronary syndromes (the ASPECT-2 study): a randomized controlled trial, Lancet, 360, 109, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09409-6

Hurlen, 2002, Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 347, 969, 10.1056/NEJMoa020496

Fiore, 2002, Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Trial comparing combined warfarin and aspirin with aspirin alone in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: primary results of the CHAMP study, Circulation, 105, 557, 10.1161/hc0502.103329

2001, J Am Coll Cardiol, 37, 475, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01118-9

Ansell, 2004, The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists, Chest, 126, 204S, 10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.204S

Ansell, 1997, Consensus guidelines for coordinated outpatient oral anticoagulation therapy management, Ann Pharmacother, 31, 604, 10.1177/106002809703100516

Palareti, 2005, Risk factors for highly unstable response to oral anticoagulation: a case-control study, Br J Haematol, 129, 72, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05417.x

Harrison, 1997, Comparison of 5 mg and 10 mg loading doses in initiation of warfarin therapy, Ann Intern Med, 126, 133, 10.7326/0003-4819-126-2-199701150-00006

O'Reilly, 1968, Studies on coumarin anticoagulant drugs: initiation of warfarin therapy with a loading dose, Circulation, 38, 169, 10.1161/01.CIR.38.1.169

Crowther, 1999, A randomized trial comparing 5 mg and 10 mg warfarin loading doses, Arch Intern Med, 159, 46, 10.1001/archinte.159.1.46

Kovacs, 2003, Comparison of 10 mg and 5 mg warfarin initiation nomograms together with low molecular weight heparin for outpatient treatment of acute venous thromboembolism, Ann Intern Med, 138, 714, 10.7326/0003-4819-138-9-200305060-00007

Ageno, 2001, Comparison of a daily fixed 2.5 mg warfarin dose with a 5 mg, International Normalized ratio adjusted, warfarin dose initially following heart valve replacement, Am J Cardiol, 88, 40, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01582-X

Garcia, 2005, Warfarin maintenance dosing patterns in clinical practice, Chest, 127, 2049, 10.1378/chest.127.6.2049

Joffe, 2004, Warfarin dosing and cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms, Thromb Haemost, 91, 1123, 10.1160/TH04-02-0083

Gage, 2004, Use of pharmacogenetics and clinical factors to predict the maintenance dose of warfarin, Thromb Haemost, 91, 87, 10.1160/TH03-06-0379

Takahashi, 2004, CYP2C9 and oral anticoagulation therapy with acenocoumarol and warfarin: similarities yet differences, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 75, 376, 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.01.007

Quteineh, 2005, Vitamin K epoxide reductase genetic polymorphism is associated to oral anticoagulant overdose, Thromb Haemost, 94, 690, 10.1160/TH05-03-0690

Vecsler, 2006, Combined genetic profiles of components and regulators of the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation system affect individual sensitivity to warfarin, Thromb Haemost, 95, 205, 10.1160/TH05-06-0446

Roden, 2006, Pharmacogenomics: challenges and opportunities, Ann Intern Med, 145, 749, 10.7326/0003-4819-145-10-200611210-00007

Hillman, 2005, A prospective, randomized pilot trial of model-based warfarin dose initiation using CYP2C9 genotype and clinical data, Clin Med Res, 3, 137, 10.3121/cmr.3.3.137

Voora, 2005, Prospective dosing of warfarin based on cytochrome P 450 2C9 genotype, Thromb Haemost, 93, 700, 10.1160/TH04-08-0542

Sallah, 1997, Warfarin and heparin-induced skin necrosis and the purple toe syndrome: infrequent complications of anticoagulant treatment, Thromb Haemost, 78, 785, 10.1055/s-0038-1657628

Wong, 1999, Influence of warfarin regimen type on clinical and monitoring outcomes in stable patients in an anticoagulation management service, Pharmacotherapy, 19, 1385, 10.1592/phco.19.18.1385.30894

Hixson-Wallace, 2001, Effect of regimen complexity on patient satisfaction and compliance with warfarin therapy, Clin Appl Thromb Haemost, 7, 33, 10.1177/107602960100700108

Gurwitz, 1992, Aging and the anticoagulant response to warfarin therapy, Ann Intern Med, 116, 901, 10.7326/0003-4819-116-11-901

Redwood, 1991, The association of age with dosage requirement for warfarin, Age Ageing, 20, 217, 10.1093/ageing/20.3.217

James, 1992, Factors affecting the maintenance dose of warfarin, J Clin Pathol, 45, 704, 10.1136/jcp.45.8.704

Mungall, 1992, Aging and warfarin therapy. Annual Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy, Intern Med, 117, 878

Bowles, 1994, Stereoselective disposition of warfarin in young and elderly subjects [abstract], Clin Pharmacol Ther, 55, 172

