Neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons secreting vasopressin and oxytocin

Abe, 1983, The effects of vasopressin on electrical activity in the guinea-pig supraoptic nucleus in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 337, 665, 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014648 Abrahams, 1954, Simultaneous observations on the rate of urine flow and spontaneous uterine movements in the dog, and their relationship to posterior lobe activity, J. Physiol., Lond., 126, 329, 10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005213 Abrahams, 1956, Observations on a central antagonism between adrenaline and acetylcholine, J. Physiol., Lond., 131, 712, 10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005496 Adachi, 1985, Intragranular colocalization of immunoreactive methionine-enkephalin and oxytocin within the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 33, 891, 10.1177/33.9.4020100 Aghajanian, 1973, Serotonin-containing neuronal perikarya and terminals: differential effects of p-chlorophenylalanine, Brain Res., 54, 85, 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90036-X Akaishi, 1983, Electrical properties of paraventricular neurosecretory neurons with and without recurrent inhibition, Brain Res., 262, 151, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90479-1 Akaishi, 1983, Effects of microelectrophoretically applied acetylcholine- and angiotensin-antagonists on the paraventricular neurosecretory cells excited by osmotic stimuli, Neurosci. Lett., 36, 157, 10.1016/0304-3940(83)90258-6 Akaishi, 1980, Responses of paraventricular and supraoptic units to angiotensin II, Sar1—Ile8—Angiotensin II and hypertonic NaCl administered into the cerebral ventricle, Brain Res., 188, 499, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90048-7 Akaishi, 1981, Electrophysiological evidence for multiple sites of actions of angiotensin II for stimulating paraventricular neurosecretory cells in the rat, Brain Res., 220, 386, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)91230-0 Akesson, 1986, Binding of 125I-cholecystokinin-octapeptide in the paraventricular but not the supraoptic nucleus is increased by ovariectomy, Brain Res., 385, 165, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91560-X Allen, 1983, Neuropeptide Y distribution in the rat brain, Science, 221, 877, 10.1126/science.6136091 Anderson, 1986, Distribution of GABA binding site subtypes in rat pituitary gland, Brain Res., 365, 78, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90724-9 Andrew, 1987, Endogenous bursting by rat supraoptic neuroendocrine cells is calcium dependent, J. Physiol., Lond., 384, 451, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016463 Andrew, 1987, Isoperiodic bursting by magnocellular neuroendocrine cells in the rat hypothalamic slice, J. Physiol., Lond., 384, 467, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016464 Andrew, 1983, Burst discharge in mammalian neuroendocrine cells involves an intrinsic regenerative mechanism, Science, 221, 1050, 10.1126/science.6879204 Andrew, 1984, Intrinsic inhibition in magnocellular neuroendocrine cells of rat hypothalamus, J. Physiol., Lond., 353, 171, 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015330 Andrew, 1984, Analysis of intracellularly recorded phasic bursting by mammalian neuroendocrine cells, J. Neurophysiol., 51, 552, 10.1152/jn.1984.51.3.552 Andrew, 1985, Spike broadening in magnocellular neuroendocrine cells of rat hypothalamic slices, Brain Res., 334, 176, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90583-9 Anhut, 1982, Release of dynorphin-like immunoreactivity of rat neurohypophysis in comparison to vasopressin after various stimuli in vitro and in vivo, Neurosci. Lett., 31, 159, 10.1016/0304-3940(82)90109-4 Armstrong, 1983, Distribution of cholinergic neurons in rat brain demonstrated by the immunocytochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase, J. comp. Neurol., 216, 53, 10.1002/cne.902160106 Armstrong, 1982, Spontaneous “phasic firing” in supraoptic neurons recorded from hypothalamo-neurohypophysial explants in vitro, Neuroendocrinology, 34, 405, 10.1159/000123336 Armstrong, 1985, Evidence for excitatory actions of histamine on supraoptic neurons in vitro mediation by an H1-type receptor, Neuroscience, 16, 307, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90004-1 Armstrong, 1982, Characterization of noradrenergic control of vasopressin release by the organ-cultured rat hypothalamoneurohypophysial