Obesity as potential breast cancer risk factor for postmenopausal women

World Health Organization (WHO), 2018 Globocan, 2018 India against Cancer (IAC), 2019 World Health Organization (WHO), 2019 World Health Organization (WHO), 2015 Kumar, 2010, 259 Carmichael, 2004, Obesity and breast cancer: a review of the literature, Breast, 13, 85, 10.1016/j.breast.2003.03.001 Liu, 2018, Association between body mass index and breast cancer risk: evidence based on a dose-response meta-analysis, Cancer Manag Res, 10, 143, 10.2147/CMAR.S144619 Iyengar, 2018, Association of body fat and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with normal body mass index: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial and observational study, JAMA Oncol, 5, 155, 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5327 Santa-Maria, 2015, Aggressive estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer arising in patients with elevated body mass index, Int J Clin Oncol, 20, 317, 10.1007/s10147-014-0712-4 Chan, 2015, Obesity and breast cancer: not only a risk factor of the disease, Curr Treat Options Oncol, 16, e22, 10.1007/s11864-015-0341-9 Gerard, 2018, Obesity and breast cancer - role of estrogen and the molecular underpinnings of aromatase regulation in breast adipose tissue, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 466, 15, 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.014 Sestak, 2010, Effect of body mass index on recurrences in tamoxifen and anastrozole treated women: an exploratory analysis from the ATAC trial, J Clin Oncol, 28, 3411, 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.2021 Folkerd, 2012, Suppression of plasma estrogen levels by letrozole and anastrozole is related to body mass index in patients with breast cancer, J Clin Oncol, 30, 2977, 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.0273 Karatas, 2017, Obesity is an independent prognostic factor of decreased pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients, Breast, 32, 237, 10.1016/j.breast.2016.05.013 Cleary, 2009, Obesity and breast cancer: the estrogen connection, Endocrinology, 150, 2537, 10.1210/en.2009-0070 Kershaw, 2004, Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 2548, 10.1210/jc.2004-0395 Dizdar, 2004, Obesity: an endocrine tumor?, Med Hypotheses, 63, 790, 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.01.046 Poulos, 2010, The development and endocrine functions of adipose tissue, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 323, 20, 10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.011 Khan, 2014, Adipose tissue and adipokines: the association with and application of adipokines in obesity, Scientifica (Cairo), 2014, e328592 Lafontan, 2014, Adipose tissue and adipocyte dysregulation, Diabetes Metab, 40, 16, 10.1016/j.diabet.2013.08.002 O'Flanagan, 2015, A weighty problem: metabolic perturbations and the obesity-cancer link, Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig, 23, 47 De Ferranti, 2008, The perfect storm: obesity, adipocyte dysfunction, and metabolic consequences, Clin Chem, 54, 945, 10.1373/clinchem.2007.100156 Iyengar, 2013, Obesity and inflammation: new insights into breast cancer development and progression, Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book, 33, 46, 10.14694/EdBook_AM.2013.33.46 Bianchini, 2002, Overweight, obesity, and cancer risk, Lancet Oncol, 3, 565, 10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00849-5 James, 2015, Obesity in breast cancer – what is the risk factor?, Eur J Cancer, 51, 705, 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.01.057 University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), 2015 Lambertini, 2016, Reproductive behaviors and risk of developing breast cancer according to tumor subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies, Cancer Treat Rev, 49, 65, 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.07.006 Thomas, 1997, Endogenous estrogen and postmenopausal breast cancer: a quantitative review, Cancer Causes Control, 8, 922, 10.1023/A:1018476631561 Dorgan, 1996, Relation of prediagnostic serum estrogen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk, Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev, 5, 533 Toniolo, 1995, A prospective study of endogenous estrogen and breast cancer in postmenopausal women, J Natl Cancer Inst, 87, 190, 10.1093/jnci/87.3.190 Geyer, 2012, Molecular classification of estrogen receptor-positive/luminal breast cancers, Adv Anat Pathol, 19, 39, 10.1097/PAP.0b013e31823fafa0 Brisken, 2010, Hormone action in the mammary gland, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2, 003, 10.1101/cshperspect.a003178 Huang, 2015, Estrogen receptors in breast carcinogenesis and endocrine therapy, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 418, 240, 10.1016/j.mce.2014.11.015 Reznikov, 2015, Hormonal impact on tumor growth and progression, Exp Oncol, 37, 162, 10.31768/2312-8852.2015.37(3):162-172 Gerard, 2015, Combined estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of estetrol on breast cancer may provide a safe therapeutic window for the ntreatment of menopausal symptoms, Oncotarget, 6, 17621, 10.18632/oncotarget.4184 Manavathi, 2013, Derailed estrogen signaling and breast cancer: an authentic couple, Endocr Rev, 34, 1, 10.1210/er.2011-1057 Pesiri, 2014, Ubiquitin-activating enzyme is necessary for 17beta-estradiolinduced breast cancer cell proliferation and migration, IUBMB Life, 66, 578, 10.1002/iub.1296 Welboren, 2009, Genomic actions of estrogen receptor alpha: what are the targets and how are they regulated?, Endocr Relat Cancer, 16, 1073, 10.1677/ERC-09-0086 Raffo, 2015, Non-genomic actions of estradiol and 4-OH-tamoxifen on murine breast cancer cells, Oncol Rep, 33, 439, 10.3892/or.2014.3558 Prossnitz, 2011, The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER in health and disease, Nat Rev Endocrinol, 7, 715, 10.1038/nrendo.2011.122 Maggiolini, 2004, The G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 mediates c-fos up-regulation by 17beta-estradiol and phytoestrogen in breast cancer cells, J Biol Chem, 279, 27008, 10.1074/jbc.M403588200 Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative G (EBCTCG), 2011, Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials, Lancet, 378, 771, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60993-8 Cuzick, 2010, ATAC/LATTE investigators. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 10-year analysis of the ATAC trial, Lancet Oncol, 11, 1135, 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70257-6 Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG), 2005, Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials, Lancet, 365, 1687, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66544-0 Regan, 2011, Assessment of letrozole and tamoxifen alone and in sequence for postmenopausal women with steroid hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: the BIG 1-98 randomised clinical trial at 8.1 years median follow-up, Lancet Oncol, 12, 1101, 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70270-4 Lee, 1997, Activation of estrogen receptor-mediated gene transcription by IGF-I in human breast cancer cells, J Endocrinol, 152, 39, 10.1677/joe.0.1520039 De Pergola, 2013, Obesity as a major risk factor for cancer, J Obes, 2013, e291546, 10.1155/2013/291546 Caldon, 2014, Estrogen signaling and the DNA damage response in hormone dependent breast cancers, Front Oncol, 4, e106, 10.3389/fonc.2014.00106 Simone, 2016, Obesity and breast cancer:molecular interconnections and potential clinical applications, Oncologist, 21, 404, 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0351 Simpson, 2002, Aromataseea brief overview, Annu Rev Physiol, 64, 93, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081601.142703 Simpson, 2003, Sources of estrogen and their importance, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 86, 225, 10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00360-1 Simpson, 2004, Aromatase: biologic relevance of tissue-specific expression, Semin Reprod Med, 22, 11, 10.1055/s-2004-823023 Boon, 2010, The multiple roles of estrogen and the enzyme aromatase, Prog Brain Res, 181, 209, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)81012-6 Misso, 2005, Adipose aromatase gene expression is greater in older women and is unaffected by postmenopausal estrogen therapy, Menopause, 1, 210, 10.1097/00042192-200512020-00016 Brown, 2012, Obesity and breast cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic implications, Front Biosci (Elite Ed), 4, 2515, 10.2741/e562 Zhang, 2010, Adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells and cancer, World J Stem Cells, 2, 103, 10.4252/wjsc.v2.i5.103 Price, 1992, Determination of aromatase cytochrome P450 messenger ribonucleic acid in human breast tissue by competitive polymerase chain reaction amplification, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 74, 1247 Bulun, 1993, A link between breast cancer and local estrogen biosynthesis suggested by quantification of breast adipose tissue aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts using competitive polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 77, 1622 Bulun, 2012, Aromatase, breast cancer and obesity: a complex interaction, Trends Endocrinol Metab, 23, 83, 10.1016/j.tem.2011.10.003 Lu, 1996, Expression of aromatase protein and messenger ribonucleic acid in tumor epithelial cells and evidence of functional significance of locally produced estrogen in human breast cancers, Endocrinology, 137, 3061, 10.1210/endo.137.7.8770932 Labhart, 2012, 548 Labrie, 1998, DHEA and the intracrine formation of androgens and estrogens in peripheral target tissues: its role during aging, Steroids, 63, 322, 10.1016/S0039-128X(98)00007-5 Barakat, 2016, Extra-gonadal sites of estrogen biosynthesis and function, BMB Rep, 49, 488, 10.5483/BMBRep.2016.49.9.141 Bulun, 2005, Regulation of aromatase expression in estrogen-responsive breast and uterine disease: from bench to treatment, Pharmacol Rev, 57, 359, 10.1124/pr.57.3.6 Zhao, 2016, Aromatase expression and regulation in breast and endometrial cancer, J Mol Endocrinol, 57, R19, 10.1530/JME-15-0310 Zhao, 2012, A humanized pattern of aromatase expression is associated with mammary hyperplasia in mice, Endocrinology, 153, 2701, 10.1210/en.2011-1761 Deb, 2006, A novel role of sodium butyrate in the regulation of cancer associated aromatase promoters I.3 and II by disrupting a transcriptional complex in breast adipose fibroblasts, J Biol Chem, 281, 2585, 10.1074/jbc.M508498200 Simpson, 2013, Obesity and breast cancer: role of inflammation and aromatase, J Mol Endocrinol, 51, T51, 10.1530/JME-13-0217 Macdiarmid, 1994, Stimulation of aromatase activity in breast fibroblasts by tumor necrosis factor alpha, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 106, 17, 10.1016/0303-7207(94)90181-3 To, 2015, Transcriptional control of local estrogen formation by aromatase in the breast, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 145, 179, 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.05.004 Tchernof, 2002, Weight loss reduces C-reactive protein levels in obese postmenopausal women, Circulation, 105, 564, 10.1161/hc0502.103331 Christou, 2008, Bariatric surgery reduces cancer risk in morbidly obese patients, Surg Obes Relat Dis, 4, 691, 10.1016/j.soard.2008.08.025