Siguret, 2005, Initiation of warfarin therapy in elderly medical inpatients: a safe and accurate regimen, Am J Med, 118, 137, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.053

O'Connell, 2000, Evaluation of warfarin initiation regimens in elderly inpatients, Pharmacotherapy, 20, 923, 10.1592/phco.20.11.923.35260

McCormick, 1999, Long-term anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation in elderly patients: efficacy, risk, and current patterns of use, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 7, 157, 10.1023/A:1008884004751

Horstkotte, 1998, Optimal frequency of patient monitoring and intensity of oral anticoagulation therapy in valvular heart disease, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 19, 10.1023/A:1013228718768

Samsa, 2000, Relationship between test frequency and outcomes of anticoagulation: a literature review and commentary with implications for the design of randomized trials of patient self-management, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 9, 283, 10.1023/A:1018778914477

Kent, 1992, A model for planning optimal follow-up for outpatients on warfarin anticoagulation, Med Decis Making, 12, 132, 10.1177/0272989X9201200206

Pengo, 2003, A comparison between six-and four-week intervals in surveillance of oral anticoagulant treatment, Am J Clin Pathol, 120, 944, 10.1309/U7164E0XH5UERKRV

Shalev, 2007, The interval between prothrombin time tests and the quality of oral anticoagulants treatment in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, Thromb Res, 120, 201, 10.1016/j.thromres.2006.10.001

Gunneman, 1999, Frequent prothrombin time testing reduces inappropriate warfarin dose changes [abstract], Thromb Haemost, 82, 676

Lousberg, 1998, Evaluation of excessive anticoagulation in a group model health maintenance organization, Arch Intern Med, 158, 528, 10.1001/archinte.158.5.528

Garcia, 2006, The risk of hemorrhage among patients with warfarin-associated coagulopathy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, 804, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.058

Hylek, 2001, Clinical predictors of prolonged delay in return of the international normalized ratio to within the therapeutic range after excessive anticoagulation with warfarin, Ann Intern Med, 135, 393, 10.7326/0003-4819-135-6-200109180-00008

Makris, 1997, Emergency oral anticoagulant reversal: the relative efficacy of infusions of fresh frozen plasma and clotting factor concentrate on correction of the coagulopathy, Thromb Haemost, 77, 477, 10.1055/s-0038-1655992

Nitu, 1998, Clinical experience with the use of clotting factor concentrates in oral anticoagulation reversal, Clin Lab Haematol, 20, 363, 10.1046/j.1365-2257.1998.00161.x

Deveras, 2002, Reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with recombinant human factor VIIa concentrate, Ann Intern Med, 137, 884, 10.7326/0003-4819-137-11-200212030-00009

Berntorp, 2000, Recombinant FVIIa in the treatment of warfarin bleeding, Semin Thromb Hemost, 26, 433, 10.1055/s-2000-8464

Sorensen, 2003, Reversal of the International Normalized Ratio with recombinant activated factor VII in central nervous system bleeding during warfarin thromboprophylaxis: clinical and biochemical aspects, Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 14, 469, 10.1097/00001721-200307000-00007

Franchini, 2005, Recombinant factor VIIa: an update on its clinical use, Thromb Haemost, 93, 1027, 10.1160/TH05-01-0032

Erhardtsen, 1998, The effect of recombinant factor VIIa in healthy volunteers receiving acenocoumarol to an international normalized ratio above 2.0, Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 9, 741, 10.1097/00001721-199811000-00003

Crowther, 2000, Treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy with oral vitamin K: a randomized trial, Lancet, 356, 1551, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03125-1

Ageno, 2005, A randomized trial comparing 1 mg of oral vitamin K with no treatment in the management of warfarin-associated coagulopathy in patients with mechanical heart valves, J Am Coll Cardiol, 46, 730, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.022

Gunther, 2004, Low-dose oral vitamin K is safe and effective for outpatient management of patients with an INR > 10, Thromb Res, 113, 205, 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.03.004

Whitling, 1998, Comparing different routes and doses of phytonadione for reversing excessive anticoagulation, Arch Intern Med, 158, 2136, 10.1001/archinte.158.19.2136

Raj, 1999, Time course of reversal of anticoagulant effect of warfarin by intravenous and subcutaneous phytonadione, Arch Intern Med, 159, 2721, 10.1001/archinte.159.22.2721

Crowther, 2002, Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin associated coagulopathy, Ann Intern Med, 137, 251, 10.7326/0003-4819-137-4-200208200-00009

Pengo, 1993, Reversal of excessive effect of regular anticoagulation: low oral dose of phytonadione (vitamin K1) compared with warfarin discontinuation, Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 4, 739, 10.1097/00001721-199304050-00010