system, Endocrinology, 111, 273, 10.1210/endo-111-1-273 Armstrong, 1980, Subnuclei in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a cytoarchitectural, horseradish peroxidase and immunocyto-chemical analysis, Neuroscience, 5, 1931, 10.1016/0306-4522(80)90040-8 Armstrong, 1986, Noradrenergic stimulation of supraoptic neuronal activity and vasopressin release in vitro: mediation by an α1-receptor, Brain Res., 365, 192, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90739-0 Arnauld, 1974, Firing patterns of hypothalamic supraoptic neurons during water deprivation in monkeys, Science, 185, 535, 10.1126/science.185.4150.535 Arnauld, 1975, Hypothalamic supraoptic neurones: rates and patterns of action potential firing during water deprivation in the unanaesthetized monkey, Brain Res., 100, 315, 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90485-0 Arnauld, 1983, Contrasting actions of amino acids, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and leucine enkephalin on the excitability of supraoptic vasopressin-secreting neurons, Neuroendocrinology, 36, 187, 10.1159/000123455 Atweh, 1983, Distribution and physiological significance of opioid receptors in the brain, Br. med. Bull., 39, 47, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071789 Aziz, 1981, The effect of intracerebroventricular injections of morphine on vasopressin release in the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 311, 401, 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013592 Baertschi, 1979, Effects of enkephalins and of substance P on the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 289, 56P Baertschi, 1981, Enkephalins, substance P, bradykinin and angiotensin II: differential sites of action on the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, Brain Res., 220, 107, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90214-6 Baile, 1986, Role of cholecystokinin and opioid peptides in control of food intake, Physiol. Rev., 66, 172, 10.1152/physrev.1986.66.1.172 Balment, 1980, Release of oxytocin induced by salt loading and its influence on renal excretion in the male rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 308, 439, 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013481 Bargmann, 1951, The site of origin of the hormones of the posterior pituitary, Am. Scient., 39, 255 Barker, 1971, Noradrenaline and acetylcholine response of supraoptic neurosecretory cells, J. Physiol., Lond., 218, 19, 10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009602 Barker, 1971, Antidromic and orthodromic responses of paraventricular and supraoptic neurosecretory cells, Brain Res., 33, 353, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90108-9 Barker, 1971, Supraoptic neurosecretory cells: adrenergic and cholinergic sensitivity, Science, 171, 208, 10.1126/science.171.3967.208 Barnes, 1982, Inhibition of neurohypophysial hormone release by dopamine in the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 327, 85 Baumgarten, 1972, Organization and ultrastructural identification of the catecholamine nerve terminals in the neural lobe and pars intermedia of the rat pituitary, Z. Zellforsch., 126, 483, 10.1007/BF00306908 Beart, 1974, γ-Aminobutyric acid in the rat peripheral nervous system, pineal and posterior pituitary, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2, 266, 10.1042/bst0020266 Beckstead, 1979, Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat, Brain Res., 175, 191, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)91001-1 Beinfeld, 1983, Cholecystokinin in the central nervous system: A minireview, Neuropeptides, 3, 411, 10.1016/0143-4179(83)90032-X Beinfeld, 1980, Cholecystokinin octapeptide in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, Nature, 288, 376, 10.1038/288376a0 Belin, 1986, Paired recordings from supraoptic and paraventricular oxytocin cells in suckled rats: recruitment and synchronization, J. Physiol., Lond., 377, 369, 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016192 Belin, 1984, Synchronization of oxytocin cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in suckled rats: direct proof with paired extracellular recordings, Expl Brain Res., 57, 201, 10.1007/BF00231147 Benetos, 1986, Norepinephrine applied in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus stimulates vasopressin release, Brain Res., 381, 322, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90083-1 Bennett, 1974, Antidiuresis produced by injections of histamine into the cat suproptic nucleus, Brain Res., 