Overview of tectonic settings related to the rifting and opening of Mesozoic ocean basins in the Eastern Tethys: Oman, Himalayas and Eastern Mediterranean regions

Geological Society Special Publication - Tập 282 Số 1 - Trang 325-388 - 2007
Alastair H.F. Robertson1
1Grant Institute of Earth Science, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK

Tóm tắt

Abstract A combination of geophysical studies and deep-sea drilling have in the past suggested that orthogonally rifted margins fall into two end-members: volcanic-rifted margins (e.g. eastern Greenland) and non-volcanic rifted margins (e.g. Iberia–Newfoundland conjugate). This paper explores the rifted margins of the Eastern Tethys stretching from the Eastern Mediterranean, through Oman to the Himalayas. Rifting in these area was typically pulsed, extending over more than 50 Ma. The timing of final continental breakup ranged from Late Permian in the east, in Oman and the Himalayas, to latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic in many parts of the Eastern Mediterranean (e.g. Antalya in SW Turkey; Pindos in Greece). Rifting in the Himalayas and Oman gave rise to a proximal to a distal ramp geometry with scatted seamounts (continental fragments and atolls) located adjacent to the rifted margin. The Eastern Mediterranean was palaeogeographically varied, and was characterized by a number of mainly elongate continental fragments (tens to several hundreds of kilometres long by tens of kilometres wide). These microcontinents subdivided the Eastern Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region into several small ocean basins, which rifted at more or less the same time in latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic time. All of the rifted margins of the Eastern Tethys are associated with rift-related volcanic rocks. However, with the exception of the Permian Panjal Traps in the Himalayas, the volumes of magma and corresponding thermal doming were less than for the ideal Volcanic-rifted margin (i.e. eastern Greenland). None of the Eastern Tethyan rifted margins show evidence of features characteristic of Non-volcanic rifted margins (e.g. sea-floor serpentinite exhumation), in contrast to the Iberia–Newfoundland conjugate or the Alps. Most of the Eastern Tethyan rifted margins appear to correspond to an ‘intermediate’ type, characterized by pulsed rifting, limited rift volcanism and a narrow continent–ocean transition zone. Such ‘intermediate-type’ rifted margins may remain to be explored in the modern oceans by deep-sea drilling. There is little evidence to support previous suggestions that the Eastern Tethyan rifts can be considered as back-arc basins above either northward- or southward-dipping subduction zones. Here it is suggested that the Eastern Tethys documents a fundamentally different type of rifting from either the ‘Volcanic-related’ or ‘Non-volcanic’ intracontinental rifts known from the Alps or the North Atlantic region. The dominant controls of rifting are seen as the traction of rising asthenosphere on the base of the lithosphere, related deviatoric tensional stresses, inherited and thermally induced weaknesses in the crust, and slab-pull. Specifically, in the Eastern Tethyan region continental breakup was probably triggered by a combination of long-term asthenosphere flow, slab-pull related to subduction beneath Eurasia and melt-induced crustal weakening associated with pulsed rifting or plume effects. Final continental breakup corresponds to a major (‘Cimmerian’) convergent phase along the opposing Eurasia margin, which further supports the role of plate boundary forces in Eastern Tethyan rifting. The early Mesozoic oceanic basins opened, probably associated with northwestward propagation of a spreading centre through the already weakened periphery of Gondwana, adjacent to less deformable Palaeotethyan oceanic crust. After a lengthy period of passive margin subsidence, locally punctuated by crustal extension and related volcanism, or plume effects, the rifted margins were finally tectonically emplaced during mid-Mesozoic, late Mesozoic or early Cenozoic time in different areas.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Adamia S., Bayraktutan S., Lordkipanidge M., Erler A., Ercan T., Bingöl E., Orcen E.Structural correlations and Phanerozoic evolution of the Causasus–Eastern PontidesGeology of the Black Sea Region1995Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey6975

10.1017/S0016756802006660

Al-Riyami K., Danelian T., Robertson A. H. F.Radiolarian biochronology of Mesozoic deep-water successions in NW Syria and Cyprus: implications for south-Tethyan evolutionTerra Nova2002a65225260.

10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00167-6

Andrew T., Robertson A. H. F.The Beyşehir–Hoyran–Hadim Nappes: genesis and emplacement of Mesozoic marginal and oceanic units of the northern Neotethys in southern TurkeyJournal of Geological Society, London2002159529543

Aubouin J. M., Bonneau P., et al.Contribution a la géologie des Héllenides: Le Gavrovo, le Pinde et la Zone Ophiolitique SubpelagonianAnnales de la Societé géologique du Nord197090277306

Baillie P. W., Powell C. M., Li Z. X., Ryall A. M., Purcell P. G. R. R.The tectonic framework of western Australia's Neoproterozoic to recent sedimentary basinsThe Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia1994PerthPetroleum Exploration Society of Australia4562

10.1007/978-3-0348-9319-0

10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XX.6.961

Bassoullet J.-P., Marcoux J., Mascle G.Les masses calcaires du flysch Triasico-Jurassique de Lamayuru (zone de la suture de L'Indus, Hamalaya du Ladakh): klippes sédimentaires et élements de plate-forme rémaniesRivista Italiano di Paleontologica e Stratigraphica198186825844