Cosgriff, 1956, The effectiveness of an oral vitamin K1 in controlling excessive hypoprothrombinemia during anticoagulant therapy, Ann Intern Med, 45, 12

Shirger, 1959, Small doses of vitamin K1 for correction of reduced prothrombin activity, Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin, 34, 453

Weibert, 1997, Correction of excessive anticoagulation with low dose oral vitamin K1, Ann Intern Med, 125, 959, 10.7326/0003-4819-126-12-199706150-00005

Shetty, 1992, Effective reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with low dose vitamin K1, Thromb Haemost, 67, 13, 10.1055/s-0038-1648371

Martin, 1991, Anaphylactoid reactions and vitamin K [letter], Med J Aust, 155, 851, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb94070.x

Fiore, 2001, Anaphylactoid reactions to vitamin K, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 11, 175, 10.1023/A:1011237019082

Watson, 2001, A comparison of the efficacy and rate of response to oral and intravenous vitamin K in reversal of over-anticoagulation with warfarin, Br J Haematol, 115, 145, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03070.x

Aguilar, 2007, Treatment of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: literature review and expert opinion, Mayo Clin Proc, 82, 82, 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60970-1

Yasaka, 2005, Optimal dose of prothrombin complex concentrate for acute reversal of oral anticoagulation, Thromb Res, 115, 455, 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.09.002

Dager, 2006, Reversal of elevated international normalized ratios and bleeding with low-dose recombinant activated factor VII in patients receiving warfarin, Pharmacotherapy, 26, 1091, 10.1592/phco.26.8.1091

Mayer, 2005, Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracererbral hemorrhage, N Engl J Med, 352, 277, 10.1056/NEJMoa042991

Ehrlich, 2002, Safety of factor VIII inhibitor bypass activity (FEIBA): 10 year compilation of thrombotic adverse events, Haemophilia, 8, 83, 10.1046/j.1365-2516.2002.00532.x

Sorano, 1993, Controlled vitamin K content diet for improving the management of poorly controlled anticoagulated patients: a clinical practice proposal, Haemostasis, 23, 77

Sconce, 2005, Patients with unstable control have a poorer dietary intake of vitamin K compared to patients with stable control of anticoagulation, Thromb Haemost, 93, 872, 10.1160/TH04-12-0773

Kurnik, 2004, Over- the-counter vitamin K1-containing multivitamin supplements disrupt warfarin anticoagulation in vitamin K1- depleted patients, Thromb Haemost, 92, 1018, 10.1160/TH04-06-0346

Schurgers, 2004, Effect of vitamin K intake on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationships in healthy subjects, Blood, 104, 2682, 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1525

Reese, 2005, Low-dose vitamin K to augment anticoagulation control, Pharmacotherapy, 25, 1746, 10.1592/phco.2005.25.12.1746

Ford, 2007, Prospective study of supplemental vitamin K therapy in patients on oral anticoagulants with unstable international normalized ratios, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 24, 23, 10.1007/s11239-007-0014-z

Sconce, 2007, Vitamin K supplementation can improve stability of anticoagulation for patients with unexplained variability in response to warfarin, Blood, 109, 2419, 10.1182/blood-2006-09-049262

Kearon, 1997, Management of anticoagulation before and after elective surgery, N Engl J Med, 336, 1506, 10.1056/NEJM199705223362107

Dunn, 2003, Perioperative management of patients on oral anticoagulants: a systematic review, Arch Intern Med, 163, 901, 10.1001/archinte.163.8.901

Rosove, 1992, Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients, Ann Intern Med, 117, 303, 10.7326/0003-4819-117-4-303

Khamashta, 1995, The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome, N Engl J Med, 332, 993, 10.1056/NEJM199504133321504

Sanfelippo, 2000, Falsely elevated INRs in warfarin-treated patients with the lupus anticoagulant, Wis Med J, 99, 62

Moll, 1997, Monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulants, Ann Intern Med, 127, 177, 10.7326/0003-4819-127-3-199708010-00001

Della Valle, 1996, Potential failure of the international normalized ratio (INR) system in the monitoring of oral anticoagulation in patients with lupus anticoagulants, Ann Med Interne (Paris), 147, 10

Robert, 1998, Control of oral anticoagulation in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome: influence of the lupus anticoagulant on international normalized ratio, Thromb Haemost, 80, 99, 10.1055/s-0037-1615146

Lawrie, 1997, Monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy in lupus anticoagulant positive patients with the anti-phospholipid syndrome, Br J Haematol, 98, 887, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.3283145.x

Rapaport, 1995, Thrombosis in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome [letter], N Engl J Med, 333, 665, 10.1056/NEJM199509073331016