78, 151, 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90361-8 Benoit, 1982, Seven peptides derived from prosomatostatin in rat brain, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 107, 944, 10.1016/0006-291X(82)90614-3 Berk, 1981, Afferent projections to the preoptic area and hypothalamic regions in the rat brain, Neuroscience, 6, 1601, 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90227-X Beroukas, 1989, Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity is present in boutons synapsing on vasopressin-containing neurons in rabbit supraoptic nucleus, Neuroendocrinology, 50, 222, 10.1159/000125226 Bhargava, 1972, Central cholinergic and adrenergic mechanisms in the release of antidiuretic hormone, Br. J. Pharmac., 44, 617, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb07301.x Bhargava, 1983, Mechanism of histamine-induced antidiuretic response, Br. J. Pharmac., 47, 700, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08196.x Bicknell, 1985, Endogenous opioid peptides and hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurones, J. Endocr., 107, 437, 10.1677/joe.0.1070437 Bicknell, 1988, Optimizing release from peptide hormone secretory nerve terminals, J. exp. Biol., 139, 51, 10.1242/jeb.139.1.51 Bicknell, 1981, Relative efficiency of neural firing patterns for vasopressin release in vitro, Neuroendocrinology, 33, 295, 10.1159/000123248 Bicknell, 1982, Phasic pattern of electrical stimulation enhances oxytocin secretion from the isolated neurohypophysis, Neurosci. Lett., 30, 47, 10.1016/0304-3940(82)90010-6 Bicknell, 1985, Effects of opioid agonists and antagonists on oxytocin and vasopressin release in vitro, Neuroendocrinology, 41, 142, 10.1159/000124168 Bicknell, 1985, Neurohypo-physial opioids and oxytocin secretion: source of inhibitory opioids, Expl Brain Res., 60, 192, 10.1007/BF00237032 Bicknell, 1988, Naloxone excites oxytocin neurones in the supraoptic nucleus of lactating rats after chronic morphine treatment, J. Physiol., Lond., 396, 297, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp016963 Bicknell, 1988, Hypothalamic opioid mechanisms controlling oxytocin neurons during parturition, Brain Res. Bull., 20, 743, 10.1016/0361-9230(88)90086-X Bioulac, 1978, Effects of acetylcholine, sodium glutamate and GABA on the discharge of supraoptic neurons in the rat, Brain Res., 154, 159, 10.1016/0006-8993(78)91064-8 Bissett, 1957, The effects of nicotine, hexamethonium and ethanol in the secretion of the antidiuretic and oxytocic hormones of the rat, Br. J. Pharm. Chemother., 12, 461, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb00166.x Bissett, 1975, Vasopressin release by nicotine: the site of action, Br. J. Pharmac., 54, 463, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07592.x Björkland, 1973, The organization of the tubero-hypophysial and reticulo-infundibular catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain, Brain Res., 51, 171, 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90371-5 Blackburn, 1990, The effect of anteroventral third ventricular lesions on the changes in cholecystokinin receptor density in the rat supraoptic nucleus following saline drinking, J. Neuroendocr., 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00412.x Blessing, 1985, Excitation of neuronal function in rabbit caudal ventrolateral medulla elevates plasma vasopressin, Neurosci. Lett., 58, 189, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90162-4 Blessing, 1985, Inhibiting the rabbit caudal ventrolateral medulla prevents baro-receptor-initiated secretion of vasopressin, J. Physiol., Lond., 367, 253, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015823 Blessing, 1982, Destruction of noradrenergic neurons in rabbit brainstem elevates plasma vasopressin, causing hypertension, Science, 217, 661, 10.1126/science.6124043 Bloom, 1972, Effects of serotonin on central neurons: microiontophoretic administration, 31, 97 Bloom, 1978, Neurons containing β-endorphin in rat exist separately from those containing enkephalin: Immunocytochemical studies, 75, 1591 Boden, 1988, Effects of cholecystokinin and pentagastrin on rat hippocampal neurones maintained in vitro, Neuropeptides, 12, 95, 10.1016/0143-4179(88)90037-6 Boden, 1988, Effects of cholecystokinin and related peptides on neuronal activity in the ventromedial nucleus of the rat hypothalamus, Br. J. Pharmac., 94, 246, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11521.x Böhme, 1988, Excitatory effects of cholecystokinin in rat hippocampus: pharmacological