Bébien J., Baroz J., Caperdi S., Venturelli G.Magmatisme basique associées à l'ouverture d'un basin marginal dans les Héllenides internes au JurassicOfioliti1987125370

10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00226-8

10.1016/0040-1951(88)90251-X

10.2110/pec.74.19.0129

Bernoulli D., Laubscher H.The palinspastic problem of the HellenidesEclogae Geologicae Helvetiae1972763990

10.1080/09853111.1987.11105124

10.2113/geoarabia090281

10.1007/BF02536819

Blendiger W., Van Vliet A., Hughes Clarke M. W., Robertson A. H. F., Searle M. P., Ries A. C.Updoming, rifting and continental margin development during the Late Palaeozoic in northern OmanThe Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region199049LondonGeological Society326Special Publications

Briand F.African Continental margins of the Mediterranean Sea2000Djerba, TunisiaCommission Internationale Pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée (CIESM) Workshop Series, 1322–25 November 2000

10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00376-7

10.1016/j.tecto.2002.06.001

10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00279-8

Campbell I. H., Buchan K. L., Ernst R. E.Identification of ancient mantle plumesMantle Plumes: their Identification Through Time2001352521Geological Society of America Special Paper

10.1016/0031-0182(91)90131-A

10.1046/j.0956-540X.2000.01287.x

Celet P.Contribution à l'étude géologique du Parnasse–Kiona et d'une partie des regions196212Annales Géologique des Pays Héllenique

10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0183:HMOMVA>2.3.CO;2

Clift P. D.The collision tectonics of the southern Greek NeotethysInternational Journal of Earth Sciences199581669679

Clift P. D., Robertson A. H. F.Deep-water basins within a Mesozoic carbonate platform, Argolis, GreeceJournal of the Geological Society, London1990147825835

10.1007/BF01903949

10.1029/JB086iB04p02497

10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0255:LMSTAE>2.3.CO;2

Collins A., Robertson A. H. F.Processes of Late Cretaceous to Late Miocene episodic thrust-sheet translation in the Lycian Taurides, southwestern TurkeyJournal of the Geological Society, London1998155759772

10.1002/(SICI)1099-1034(199901/06)34:1/2<107::AID-GJ817>3.0.CO;2-L

Cooper D. J. W., Robertson A. H. F., Searle M. P., Ries A. C.Sedimentary evolution and palaeoceanographic reconstruction of the Mesozoic continental rise in Oman: evidence from the Hamrat Duru GroupThe Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region199049LondonGeological Society161168Special Publications

Corfield R. I., Searle M. P., Green O. R.Photang thrust sheet: an accretionary complex structurally below the Spontang ophiolite constraining the timing and tectonic environment of ophiolite obduction, Ladakh Himalaya, NW. IndiaJournal of the Geological Society, London199715610311044

10.1016/S0377-8398(96)00018-7

10.1017/S0016756801005337

Danelian T., Robertson A. H. F., Collins A. S., Poisson A., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Biochronology of Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous radiolarites from the Lycian Mélange (SW Turkey) and implications for the evolution of the southern Neotethyan oceanTectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society229236Specical Publication

Degnan P. J., Robertson A. H. F.Early Cenozoic melange in the Peloponnese (S. Greece) formed by subduction–accretion processesBulletin of the Geological Society of Greece19943093107

10.1016/S0037-0738(97)00113-9

Degnan P. J., Robertson A. H. F., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Synthesis of the tectonic–sedimentary evolution of the Mesozoic–Early Cainozoic Pindos ocean: evidence from the NW Peloponnese, GreeceTectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society467492Special Publications

Delaloye M., Wagner J.-J., Dixon J. E., Robertson A. H. F.Ophiolites and volcanic activity near the western edge of the Arabian plateThe Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean198417LondonGeological Society225233Special Publications

Delaune-Mayère M., Dixon J. E., Robertson A. H. F.Evolution of a Mesozoic passive continental margin: Baer–Bassit (NW Syria)The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean198417LondonGeological Society151160Special Publications

Demirtaşlı E., Turhan N., Bilgin A. Z., Selim M., Tekeli O., Göncüoğlü M. C.Geology of the Bolkar MountainsGeology of the Taurus Belt. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Geology of the Taurus Belt, Ankara, Turkey1984Mineral Resources and Exploration Institute of Turkey12141

Dercourt J.Contribution à l'étude géologique d'un secteur du Peleponnèse septentrional196415Annales de la Societé Géologique de Pays Héllenique

Dercourt J., Gaetani M., et al.Peri-Tethys Palaeogeographical Atlas 20002000ParisCCGM/CGMV

10.1016/0040-1951(86)90199-X

De Wever P., Bourdillon-de-Grissac C. H., Bechennec F., Robertson A. H. F., Searle M. P., Ries A. C.Permian to Cretaceous radiolarian biostratigraphic data from the Hawasina Complex, Oman MountainsThe Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region199049LondonGeological Society225238Special Publications