Le, 1994, The international normalized ratio (INR) for monitoring warfarin therapy: reliability and relation to other monitoring methods, Ann Intern Med, 120, 552, 10.7326/0003-4819-120-7-199404010-00004

Lind, 1997, Plasma levels of factors II, VII, and X and their relationship to the international normalized ratio during chronic warfarin therapy:, Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 8, 48, 10.1097/00001721-199701000-00008

Kornbert, 1993, Comparison of native prothrombin antigen with the prothrombin time for monitoring oral anticoagulant prophylaxis, Circulation, 88, 454, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.2.454

Crowther, 2003, A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, N Engl J Med, 349, 1133, 10.1056/NEJMoa035241

Finazzi, 2005, A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS), J Thromb Haemost, 3, 848, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01340.x

Ames, 2005, Bleeding and re-thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome on oral anticoagulation, Thromb Haemost, 93, 694, 10.1160/TH04-11-0723

Wittkowsky, 2006, Warfarin-related outcomes in patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome managed in an anticoagulation clinic, Thromb Haemost, 96, 137, 10.1160/TH06-02-0090

1995, N Engl J Med, 333, 5, 10.1056/NEJM199507063330102

Landefeld, 1989, Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy, Am J Med, 87, 144, 10.1016/S0002-9343(89)80689-8

Van Der Meer, 1993, Bleeding complications in oral anticoagulant therapy: an analysis of risk factors, Arch Intern Med, 153, 1557, 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410130073007

Forfar, 1982, Prediction of hemorrhage during long-term oral coumarin anticoagulation by excessive prothrombin ratio, Am Heart J, 103, 445, 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90292-7

White, 2007, Comparison of outcomes among patients randomized to warfarin therapy according to anticoagulant control: results from SPORTIF III and V, Arch Intern Med, 167, 239, 10.1001/archinte.167.3.239

Charney, 1988, Anticoagulation clinics and the monitoring of anticoagulant therapy, Int J Cardiol, 18, 197, 10.1016/0167-5273(88)90165-9

Wilson, 1991, Low intensity anticoagulation in mechanical cardiac prosthetic valves, Chest, 100, 1553, 10.1378/chest.100.6.1553

Connolly, 1991, Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 18, 349, 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90585-W

Palareti, 2005, Poor anticoagulation quality in the first three months after unprovoked venous thromboembolism is a risk factor for long-term recurrence, J Thromb Haemost, 3, 955, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01330.x

Beyth, 2000, A multi-component intervention to prevent major bleeding complications in older patients receiving warfarin: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med, 133, 687, 10.7326/0003-4819-133-9-200011070-00010

Horstkotte, 1996, Improvement of prognosis by home prothrombin estimation in patients with life-long anticoagulant therapy [abstract], Eur Heart J, 230

Sawicki, 1999, A structured teaching and self-management program for patients receiving oral anticoagulation: a randomized controlled trial; Working Group for the Study of Patient Self-Management of Oral Anticoagulation, JAMA, 281, 145, 10.1001/jama.281.2.145

Kortke, 2001, International normalized ratio self-management after mechanical heart valve replacement: is an early start advantageous?, Ann Thorac Surg, 72, 44, 10.1016/S0003-4975(01)02656-X

Matchar, 2002, Improving the quality of anticoagulation of patients with atrial fibrillation in managed care organizations: results of the managing anticoagulation services trial, Am J Med, 113, 42, 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01131-2

Wilson, 2003, Comparing the quality of oral anticoagulant management by anticoagulation clinics and by family physicians: a randomized controlled trial, Can Med Assoc J, 169, 293

Gadisseur, 2003, Comparison of the quality of oral anticoagulant therapy through patient self-management and management by specialized anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands, Arch Intern Med, 163, 2630, 10.1001/archinte.163.21.2639

Cromheecke, 2000, Oral anticoagulation self-management and management by a specialist anticoagulation clinic: a randomized cross-over comparison, Lancet, 556, 97, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02470-3

Watzke, 2000, A prospective controlled trial comparing weekly self-testing and self-dosing with the standard management of patients on stable oral anticoagulation, Thromb Haemost, 83, 661, 10.1055/s-0037-1613888

Abdelhafiz, 2004, Results of an open-label, prospective study of anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation in an outpatient anticoagulation clinic, Clin Ther, 26, 1470, 10.1016/j.clinthera.2004.09.002

Menendez-Jandula, 2005, Comparing self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy with clinic management: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 142, 1, 10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00006

Fitzmaurice, 2002, A randomised controlled trial of patient self management of oral anticoagulation treatment compared with primary care management, J Clin Pathol, 55, 845, 10.1136/jcp.55.11.845

Kulinna, 1999, The effect of self-monitoring the INR on quality of anticoagulation and quality of life, Semin Thromb Hemost, 25, 123, 10.1055/s-2007-996435