response compatible with ‘central’- or B-type CCK receptors, Brain Res., 451, 309, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90776-7 Bondy, 1989, Cholecystokinin evokes secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin from rat neural lobe independent of external calcium, 861, 5198 Bourque, 1986, Calcium-dependent spike aftercurrent induces burst firing in magnocellular neurosecretory cells, Neurosci. Lett., 70, 204, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90464-7 Bourque, 1987, Intrinsic features and control of phasic burst onset in magnocellular neurosecretory cells, 387 Bourque, 1987, Current- and voltage-clamp studies of transient and pacemaker currents in neurosecretory neurons of the supraoptic nucleus, 415 Bourque, 1987, Osmotic induction of burst firing in magnocellular neuroendocrine cells: in vitro analysis using perfused hypothalamic explants, Neurosci. Lett., 29, S16 Bourque, 1988, Transient calcium-dependent potassium current in magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the rat supraoptic nucleus, J. Physiol., Lond., 397, 331, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017004 Bourque, 1988, Noradrenaline (NA) inhibits a transient outward current in rat supraoptic (SON) neurons, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 14, 1089 Bourque, 1989, Ionic basis for the intrinsic activation of rat supraoptic neurones by hyperosmotic stimuli, J. Physiol., Lond., 417, 263, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017800 Bourque, 1990, Intraterminal recordings from the rat neurohypophysis in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 421, 247, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp017943 Bourque, 1987, Apamin and d-tubocurarine block the afterhyperpolarization of rat supraoptic neurosecretory neurons, Neurosci. Lett., 82, 185, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90127-3 Bourque, 1987, Nicotinic receptor activation in rat supraoptic neurosecretory cells in vitro: effects of mecamylamine, hexamethonium and alpha-bungarotoxin, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 13, 664 Bourque, 1983, In vitro neurophysiology of identified rat hypothalamic “neuroendocrine” neurons, Neuroendocrinology, 36, 161, 10.1159/000123453 Bourque, 1985, Calcium dependent action potentials in rat supraoptic neurosecretory neurones recorded in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 363, 419, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015719 Bourque, 1985, Activity dependence of action potential duration in rat supraoptic neurosecretory neurones recorded in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 363, 429, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015720 Bourque, 1985, Calcium dependent potassium conductance in rat supraoptic nucleus neurosecretory neurons, J. Neurophysiol., 54, 1375, 10.1152/jn.1985.54.6.1375 Bourque, 1986, Barium ions induce prolonged plateau depolarizations in neurosecretory neurones of the adult supraoptic nucleus, J. Physiol., Lond., 375, 573, 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016134 Brazeau, 1973, Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone, Science, 179, 77, 10.1126/science.179.4068.77 Brennan, 1985, GABAergic inhibition of hypertonic saline-induced vasopressin-dependent hypertension, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 233, 663 Brennan, 1984, GABA agonists inhibit central sodium-induced vasopressin-dependent increases in arterial pressure, Eur. J. Pharmac., 103, 223, 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90481-3 Brennan, 1984, GABA agonists inhibit the vasopressin-dependent pressor effects of central angiotensin II, Neuroendocrinology, 39, 429, 10.1159/000124016 Bridges, 1976, The effect of dopamine on neurohypophysial hormone release in vivo and from the rat neural lobe and hypothalamus in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 260, 647, 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011537 Brimble, 1977, Characterization of the responses of oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurones in the supraoptic nucleus to osmotic stimulation, J. Physiol., Lond., 271, 253, 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011999 Brimble, 1978, Oxytocin release following osmotic activation of oxytocin neurones in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, J. Physiol., Lond., 278, 69, 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012293 Brinton, 1984, Regional distribution of putative