10.1029/93TC01060

Dimitriadis S., Asvesta A.Sedimentation and magmatism related to the Triassic rifting and later events in the Vardar–Axios zoneBulletin of the Geological Society of Greece199328149168

Direen N. G., Borissova I., Stagg H. M. J., Colwell J. B., Symonds P. A., Karner G. D., Manatschal G., Pinheiro L. M.Nature of the continent–ocean transition zone along the southern Australian continental margin: a comparison of the Naturauste Plateau, SW Australia, and the central Great Australian Bight sectorsImaging, Mapping and Modelling Continental Lithosphere Extension and Breakup2007282LondonGeological Society239263Special Publications

Dixon J. E., Robertson A. H. F.Arc signatures in Mediterranean Triassic rift basalts: a lithosphere-hosted inheritance from Hercynian subductionJournal of Conference Abstracts, European Union of Geosciences199310314

Dixon J. E., Robertson A. H. F.Are multiple plumes implicated in the Triassic breakup of the Gondwanan margin in the Eastern Mediterranean region?Journal of Conference Abstracts, European Union of Geosciences199910314

10.1093/petrology/31.3.629

10.1007/s00531-001-0234-y

Ferrière J., Bertrand J., Simantov J., De Wever P.Comparaison entre les formations volcano-déritiques (‘Mélanges’) du malm des Héllenides internes (Othrys, Eubée): implications géodynamiquesBulletin of the Geological Society of Greece198820223235

10.1093/petrology/41.7.951

Fleury J. J.Evolution d'une platforme et d'un bassin dans leur cadre alpin: Les zones de Gavrovo-Tripolitza et du Pinde-Olonos19804Annales de la Societé Géologique du NordSpecial Publications

Fuchs G.The geology of the Markha–Khurnak region in Ladakh (India)Jahrbuch Geologische B.-A.1986128403437

Gaetani M., Garzanti E.Multicycle history of the Northern India continental margin (Northwestern Himalayas)AAPG Bulletin19917514271446

Gardosh M. A., Druckman Y., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Stratigraphy and tectonic development of the Levantine Basin, offshore IsraelTectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society201228Special Publications

10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00176-0

10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.006

Garfunkel Z., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Neotethyan ophiolites: Formation and obduction within the life cycle of the host basinsTectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society301326Special Publications

Garzanti E., Treloar P. F., Searle M. P.Sedimentary evolution and drowning of a passive margin shelf (Guimal Group; Zanskar Tethys Himalaya, India): palaeoenvironmental changes during final breakup of GondwanalandHimalayan Tectonics199374LondonGeological Society277298Special Publications

Glennie K. W., Alsharan A. S., Scott R. W.Cretaceous tectonic evolution of Arabia's eastern plate margin: a tale of two oceansMiddle East Models of Jurassic/Cretaceous Carbonate Systems200069SEPM920Special Publications

Glennie K. W., Boeuf M. G. A., Hughes Clarke M. W., Moody-Stuart M., Pilaar W. F. H., Reinhardt B. M.Late Cretaceous nappes in the Oman Mountains and their geologic significanceAAPG Bulletin197357527

Göncüoğlü C. M., Direk K., Kozlu H.Pre-alpine and alpine terranes in Turkey: explanatory notes to the terrane map of TurkeyAnnales Geologique Pays Héllenique1996–19973713

Göncüoğlü M. C., Turhan N., Tekin U. K.Evidence of Triassic rifting and opening of the Neotethyan Izmir-Ankara Ocean and discussion on the presence of Cimmerian events at the northern edge of the Tuaride–Anatolide Platform, TurkeyBolletino della Società Geologica Italiano20032203212Special Volume

10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00115-2

Goodliffe A. M., Taylor B., Karner G. D., Manatschal G., Pinheiro L. M.The boundary between continental rifting and sea-floor spreading in the Woodlark Basin, Papua New GuineaImaging, Mapping and Modelling Continental Lithosphere Extension and Breakup2007282LondonGeological Society217238Special Publications

10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i2/002

Guiraud R., Issawawi B., Bosworth W., Ziegler P., Cavazza W., Robertson A. H. F., Crasquin-Soleau S.Phanerozoic history of Egypt and surrounding areasPeri-Tethys Memoir 5 Peri-Tethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins2001469510Memoirs du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

Hanken O.Early Permian to Middle Jurassic rifting and sedimentation in East Africa and MadagascarGeologische Rundschau199483703710

Himmerkus F., Reischmann T., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Late Proterozoic and Silurian basement units within the Serbo-Macedonian Massif, northern Greece: the significance of terrane accretion in the Hellenide timeTectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society3550Special Publications

Hopper J. R., Buck W. R.The effect of lower crustal flow on continental extension and passive margin formationJournal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth1996101A1021,795

10.1017/S0016756800061550

Jones G., Robertson A. H. F.Tectono-stratigraphy and evolution of the Mesozoic Pindos Ophiolite and related units, Northwestern GreeceJournal of the Geological Society, London1991148267288