Heidinger, 2000, Clinical outcome of self-management of oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation or deep vein thrombosis, Thromb Res, 98, 287, 10.1016/S0049-3848(00)00181-X

Fitzmaurice, 2005, Self management of oral anticoagulation: randomised trial, BMJ, 331, 1057, 10.1136/bmj.38618.580903.AE

Smith, 1990, The effect of warfarin on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 323, 147, 10.1056/NEJM199007193230302

1994, Lancet, 343, 499

1994, Lancet, 343, 687

Hellemons, 1999, Primary prevention of arterial thromboembolism in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation in primary care: randomized controlled trial comparing two intensities of coumarin with aspirin, BMJ, 319, 958, 10.1136/bmj.319.7215.958

Hutten, 1999, Comparison of three methods to assess therapeutic quality control of treatment with vitamin K antagonists, Thromb Haemost, 82, 1260, 10.1055/s-0037-1614372

Butchart, 2002, Better control improves survival after valve replacement, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 123, 715, 10.1067/mtc.2002.121162

Chimowitz, 2005, Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis, N Engl J Med, 352, 1305, 10.1056/NEJMoa043033

2006, Lancet, 367, 1903, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68845-4

2003, Lancet, 362, 1691, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14841-6

2005, JAMA, 293, 690, 10.1001/jama.293.6.690

Fiessinger, 2005, Ximelagatran vs low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the treatment of deep vein thrmbosis: a randomized trial, JAMA, 293, 681, 10.1001/jama.293.6.681

Fitzmaurice, 2003, A systematic review of outcome measures reported for the therapeutic effectiveness of oral anticoagulation, J Clin Pathol, 56, 48, 10.1136/jcp.56.1.48

Schmitt, 2003, Quality assessment of anticoagulation dose management: comparative evaluation of measures of time-in-therapeutic range, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 15, 213, 10.1023/B:THRO.0000011377.78585.63

Rosendaal, 1993, A method to determine the optimal intensity of oral anticoagulant therapy, Thromb Haemost, 39, 236

Meier, 2002, Comparison of narrow versus standard target INR ranges [abstract], J Am Coll Cardiol, 39, 272a, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)81220-7

Palareti, 1999, The first months of oral anticoagulant treatment are associated with a very low quality of laboratory control: data from the Iscoat Study [abstract], Thromb Haemost, 82, 549

Hutten, 1999, Determinants of time spent in the therapeutic range while using vitamin k antagonists [abstract], Thromb Haemost, 545

Gadisseur, 2002, Therapeutic quality control of oral anticoagulant therapy comparing the short acting acenocoumarol and the long acting phenprocoumon, Br J Haematol, 117, 940, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03493.x

Pattacini, 1994, A comparative study on the quality of oral anticoagulant therapy (warfarin versus acenocoumarol), Thromb Haemost, 71, 188

Beyth, 1998, Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin, Am J Med, 105, 91, 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00198-3

Launbjerg, 1991, Bleeding complications to oral anticoagulant therapy: multivariate analysis of 1010 treatment years in 551 outpatients, J Intern Med, 229, 351, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00358.x

Cortelazzo, 1993, Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prosthesis attending an anticoagulation clinic, Thromb Haemost, 69, 316, 10.1055/s-0038-1651604

Gitter, 1995, Bleeding and thromboembolism during anticoagulant therapy: a population based study in Rochester, Minnesota, Mayo Clin Proc, 70, 725, 10.4065/70.8.725

Landefeld, 1993, Anticoagulant-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention, Am J Med, 95, 315, 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90285-W

Errichetti, 1984, Management of oral anticoagulant therapy: experience with an anticoagulation clinic, Arch Intern Med, 144, 1966, 10.1001/archinte.1984.04400010074014

Petty, 1988, Complications of long-term anticoagulation, Ann Neurol, 23, 570, 10.1002/ana.410230607

Bussey, 1989, The safety and effectiveness of long-term warfarin therapy in an anticoagulation clinic, Pharmacotherapy, 9, 214, 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1989.tb04128.x

1982, Lancet, I, 62

McInnes, 1987, The performance of clinics for outpatient control of anticoagulation, J R Coll Physicians Lond, 21, 42

Wickramasinghe, 1988, Long-term oral anticoagulant therapy in elderly patients, Age Ageing, 17, 388, 10.1093/ageing/17.6.388

Joglekar, 1988, Can old people on oral anticoagulants be safely managed as outpatients?, Postgrad Med J, 64, 775, 10.1136/pgmj.64.756.775

Issacs, 1994, Age-associated risks of prophylactic anticoagulation in the setting of hip fracture, Am J Med, 96, 487, 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90086-8