vasopressin receptors in rat brain and pituitary by quantitative autoradiography, 81, 7248 Brinton, 1984, [3H] Oxytocin-binding sites in the rat brain demonstrated by quantitative light microscopic autoradiography, Eur. J. Pharmac., 102, 365, 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90270-X Brooks, 1985, Cholecystokinin as a potent excitant of neurons of the dentate gyrus of rats, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 448, 361, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb29931.x Brown, 1988, Somatostatin-28 (SS-28) stimulation of vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) secretion, Endocr. Soc. Abstr., 185 Brown, 1988, Role of somatostatin in the regulation of vasopressin secretion, Brain Res., 452, 212, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90025-X Brownstein, 1975, The regional distribution of somatostatin in the rat brain, Endocrinology, 96, 1456, 10.1210/endo-96-6-1456 Brownstein, 1974, Histamine content of hypothalamic nuclei of the rat, Brain Res., 77, 151, 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90811-7 Brownstein, 1980, Synthesis, transport, and release of posterior pituitary hormones, Science, 207, 373, 10.1126/science.6153132 Bugnon, 1977, Immunocytochemical study of the ontogenesis of the hypothalamic somatostatin-containing neurons in the human fetus, Cell Tissue Res., 183, 319, 10.1007/BF00220639 Buijs, 1983, Vasopressin and oxytocin—their role in neurotransmission, Pharmac. Ther., 22, 127, 10.1016/0163-7258(83)90056-6 Buijs, 1984, The dopaminergic innervation of the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus, 323, 65 Buijs, 1987, Ultrastructural localization of GABA in the supraoptic nucleus and neural lobe, Neuroscience, 20, 347, 10.1016/0306-4522(87)90025-X Bunn, 1985, Evidence for kappa opioid receptor on pituitary astrocytes: an autoradiographic study, Neurosci. Lett., 55, 317, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90455-0 Burn, 1945, The antidiuretic action of nicotine and of smoking, Br. med. J., 1, 403, 10.1136/bmj.1.4394.403 Cacabelos, 1987, Histaminergic neuromodulation of the release of vasopressin, Neuroendocrinology, 45, 368, 10.1159/000124761 Cantin, 1985, The heart and the atrial natriuretic factor, Endocrine Rev., 6, 107, 10.1210/edrv-6-2-107 Cazalis, 1985, The role of patterned burst and interburst interval on the excitation coupling mechanism in the isolated rat neural lobe, J. Physiol., Lond., 369, 45, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015887 Chapman, 1983, Release of oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) from slices of guinea-pig hypothalamus containing supraoptic (s.o.n.) or paraventricular (p.v.n.) nuclei, J. Physiol., Lond., 343, 40P Chapman, 1986, Osmotic stimulation causes structural plasticity of neurone-glia relationships of the oxytocin- but not the vasopressin-secreting neurones in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, Neuroscience, 17, 679, 10.1016/0306-4522(86)90039-4 Cheng, 1986, Responsiveness of oxytocin-producing neurons to acute salt loading in rats: Comparisons with vasopressin-producing neurons, Neuroendocrinology, 42, 174, 10.1159/000124270 Chiodo, 1983, Proglumide: selective antagonism of excitatory effects of cholecystokinin in central nervous system, Science, 219, 1449, 10.1126/science.6828873 Ch'ng, 1985, Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and the responses of galanin-containing neuronal pathways to injury, Neuroscience, 16, 343, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90007-7 Chowdrey, 1988, Central inhibition by γ-aminobutyric acid of the release of vasopressin by carbachol in the rat, Br. J. Pharmac., 93, 349, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11441.x Cirino, 1985, Influence of lateral septum and amygdala stimulation on the excitability of hypothalamic supraoptic neurons, 326, 357 Clarke, 1975, Evidence for a dopaminergic component in the milk-ejection reflect of the rat, J. Endocr., 67, 32P Clarke, 1982, Stimulation of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons by hypertonic sodium chloride injected into the cerebral ventricles of the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 327, 24 Clarke, 1978, Effects of cholinoreceptor antagonists on the suckling-induced and experimentally evoked release of oxytocin, Br. J. Pharmac., 63, 519, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1978.tb07807.x Clarke, 1979, Dopaminergic control of oxytocin release in lactating rats, J. Endocr., 83, 409, 