Jones G., Robertson A. H. F.Rift-drift-subduction and emplacement history of the early Mesozoic Pindos ocean: Evidence from the Avdella melange, Northern GreeceBulletin of the Geological Society of Greece1994XXX4558

Juteau T.Les ophiolites des nappes d'Antalya (Taurides ocidentales, Turquie)197532Mémoires Sciences de la Terre (Nancy)

Karamata S., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.The geological framework of the Balkan Peninsula: its origin related to the approach, collision, and compression of Gondwanian and Eurasian unitsTectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society155178Special Publications

Karamata S., Janković S.The eastern branch of the Vardar zone – the scar of the main Vardar oceanProceedings of the International Symposium on Geology and Metallogeny of the Dinarides and the Vardar Zone200018185The Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republic of Srpska, Collections and Monographs. The Department of Natural, Mathematical and Technical Sciences

Karamata S., Vujnović L., Karamata S., Janković S.Correlation of Palaeozoic units of the Dinarides and the northern part of the Vardar ZoneProceedings of the International Symposium Geology and Metallogeny of the Dinarides and the Vardar Zone20001Banja LukaThe Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republic of Srpska7178

Karson J. K., Brooks K., MacNiocaill C., Ryan P.Structural and magmatic segmentation of the Cenozoic East Greenland volcanic rifted marginContinental Tectonics1999164LondonGeological Society313338Special Publications

Kastens K. A. Mascle J.Shipboard Scientific PartyOGP Leg 107 in the Tyrrhenian Sea: insights into passive margin and back-arc basin evolution198810011401156Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XVIII.2.225

10.1038/nature03161

Kissel K., Poisson A.Etude paléomagnetique preliminaire des formations Neogene du bassin d'Antalya (Taurus occidentales–Turquie)Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris1986302711716Series 11

Kozur H.Upper Permian radiolarians from the Sosio Valley area, western Sicily (Italy) and from the Uppermost Lamar Limestone of west TexasJahrbuch Geologische B.-A.199313699123

10.1127/njgpm/1984/1984/400

Knezevifteć V., Vvetović V., Karamata S., Janković S.Triassic rifting magmatism of the DinaridesProceedings of the International Symposium Geology and Metallogeny of the Dinarides and the Vardar Zone.20001Banja LukaThe Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republic of Srpska150160

10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00054-7

Krahl J., Kauffman G.New aspects for a palinspastic model of the External Hellenides on Crete5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, Thessaloniki, Greece, 14–20 April 20042004119122Extended abstract

10.1007/BF01848358

Kusznir N., Healy D.The mode of continental lithosphere deformation and thinning leading to continental breakup and rifted margin formationUK Tectonic Studies Group (TSG),Annual Meeting January 20062006Manchester UniversityGeological Society, LondonAbstract, 61

Kusznir N. J., Karner G. D., Karner G. D., Manatschal G., Pinheiro L. M.Continental lithosphere thinning and breakup in response to upwelling divergent mantle flow: application to the Woodlark, Newfoundland and Iberia marginsImaging, Mapping and Modelling Continental Lithosphere Extension and Breakup2007282LondonGeological Society389419Special Publications

Kristoffersen Y.Eurasia Basin. The Geology of North America1990L265378Geological Society of America

10.1016/j.lithos.2004.02.006

Larsen H. C., Saunders A. D., Saunders A. D., Larsen H. C., Wise S. H.Tectonism and volcanism at the Southeast Greenland rifted margin: a record of plume impact and later continental ruptureProceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results1998152College Station, TXOcean Drilling Program503533

10.1038/39004

Laws E. D., Wilson M.Tectonics and magmatism associated with Mesozoic passive continental margin development in the Middle EastJournal of the Geological Society, London1997154459464

Lawver L. A., et al.The opening of the Arctic Ocean. Geological history of the polar oceans: Arctic versus AtlanticNATO ARI Series, C19903092962

Le Metour J., Michel F., Bechennec J. P., Platel J.-P., Roger J.Geology and Mineral Wealth of the Sultanate of Oman1995Directorate General of Minerals, Oman Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals

Lippard S. J., Shelton A. W., Gass I. G.The Ophiolite of Northern Oman198611LondonGeological SocietyMemoirs

Livermore R. A., Smith A. G., Stanley D. J., Wezel F.-C.Some boundary conditions for the evolution of the Mediterranean regionGeological Evolution of the Mediterranean Basin1984BerlinSpringer83100

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1983.tb05000.x

10.1016/0040-1951(92)90291-D

Mann A., Hanna S. S., Robertson A. H. F., Searle M. P., Ries A. C.The tectonic evolution of pre-Permian rocks, central and Southeastern Oman MountainsThe Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region199049LondonGeological Society307326Special Publications

10.1029/1999TC900041

Manatshal G., Müntener O., Lavier L. L., Minsull T. A., Péron-Pinvidic G., Karner G. D., Manatschal G., Pinheiro L. M.Observations from the Alpine Tethys and Iberia–Newfoundland margins pertinent to the interpretation of continental breakupImaging, Mapping and Modelling Continental Lithosphere Extension and Breakup2007282LondonGeological Society291324Special Publications