Davis, 1977, Management of anticoagulation in outpatients: experience with an anticoagulation service in a municipal hospital setting, Arch Intern Med, 137, 197, 10.1001/archinte.1977.03630140045012

Graves, 1995, Lack of excessive bleeding risk in elderly patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulation, Cardiol Elderly, 3, 273

Copland, 2001, Oral anticoagulation and hemorrhagic complications in an elderly population with atrial fibrillation, Arch Intern Med, 161, 2125, 10.1001/archinte.161.17.2125

1996, Arch Intern Med, 156, 409, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440040081009

Fihn, 1996, The risk for and severity of bleeding complication in elderly patients treated with warfarin, Ann Intern Med, 124, 970, 10.7326/0003-4819-124-11-199606010-00004

Steffensen, 1997, Major haemorrhagic complications during oral anticoagulant therapy in a Danish population-based cohort, J Intern Med, 242, 497, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1997.tb00023.x

Pettiti, 1986, Duration of warfarin anticoagulation therapy and the probabilities of recurrent thromboembolism and hemorrhage, Am J Med, 81, 255, 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90260-3

Cheng, 2006, Is age a risk factor for warfarin-related major bleeds in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation?, J Am Geriatr Soc, 54, 1155

Palareti, 2000, Oral anticoagulation treatment in the elderly: a nested, prospective, case-control study, Arch Intern Med, 160, 470, 10.1001/archinte.160.4.470

Fang, 2006, Age and the risk of warfarin-associated hemorrhage: the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation Study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 54, 1231, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00828.x

Van Walraven, 2002, Oral anticoagulants vs aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: an individual patient meta-analysis, JAMA, 288, 2441, 10.1001/jama.288.19.2441

Torn, 2005, Risks of oral anticoagulant therapy with increasing age, Arch Intern Med, 165, 1527, 10.1001/archinte.165.13.1527

Verhagen, 1954, Local hemorrhage and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissues at starting therapy with dicumarol or dicumacyl, Acta Med Scand, 148, 455, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1954.tb01741.x

Weinberg, 1983, Warfarin necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the male genitalia, J Urol, 130, 352, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)51147-7

Broekmans, 1983, Protein C and the development of skin necrosis during anticoagulant therapy, Thromb Haemost, 49, 244

Zauber, 1986, Successful warfarin anticoagulant despite protein C deficiency and a history of warfarin necrosis, Ann Intern Med, 104, 659, 10.7326/0003-4819-104-5-659

Samama, 1984, Successful progressive anticoagulation in a severe protein C deficiency and previous skin necrosis at the initiation of oral anticoagulation treatment, Thromb Haemost, 51, 332

Grimaudo, 1989, Necrosis of skin induced by coumarin in a patient deficient in protein S, BMJ, 298, 233, 10.1136/bmj.298.6668.233

Warkentin, 2001, Venous limb gangrene during warfarin treatment of cancer-associated deep venous thrombosis, Ann Intern Med, 135, 589, 10.7326/0003-4819-135-8_Part_1-200110160-00009

Warkentin, 1997, The pathogenesis of venous limb gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Ann Intern Med, 127, 804, 10.7326/0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00005

Srinivasan, 2004, Warfarin-induced skin necrosis and venous limb gangrene in the setting of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Arch Intern Med, 164, 66, 10.1001/archinte.164.1.66

Coon, 1974, Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant therapy, Arch Intern Med, 133, 386, 10.1001/archinte.1974.00320150060006

Jaffin, 1987, Significance of occult gastrointestinal bleeding during anticoagulation therapy, Am J Med, 83, 269, 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90697-8

Wilcox, 1988, Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy, Am J Med, 84, 683, 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90105-2

Culclasure, 1994, The significance of hematuria in the anticoagulated patient, Arch Intern Med, 154, 649, 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420060075008

Caralis, 1989, Incidence and etiology of hematuria in patients on anticoagulant therapy [abstract], Clin Res, 37, 791A

Schuster, 1987, Clinical significance of hematuria in patients on anticoagulant therapy, J Urol, 137, 923, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)44295-9

Van Savage, 1995, Anticoagulant associated hematuria: a prospective study, J Urol, 153, 1594, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)67469-X

Hirsh, 2001, Oral anticoagulants: mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimum therapeutic range, Chest, 8S, 10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.8S

Willey, 2004, Management patterns and outcomes of patients with venous thromboembolism in the usual community practice setting, Clin Ther, 26, 1149, 10.1016/S0149-2918(04)90187-7

Veeger, 2005, Individual time within target range in patients treated with vitamin K antagonists: main determinant of quality of anticoagulation and predictor of clinical outcome; a retrospective study of 2300 consecutive patients with venous thromboembolism, Br J Haematol, 128, 513, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05348.x