10.1677/joe.0.0830409 Clarke, 1979, Opiate inhibition of peptide release from the neurohumoral terminals of hypothalamic neurones, Nature, 282, 746, 10.1038/282746a0 Clarke, 1980, Effects on vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurones of intraventricular substance P, J. Physiol., Lond., 307, 59P Clarke, 1985, Nicotinic binding in rat brain: Autoradiographic comparison of [3H]acetylcholine, [3H]nicotine, and [125I]-α-bungarotoxin, J. Neurosci., 5, 1307, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.05-05-01307.1985 Cobbett, 1986, Immunoreactivity to vasopressin- and not oxytocinassociated neurophysin antiserum in phasic neurons of rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, Brain Res., 362, 7, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91392-2 Conti, 1987, Glutamate-positive neurons in the somatosensory cortex of rats and monkeys, J. Neurosci., 7, 1887, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-06-01887.1987 Cooper, 1987, Evidence supporting a role for endogenous vasopressin in fever suppression in the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 387, 163, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016568 Cooper, 1981, The regional distribution of somatostatin, substance P and neurotensin in human brain, Brain Res., 218, 219, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)91302-0 Crandall, 1986, In vitro evidence for an inhibitory effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on vasopressin release, Neuroendocrinology, 44, 439, 10.1159/000124684 Cross, 1959, Activity of single neurones in the hypothalamus: effect of osmotic and other stimuli, J. Physiol., Lond., 148, 554, 10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006306 Cuello, 1983, Central distribution of opioid peptides, Br. med. Bull., 39, 11, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071784 Cuello, 1978, The distribution of substance P immunoreactive fibers in the rat central nervous system, J. comp. Neurol., 178, 129, 10.1002/cne.901780108 Cunningham, 1988, Anatomical specificity of noradrenergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat hypothalamus, J. comp. Neurol., 274, 60, 10.1002/cne.902740107 Daniel, 1967, Release of neurohypophysial hormones in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 190, 171, 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008200 Day, 1989, Modulation of hypothalamic cholecystokinin receptor density with changes in magnocellular activity: A quantitative autoradiographic study, Neuroscience, 29, 371, 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90064-X Day, 1989, Control of neurosecretory vasopressin cells by noradrenergic projections of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, Prog. Brain Res., 81, 303, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62019-1 Day, 1987, Effects of renal receptor activation on neurosecretory vasopressin cells, Am. J. Physiol., 253, R234 Day, 1984, Facilitatory influence of noradrenergic afferents on the excitability of rat paraventricular nucleus neurosecretory cells, J. Physiol., Lond., 355, 237, 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015416 Day, 1984, Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic afferents selectively facilitate the activity of supraoptic vasopressin neurons, Brain Res., 303, 233, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91209-5 Day, 1988, Solitary nucleus excitation of supraoptic vasopressin cells via adrenergic afferents, Am. J. Physiol., 254, R711 Day, 1989, A I cell group mediates solitary nucleus excitation of supraoptic vasopressin cells, Am. J. Physiol., 257, R1020 Day, 1990, Noxious somatic stimuli excite neurosecretory vasopressin cells via AI cell group, Am. J. Physiol., 258, R1516 Day, 1985, Comparison between the actions of avian pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide Y and norepinephrine on the excitability of rat supraoptic vasopressin neurones, Neurosci. Lett., 62, 181, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90352-0 Day, 1985, Opposing alpha- and beta-adrenergic mechanisms mediate dose-dependent actions of noradrenaline on supraoptic vasopressin neurones in vivo, Brain Res., 358, 171, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90961-8 Day, 1990, Excitation of supraoptic vasopressin cells by stimulation of the A1 noradrenaline cell group: Failure to demonstrate role for established adrenergic or amino acid receptors, Brain Res., 516, 91, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90901-M