10.1002/gj.3350220632

Maury R. C., Cotton J., Béchennec F., Caroff M., Marcoux J.Magmatic evolution of the Tethyan Permo-Triassic Oman marginGeology of Oman, Pangea Symposium2001(Abstract)

Mercier J.Annales Géologiques de Pays HelléniquesÉtude Géologique des Zones Internes des Hellénides en Macédoine centrale (Grèce)196820

Mercier J.Plissements synmetamorphiques d'échelle kilometrique, d'âge jurassique supérieur-eocretacé dans les Hellénides internes (Macedoine, Grèce)Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris197927622492252

Michard A., Feinberg H., Montigny R.Supra-ophiolite formations from the Thessaloniki nappes (Greece) and associated magmatism; an intra-oceanic subduction predating the Vardar obductionComptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris1998327437499

Monod O.Récherches géologique dans les Taurus occidental au sud de Beşehir (Turquie)1977Orsay, FranceThèse de Doctorat d'Etat, Université de Paris-Sud

Moores E. M., Vine F. J.The Troodos Massif, Cyprus and other ophiolites as oceanic crust: evaluation and implicationsPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London1971A268433466

Morris A., Morris A., Tarling D.A review of palaeomagnetic research in the Troodos ophiolite, CyprusPalaeomagnetism and Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region1996105LondonGeological Society311324Special Publications

10.1086/629033

Neumann P.Ablagerungsprozesse, Event- und Biostratigraphie kreidezeitlicher Tiefwassersedimente der Tethys in der Olonis-Pindos-Zone Westgriechenlands2003Munchner Geowissenschaftiche abhandlungen. Reihe A Geologie und Palaontologie

10.1007/978-94-009-2374-4

Nikishin A. M., Ziegler P. A., et al., Ziegler P., Cavazza W., Robertson A. H. F., Crasquin-Soleau S.Mesozoic and Cainozoic evolution of the Scythian Platform Black Sea-Caucasus domainPeri-Tethys Memoir 5. Peri-Tethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins2001295346Memoirs du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

Niko S., Pillevuit A., Nishida T.Early Late Permian (Wordian) non-ammonoid cephalopods from the Hamrat Duru Grouo, central Oman MountainsTransaction Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, N.S.1996183522527

Ogg J., Jansa L. E., Robertson A. H. F., Sheridan R. E., Gradstein F. M., et al.Jurassic sedimentation history of the Site 534 (Western North Atlantic) and the Atlantic–Tethys SeawayInitial Reportss of the DSDP1983768298841983

Okay A. I., Bozkurt E., Winchester J. A., Piper J. D.Was the late Triassic orogeny in Turkey caused by the collision of an oceanic plateau?Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area2000173LondonGeological Society2542Special Publications

10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00275-8

10.1017/S0016756801005088

Okay A. I., Satir M., Siebl W., Gee D. G., Stevenson R. A.Pre-Alpine Palaeozoic and Mesozoic orogenic events in the Eastern Mediterranean region.European Lithosphere Dynamics200632LondonGeological Society389406Memoirs

Özgul N., Tekeli O., Göncüoğlu M. C.Stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the central TauridesGeology of the Taurus Belt1984AnkaraMaden Tetkik ve Arama Derğisi7790

10.1017/S0016756804009094

10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XXIV.2.363

10.1016/0040-1951(82)90105-6

10.1017/S0016756898008735

Pe-Piper G., Piper D. W. J.The Igneous Rocks of Greece, The Anatomy of an Orogen2004Gebrüder Borntraeger

Pickett E. A., Robertson A. H. F.Formation of the Late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic Karakaya Complex and reltated ophiolites in NW Turkey by Palaeotethyn subduction–accretionJournal of the Geological Society, London19961539951009

Pillevuit A.Les bocs éxotique du Sultanate d'Oman. Exolution paléogéographique d'une margin passive flexurale199317Memoires de Géologie (Lausanne)

10.1080/09853111.1997.11105303

10.1016/0040-1951(84)90257-9

10.1029/1999JB900005

10.1016/0037-0738(94)00127-G

Piper D. J. W., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Sedimentology and tectonic setting of the Pindos Flysch of the Peloponnese, GreeceTectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society493506Special Publication

Poisson A., Dixon J. E., Robertson A. H. F.The extension of the Ionian trough into southwestern TurkeyGeological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean198417LondonGeological Society241250Special Publications

10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XVIII.2.273

Rabu D., Le Metour J., Béchennec F., Beurrier M., Villey M., Bourdillon-de-Grissac C. H., Robertson A. H. F., Searle M. P., Ries A.-C.Sedimentary aspects of the Eo–Alpine cycle on the northeast edge of the Arabian Platform (Oman Mountain)The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region199049LondonGeological Society4968Special Publications

Rainbird R. H., Ernst R. E., Buchan K. L., Ernst R. E.The sedimentary record of mantle–plume upliftMantle Plumes: their Identification Through Time2001352227245Geological Society of America Special Paper

Rassios A., Grivas E., Vacondios I.The geometry of structures forming around the ductile–brittle transition in the Vourinos–Pindos–Othris oceanic slabBulletin of the Geological Society of Greece199430109121