Chiquette, 1998, Comparison of an anticoagulation clinic and usual medical care: anticoagulation control, patient outcomes, and health care costs, Arch Intern Med, 158, 1641, 10.1001/archinte.158.15.1641

Witt, 2005, Effect of a centralized clinical pharmacy anticoagulation service on the outcomes of anticoagulation therapy, Chest, 127, 1515, 10.1378/chest.127.5.1515

Van Walraven, 2006, Effect of study setting on anticoagulation control: a systematic review and meta-regression, Chest, 129, 1155, 10.1378/chest.129.5.1155

Ansell, 1997, Capillary whole blood prothrombin time monitoring: instrumentation and methodologies, 28

Lucas, 1987, A novel whole blood capillary technique for measuring prothrombin time, Am J Clin Pathol, 88, 442, 10.1093/ajcp/88.4.442

Yano, 1992, Bedside monitoring of warfarin therapy by a whole blood capillary coagulation monitor, Thromb Res, 66, 583, 10.1016/0049-3848(92)90312-X

Weibert, 1989, Evaluation of a capillary whole-blood prothrombin time measurement system, Clin Pharm, 8, 864

Rose, 1993, Decentralized testing for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time using a dry chemistry portable analyzer, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 117, 611

Fabbrini, 1995, Pilot study to determine use of a TAS analyzer in an anticoagulation clinic setting [abstract], Blood, 869a

Ansell, 1998, Performance of the AvocetPT prothrombin time system [abstract], Blood, 112b

Gosselin, 2000, A comparison of point-of-care instruments designed for monitoring oral anticoagulation with standard laboratory methods, Thromb Haemost, 83, 698, 10.1055/s-0037-1613895

Van Den Besselar, 2000, A comparison of INRs determined with a whole blood prothrombin time device and two international reference preparations for thromboplastin, Thromb Haemost, 84, 410, 10.1055/s-0037-1614036

Kitchen, 1997, Monitoring oral anticoagulant treatment with the TAS near patient test system: comparison with conventional thromboplastins, J Clin Pathol, 50, 951, 10.1136/jcp.50.11.951

Douketis, 1998, Accuracy of a portable international normalization ratio monitor in outpatients receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy: comparison with a laboratory reference standard using clinically relevant criteria for agreement, Thromb Res, 92, 11, 10.1016/S0049-3848(98)00098-X

Cosmi, 2000, Accuracy of a portable prothrombin time monitor (CoaguChek) in patients on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy: a prospective multicenter study, Thromb Res, 100, 279, 10.1016/S0049-3848(00)00323-6

Earp, 2001, Accuracy and precision of the LifeScan INR monitor in anticoagulation clinics, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 12, 109

2001, Am J Clin Pathol, 115, 280

2001, Am J Clin Pathol, 115, 288, 10.1309/KM0J-G5V9-KCAG-CLEE

Earp, 2001, Patient self-testing with the LifeScan INR monitor [abstract], J Thromb Thrombolysis, 12, 109

Andrew, 1995, Monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy in pediatric patients using a new microsample PT device [abstract], Blood, 863a

Cachia, 1998, Accuracy and precision of the TAS analyser for near-patient INR testing by non-pathology staff in the community, J Clin Pathol, 51, 68, 10.1136/jcp.51.1.68

Murray, 2003, INRs and point of care testing, BMJ, 327, 5, 10.1136/bmj.327.7405.5

Jennings, 1991, Evaluation of the Ciba-Corning Biotrack 512 coagulation monitor for the control of oral anticoagulation, J Clin Pathol, 44, 950, 10.1136/jcp.44.11.950

McCurdy, 1992, Accuracy and precision of a portable anticoagulation monitor in a clinical setting, Arch Intern Med, 152, 589, 10.1001/archinte.1992.00400150103019

Tripodi, 1993, Are capillary whole blood coagulation monitors suitable for the control of oral anticoagulant treatment by the international normalized ratio?, Thromb Haemost, 70, 921, 10.1055/s-0038-1649700

Tripodi, 1997, Determination of the international sensitivity index of a new near-patient testing device to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy, Thromb Haemost, 78, 855, 10.1055/s-0038-1657641

Perry, 2005, Point-of-care testing of the international normalized ratio in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies, Thromb Haemost, 94, 1196, 10.1160/TH05-06-0400

Kaatz, 1995, Accuracy of laboratory and portable monitor international normalized ratio determinations, Arch Intern Med, 155, 1861, 10.1001/archinte.1995.00430170053006

Poller, 2002, European concerted action on anticoagulation: multicentre international sensitivity index calibration of two types of point-of-care prothrombin time monitor systems, Br J Haematol, 116, 844, 10.1046/j.0007-1048.2002.03361.x