De Bodo, 1944, The antidiuretic action of morphine and its mechanisms, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 82, 74 Debonnel, 1988, Increased neuronal responsiveness to cholecystokinin and dopamine induced by lesioning mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons: An electrophysiological study in the rat, Synapse, 2, 537, 10.1002/syn.890020510 DeCaro, 1978, Antidipsogenic effect of intracranial injections of substance P in rats, J. Physiol., Lond., 279, 133, 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012335 Decavel, 1989, GABA: the dominant transmitter in the medial hypothalamus, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 1086 Decavel, 1987, Comparative study of dopamine- and noradrenaline-immunoreactive terminals in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 7, 149, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90577-5 Demeneix, 1986, GABAergic mechanisms and their functional relevance in the pituitary, 261 Denavit-Saubie, 1985, The effects of cholecystokinin-8 in the nucleus tractus solitarius, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 448, 375, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb29932.x Deschepper, 1983, Cholecystokinin varies in the posterior pituitary and external median eminence of the rat according to factors affecting vasopressin and oxytocin, Life Sci., 32, 2572, 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90240-0 De Wied, 1984, Central target for the behavioural effects of vasopressin neuropeptides, Nature, 308, 276, 10.1038/308276a0 Dierickx, 1979, Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus, Cell Tissue Res., 201, 349, 10.1007/BF00236995 Di Scala-Guenot, 1987, Electrical stimulations of perifused magnocellular nuclei in vitro elicit Ca2+-dependent, tetrodotoxin-insensitive release of oxytocin and vasopressin, Neurosci. Lett., 76, 209, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90717-8 Dodd, 1981, The actions of cholecystokinin and related peptides on pyramidal neurones of the mammalian hippocampus, Brain Res., 205, 337, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90344-9 Dodd, 1980, The depolarization-induced release of cholecystokinin C-terminal octapeptide (CCK-8) from rat synaptosomes and brain slices, Reg. Peptides, 1, 17, 10.1016/0167-0115(80)90003-8 Dogterom, 1976, Histamine as an extremely potent releaser of vasopressin in the rat, Experientia, 32, 659, 10.1007/BF01990220 Douglas, 1964, Stimulus—secretion coupling in a neurosecretory organ: the role of calcium in the release of vasopressin from the neurohypophysis, J. Physiol., Lond., 172, 1, 10.1113/jphysiol.1964.sp007399 Dreifuss, 1972, Recurrent inhibition of antidromically identified rat supraoptic neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 220, 87, 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009696 Dreifuss, 1972, The activity of identified supraoptic neurones and their response to acetylcholine applied by iontophoresis, J. Physiol., Lond., 220, 105, 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009697 Dreifuss, 1971, Action potentials and release of neurohypophysial hormones in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 215, 805, 10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009499 Dreifuss, 1974, Recurrent inhibition of supraoptic neurosecretory cells in homozygous Brattleboro rats, J. Physiol., Lond., 237, 25 Dreifuss, 1976, Excitation of phasically firing hypothalamic supraoptic neurones by carotid occlusion in rats, J. Physiol., Lond., 257, 337, 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011372 Dreifuss, 1976, Excitation of supraoptic neurones by vaginal distention in lactating rats; correlation with neurohypophysial hormone release, Brain Res., 113, 600, 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90062-7 Dreifuss, 1976, Mammalian endocrine neurones: control of phasic activity by antidromic action potentials, Neurosci. Lett., 3, 281, 10.1016/0304-3940(76)90055-0 Dubois, 1975, Centres hypothalamiques du rat secretant la somatostatine: repartition des pericaryons en 2 systemes magno et parvocellulaires (étude immunocytologique), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris Série D, 281, 1737 Dudek, 1987, Synaptic activation of slow depolarization in rat supraoptic nucleus neurones in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 387, 273, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016573 Duke, 1951, Observations on the action of acetylcholine and adrenaline on the