Rassios A. H. E., Moores E. M., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Heterogeneous mantle complex, crustal processes, and obduction kinematics in a unified Pindos–Vourinos ophiolitic slab. time.Tectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society237266Special Publications

Reuber I., Colcen M., Mavel C., Sinha A. K.The Spontang ophiolite and ophiolitic mélanges of the Zanskar: NW Himalayas. Tracing the evolution of the closing NeoTethys in the Upper Cretaceous to the early TertiaryHimalayan Orogen and Global Tectonics1992New DelhiOxford and IBH235256

Ricou L.-E.Le croissant ophiolitique peri-arabe: une ceinture de nappes mises en places au Cretacé supérieurRevue Géographique Physique et Géologique Dynamique197113327349

Ricou L.-E., Nairn A. E. M., Ricou L. E., Vrielinck B., Dercourt J.The plate tectonic history of the past Tethys oceanThe Ocean Basins and Margins19968New YorkPlenum Press370The Tethys Ocean

10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XVI.2.107

Ricou L. E., Godfriaux I.Mise au point sur la fenêtre multiple du Paikon et la structure du Vardar en GrèceComptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris1995321IIA601608

Robertson A. H. F.The Moni Melange, Cyprus: an olistostrome formed at a destructive plate marginJournal of the Geological Society, London1977133447466

10.1016/0012-821X(81)90015-7

10.1016/0012-821X(86)90143-3

10.1111/j.1365-3091.1987.tb00596.x

Robertson A. H. F., Malpas J., Moores E. M., Panayiotou A., Xenophontos C.Tectonic evolution of CyprusOphiolites – Oceanic Crustal Analogues. Proceedings of the Symposium ‘Troodos 1987’1990CyprusGeological Survey Department235253

10.1017/S0016756800018021

Robertson A. H. F., Frostick L. E., Steel R.Mesozoic–Tertiary sedimentary and tectonic evolution of Neotethyan carbonate platforms, margins and small ocean basins in the Antalya complex, S.W. TurkeyTectonic Controls and Signatures in Sedimentary Successions199320415465International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publications

10.1016/0012-8252(94)90028-0

10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00009-9

Robertson A. H. F., Robertson A. H. F., Emeis K. C., Richter K.-C., Camerlenghi A.Mesozoic–Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Easternmost Mediterranean area; integration of marine and land evidenceProceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results1998b160College Station, TXOcean Drilling Program723782

Robertson A. H. F., Khan M. A., Trelaor P. J., Searle M. P., Jan M. Q.Formation of mélanges in the Indus Sutyre Zone, Ladakh Himalaya by successive subduction-related, collisional and post-collisional processes during Late Mesozoic–late Tertiary timeTectonics of the Naga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya2000170LondonGeological Society333374Special Publications

10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00160-3

10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.01.005

Robertson A. H. F. Gee D. Stephenson R.Processes of tectonic emplacement of Mesozoic Tethyan ophiolites2006a32LondonEuropean Lithosphere Dynamics Geological Society235262Memoirs

Robertson A. H. F., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Sedimentary evidence from the south-Mediterranean region (Sicily, Crete, Peloponnese, Evia) used to test alternative models for the regional tectonic setting of Tethys during Late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic time.Tectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region.2006b260LondonGeological Society91154Special Publications

Robertson A. H. F., Tucholke B. E., Klaus A., et al.2007. Evidence of continental break-up from the Newfoundland rifted margin (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 210): Lower Cretaceous seafloor formed by exhumation of subcontinental mantle lithosphere and the transition to seafloor spreadingProceedings of the Ocean Drilling ProgramScientific Results, 210. College Station, TX. (in press)

Robertson A. H. F., Degnan P. J., Treloar P. J., Searle M. P.Sedimentology and tectonic implications of the Lamayuru Complex: deep-water facies of the India passive margin, Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh HimalayaHimalayan Tectonics199374LondonGeological Society299321Special Publications

Robertson A. H. F., Dixon J. E., Dixon J. E., Robertson A. H. F.Introduction: aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern MediterraneanThe Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean198417LondonGeological Society174Special Publications

10.1111/j.1365-3121.1995.tb00680.x

10.1016/0040-1951(94)90205-4

Robertson A. H. F., Pickett E. A., Buzkurt E., Winchester J. A., Piper J. D.Palaeozoic–early Tertiary Tethyan evolution in the Karaburun Peninsul (western Turkey) and Chios Island (Greece)Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area2000173LondonGeological Society2542Special Publications

Robertson A. H. F., Searle M. P., Robertson A. H. F., Searle M. P., Ries A. C.The northern Oman Tethyan continental margin: stratigraphy, structure, concepts and controversiesThe Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region199049LondonGeological Society325Special Publications

10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00262-0

10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00010-5

Robertson A. H. F., Waldron J. W. F., Savaşçin M. Y., Eronat A. H.Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Late Triassic and Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous basaltic extrusives from the Antalya Complex, SW TurkeyProceedings of the International Earth Sciences Congress on Aegean Regions19902TurkeyIzmir2792991990 Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey

10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<651:MCSCEA>2.0.CO;2

10.1007/BF01820188

Robertson A. H. F., Woodcock N. H.Sedimentary history of the south-western segment of the Mesozoic–Tertiary Antalya continental margin, south-western TurkeyEclogae Geologicae Helvetiae198275517562

Robertson A. H. F., Woodcock N. H., Dixon J. E., Robertson A. H. F.The SW segment of the Antalya Complex, Turkey as a Mesozoic–Tertiary Tethyan continental marginThe Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean198417LondonGeological Society251272Special Publications

Robertson A. H. F., Kemp A. E. S., Rex D. C., Blome C. D., Robertson A. H. F., Searle M. P., Ries A. C.Sedimentary and structural evolution of a continental margin transform lineament: the Hatta Zone, Northern Oman MountainsThe Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region199049LondonGeological Society285305Special Publications

10.1016/0031-0182(91)90140-M

Robertson A. H. F., Dixon J. E., et al., Morris A., Tarling D. H.Alternative tectonic models for the Late Palaeozoic–Early Tertiary development of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean regionPalaeomagnetism and Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region1996105LondonGeological Society239263Special Publications

Robertson A. H. F., Awadallah S. A. M., et al., Wilson R. C. L., Whitmarsh R. B., Taylor B., Froitzheim N.Evolution of the Miocene–Recent Woodlark rift basin, SW Pacific, inferred from sediments drilled during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 180Non-Volcanic Rifting of Continental Margins: A Comparison of Evidence From Land and Sea2001187LondonGeological Society335372Special Publications

10.1002/gj.953

Robertson A. H. F., Ustaömer T., Pickett E., Collins A., Andrew T., Dixon J. E.Testing models of Late Palaeozoic–early Mesozoic orogeny in Western Turkey: support for an evolving open-Tethys modelJournal of Geological Society, London2004161501511

10.1016/0031-0182(91)90145-H

10.1017/S0263593300009688

10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0104:TSOAOO>2.3.CO;2

10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<43:OECBAW>2.0.CO;2

10.1017/S0263593300013614

Searle M. P., Cooper D. W. J., Rex A. J.Collision tectonics in the Ladakh-Zanskar and the Indus suture zone in the Ladakh HimalayaPhilosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London1988A326117150

Searle M. P., Lippard J. J., Smewing J. D., Rex D. C.Volcanic rocks beneath the Semail ophiolite nappe in the northern Oman Mountains and their implication in the Mesozoic evolution of TethysJournal of the Geological Society, London1980137589604

10.1016/j.jsg.2003.08.005

Şengör A. M. C.The Cimmeride Orogenic System and the Tectonics of Eurasia1984195Geological Society of America, Special Paper

Şengör A. M. C., Yin A., Harrison M.Paleotectonics of Asia: fragments of a synthesisThe Tectonic Evolution of Asia1996486641

Şengör A. M. C., Robertson A. H. F., Searle M. P., Ries A. C.A new model for the late Palaeozoic–Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Iran and implications for OmanThe Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region199049LondonGeological Society797834Special Publications

10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4

10.1016/0031-0182(91)90143-F

Seidel E.Zur petrologie der Phyllite–Quartzit-Series Kretas1978145 SHabilitationsschrift Univ. Braunschweig

Seidel E., Creuzer H., Harre W.A Late Oligocene/Early Miocene high pressure belt in the External HellenidesGeologischen Jahrbuch198223165206

Sharp I., Robertson A.Late Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous oceanic crust and sediments of the Eastern Almopias zone, NW Macedonia (Greece); Implications for the evolution of the Eastern ‘internal’ HellenidesBulletin of the Geological Society of Greece1994304761

Sharp I., Robertson A. H. F., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Mesozoic–Early Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Almopias (Vardar) ocean: evidence from the Pelagonian and Almopias Zones in Northern GreeceTectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society373412Special Publications

Sinha A. K., Misra M.The existence of oceanic islands in the Neotethys, evidence from the Ladakh Himalayas, IndiaCurrent Science199467721727

10.1016/0743-9547(94)90055-8

Skogseid J., Eldholm O., Morton A. C., Parson L. M.Early Cainozoic evolution of the Norwegian volcanic passive margin and the formation of marginal highsOpening of the NE Atlantic198839LondonGeological Society4956Special Publications

Smith A. G., Prichard H. M., Alasbaster T., Harris N. B. W., Neary C. R.Tectonic significance of the Hellenic–Dinaric ophiolitesMagmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics199376LondonGeological Society213243Special Publications

10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00020-2

Smith A. G., Robertson A. H. F., Mountrakis D.Tethyan ophiolite emplacement, Africa to Europe motions, and Atlantic spreadingTectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region2006260LondonGeological Society1134Special Publications

Smith A. G., Briden J. C.Mesozoic–Ceonzoic Palaeocontinental Maps1977CambridgeCambridge University Press

Smith A. G., Spray J. G., Dixon J. E., Robertson A. H. F.A half-ridge transform model for the Hellenic–Dinaric ophiolitesThe Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean198417LondonGeological Society589603Special Publications