Poller, 2003, An assessment of lyophilised plasmas for ISI calibration of CoaguChek and TAS whole blood prothrombin time monitors, J Clin Pathol, 56, 114, 10.1136/jcp.56.2.114

Poller, 2003, Reliability of international normalised ratios from two point of care test systems: comparison with conventional methods, BMJ, 327, 30, 10.1136/bmj.327.7405.30

Kitchen, 2006, Point-of-care International Normalised Ratios: UK NEQAS experience demonstrates necessity for proficiency testing of three different monitors, Thromb Haemost, 96, 590, 10.1160/TH04-01-0031

Ansell, 1996, Evolving models of warfarin management: anticoagulation clinics, patient self-monitoring and patient self-management, Am Heart J, 132, 1095, 10.1016/S0002-8703(96)90040-X

Erdman, 1974, A self control method for long term anticoagulation therapy, J Cardiovasc Surg, 15, 454

Christensen, 2004, Self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy: a review, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 18, 127, 10.1007/s11239-004-0209-5

Siebenhofer, 2004, A systematic review of studies of self-management of oral anticoagulation, Thromb Haemost, 91, 225, 10.1160/TH03-09-0598

Heneghan, 2006, Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet, 367, 404, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68139-7

White, 1989, Home prothrombin time monitoring after the initiation of warfarin therapy: a randomized, prospective study, Ann Intern Med, 111, 730, 10.7326/0003-4819-111-9-730

Kaatz, 2001, Anticoagulation therapy home and office monitoring evaluation study, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 12, 111

Sidhu, 2001, Self-managed anticoagulation: results from a two-year prospective randomized trial with heart valve patients, Ann Thorac Surg, 72, 1523, 10.1016/S0003-4975(01)03049-1

Sunderji, 2004, A randomized trial of patient self-managed versus physician-managed oral anticoagulation, Can J Cardiol, 20, 1117

Voller, 2005, Self-management of oral anticoagulation in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (SMAAF study), Z Kardiol, 94, 182, 10.1007/s00392-005-0199-0

Khan, 2004, The value of education and self-monitoring in the management of warfarin therapy in older patients with unstable control of anticoagulation, Br J Haematol, 126, 557, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05074.x

Matchar, 2005, The impact of patient self-testing of prothrombin time for managing anticoagulation: rationale and design of VA Cooperative Study 481; the Home INR Study (THINRS), J Thromb Thrombolysis, 19, 163, 10.1007/s11239-005-1452-0

Ansell, 2004, Guidelines for implementation of patient self-testing and patient self-management of oral anticoagulation, Int J Cardiol, 99, 37, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.11.008

Fitzmaurice, 2005, An evidence-based review and guidelines for patient self-testing and management of oral anticoagulation, Br J Haematol, 131, 156, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05739.x

Muller, 2001, Economic analysis of bleeding and thromboembolic sequelae after heart valve replacement (GELIA 7): the GELIA Study Group, Eur Heart J, 3, Q65, 10.1016/S1520-765X(01)90046-X

Gadisseur, 2004, Patient self-management of oral anticoagulant care vs management by specialized anticoagulation clinics: positive effects on quality of life, J Thromb Haemost, 2, 584, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00659.x

Regier, 2006, Cost-effectiveness of self-managed versus physician-managed oral anticoagulation therapy, Can Med Assoc J, 174, 1847, 10.1503/cmaj.051104

Ansell, 1998, Anticoagulation management as a risk factor for adverse events: grounds for improvement, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 13S, 10.1023/A:1013276601930

Samsa, 2000, Quality of anticoagulation management among patients with atrial fibrillation: results from a review of medical records from two communities, Arch Intern Med, 160, 967, 10.1001/archinte.160.7.967

Wilson, 1984, Computer assisted management of warfarin treatment, BMJ, 289, 422, 10.1136/bmj.289.6442.422

Ryan, 1989, Computer control of anticoagulant dose for therapeutic management, BMJ, 299, 1207, 10.1136/bmj.299.6709.1207

Weston Smith, 1989, Computer control of anticoagulant dose [letter], BMJ, 299, 1529

Poller, 1993, Prospective comparative study of computer programs used for management of warfarin, J Clin Pathol, 46, 299, 10.1136/jcp.46.4.299

Ageno, 1998, A randomized comparison of a computer-based dosing program with a manual system to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy [abstract], J Thromb Thrombolysis, S69

Poller, 1998, The European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation (ECAA): multicentre randomized study of computerized anticoagulant dosage, Lancet, 352, 1505, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04147-6

Manotti, 2001, Effect of computer aided management on the quality of treatment in anticoagulated patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial of APROAT, Haematologica, 86, 1060

Ageno, 2000, A computer generated induction system for hospitalized patients starting on oral anticoagulant therapy, Thromb Haemost, 83, 849, 10.1055/s-0037-1613932