Smith A. G., Rassios A., Dilek Y., Newcomb S.The evolution of ideas for the origin and emplacement of the western Hellenic ophiolitesOphiolite concept and the evolution of geological thought: Boulder Colorado2003373337350Geological Society of America, Special Paper

Smith A. G., Hynes A. J., Menzies M., Nisbet E. G., Price I., Welland M. J., Ferrière J.The stratigraphy of the Othris Mountains, Eastern Central Greece: a deformed Mesozoic continental margin sequenceEclogae Geologicae Helvetiae197568463481

10.1144/gsjgs.136.5.0589

Stais A., Ferrière J.Nouvelles données sur la paléogeographie Mésozoique du domain Vardarien: Les bassins d'Almopias et de Péonias (Macedoine, Héllenides internes septentrionales)Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece199126491507

10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X

Stampfli G. M., Kozur H. W., Gee D. G., Stephenson R. A.Europe from the Variscan to the Alpine cyclesEuropean Lithosphere Dynamics200632LondonGeological Society4356Memoirs

Stampfli G., Marchant R. H., Peffner O. A., Lehner P., Steck A.Geodynamic evolution of the Tethyan margins of the Western AlpsDeep Structure of the Swiss Alps–Results from NRP 201997BaselBirkhauser223239

10.1016/0031-0182(91)90142-E

Stampfli G., Mosar J., Faure P., Pillevuit A., Vannay J.-C., Ziegler P., Cavazza W., Robertson A. H. F., Crasquin-Soleau S.PermoMesozoic evolution of the western Tethys real: the Neotethys East Mediterranean basin connectionPeri-Tethys Memoir 5. Peri-Tethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins200151108Memoirs du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

Stampfli G. M. I., Vavassis A., De Bono F., Rosselet F., Masttl B., Bellini M.Remnants of the Paleotethys oceanic suture-zone in the western Tethys areaBolletino della Società Geologica Italiano20032123Volume

Steck A.Geology of the NW HimalayasEclogae Geologicae Helvetiae200329147213

10.1016/0012-821X(86)90045-2

Stutz E.Géologie de la chaine de Nyimaling aux confines du Ladakh et du Rupshu (NW Himalaya, Inde), évolution palaeogéographique et téctonique d'un segment de la marge nord-indienne19982LausanneStutz Mémoires Geologiques, Imprivité

Sutre E.Les formations de marge nor-Neotethsienne et les mélanges ophiolitique de la zone de suture del'Indus en Himalaya du Ladakh1991Université de PoitiersThèse Docteur

10.1017/S0016756800028892

10.1029/1998JB900115

Taylor B., Huchon P., et al.1999a180Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial ReportsCollege Station, TXOcean Drilling Program

10.2973/odp.proc.ir.210.2004

Tucholke B. E., Sawyer D. S., Sibuet J.-C., Karner G. D., Manatschal G., Pinheiro L. M.Breakup of the Newfoundland–Iberia riftImaging, Mapping and Modelling Continental Lithosphere Extension and Breakup2007282LondonGeological Society945Special Publications

Underhill J. R., Partington M. A., Parker J. R.Jurassic thermal doming and deflation in the North Sea: implications of the sequence stratigraphic evidencePetroleum Geology of NW Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference1993337345Geological Society, London

Ustaömer T., Robertson A. H. F.Late Palaeozoic marginal basin and subduction–accretion: the Paleotethyan Küre Complex, Central Pontides, northern TurkeyJournal of the Geological Society, London1994151291305

10.1306/M68612C14

10.1111/j.1365-3121.2005.00594.x

Vannay R., Spring L., Treloar P. J., Searle M. P.Geochemistry of the continental basalts within the Tethyan Himalaya of Lahul–Spiti and SE ZanskarHimalyan Tectonics199374LondonGeological Society237249Special Publications

10.1029/JB089iB12p10072

10.1007/BF01829340

Waldron J. W. F.Evolution of carbonate platforms on a margin of the Neotethys ocean: Isparta angle, south-western TurkeyEclogae Geologicae Helvetiae198477553581

10.1038/297469a0

10.1016/0037-0738(86)90082-5

10.1144/gsjgs.149.5.0841

10.1029/95JB01585

10.1038/35093085

Woodcock N. H., Robertson A. H. F.Imbricate thrust belt tectonics and sedimentation as a guide to emplacement of part of the Antalya Complex, S.W. TurkeyJournal of the Geological Society, London1982139147163

Wooler D. A., Smith A. G., White N.Measuring lithospheric subsidence in Tethyan passive marginsJournal of the Geological Society, London1995149517537

10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0251:NEAMOT>2.3.CO;2

Ziegler P. A.Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe19902ndThe HagueShell International

10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00041-2

Ziegler P. A., Cloetingh S., Guiraud R., Stampfli G. M., Ziegler P., Cavazza W., Robertson A. H. F., Crasquin-Soleau S.Peri-Tethyan platforms: constraints on dynamics of rifting and basin inversionPeri-Tethys Memoir 5. Peri-Tethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins2003951Memoirs du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00168-7