hypothalamus, J. Physiol., Lond., 114, 325, 10.1113/jphysiol.1951.sp004624 Duke, 1951, The antidiuretic action of morphine: its site and mode of action in the hypothalamus of the dog, Q. Jl exp. Physiol., 36, 149, 10.1113/expphysiol.1951.sp000968 Dutton, 1979, Phasic firing enhances vasopressin release from the neurohypophysis, J. Physiol., Lond., 290, 433, 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012781 Dyball, 1974, Single unit activity in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of Brattleboro rats, J. Endocr., 60, 135, 10.1677/joe.0.0600135 Dyball, 1969, Electrical activity in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei associated with neurohypophysial hormone release, J. Physiol., Lond., 201, 711, 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008783 Epelbaum, 1986, Somatostatin in the central nervous system: physiology and pathological modifications, Prog. Neurobiol., 27, 63, 10.1016/0301-0082(86)90012-2 Epelbaum, 1985, Autoradiographic localization of a non-reducible somatostatin analog (125I-CGP 23996) binding sites in the rat brain: comparison with membrane binding, Peptides, 6, 713, 10.1016/0196-9781(85)90177-9 Everitt, 1984, Differential co-existence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines in the central nervous system of the rat, Neuroscience, 11, 443, 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90036-8 Fagg, 1983, Amino acid neurotransmitters and their pathways in the mammalian central nervous system, Neuroscience, 9, 701, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90263-4 Falke, 1988, Dynorphin (1–8) inhibits stimulated release of oxytocin but not vasopressin from isolated neurosecretory endings of the rat neurohypophysis, Neuropeptides, 11, 163, 10.1016/0143-4179(88)90070-4 Falke, 1988, Opiate binding differentially associated with oxytocin and vasopressin nerve endings from porcine neurohypophysis, Expl Brain Res., 70, 145 Fallon, 1978, Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. IV. Topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum, J. comp. Neurol., 180, 545, 10.1002/cne.901800310 Feldberg, 1978, Vasopressin release produced in anaesthetised cats by antagonist of γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine, Br. J. Pharmac., 62, 99, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1978.tb07011.x Feldberg, 1981, Inhibition of vasopressin release to carotid occlusion by γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine, Br. J. Pharmac., 72, 17, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09099.x Ferguson, 1986, Systemic angiotensin acts at subfornical organ to facilitate activity of neurohypophysial neurons, Am. J. Physiol., 251, R712 Ferguson, 1984, Subfornical organ afferents influence the excitability of neurohypophysial and tuberoinfundibular paraventricular nucleus neurons in the rat, Neuroendocrinology, 39, 423, 10.1159/000124015 Feuerstein, 1984, Differential changes in substance P and somatostatin in brain nuclei of rats exposed to hemorrhagic shock, Brain Res., 300, 305, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90840-0 Finley, 1981, The immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin in the central nervous system of the rat, J. comp. Neurol., 198, 541, 10.1002/cne.901980402 Fitzsimmons, 1980, Angiotensin stimulation of the central nervous system, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmac., 87, 117, 10.1007/BFb0030897 Fjalland, 1987, GABA receptor stimulation increases the release of vasopressin and oxytocin in vitro, Eur. J. Pharmac., 142, 155, 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90667-4 Fonnum, 1984, Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain, J. Neurochem., 42, 1, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb09689.x Forsling, 1988, Opioids and vasopressin release, 371 Freund-Mercier, 1981, Excitatory effects of intraventricular injections of oxytocin on the milk ejection reflex in the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 23, 193, 10.1016/0304-3940(81)90039-2 Freund-Mercier, 1984, Electrophysiological evidence for facilitatory control of oxytocin neurones by oxytocin during suckling in the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 352, 447, 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015302 Freund-Mercier, 1987, Pharmacological characteristics and anatomical distribution of [3H]oxytocin-binding sites in the Wistar rat brain studied by autoradiography, Neuroscience, 20, 599, 10.1016/0306-4522(87)90113-8 Freund-Mercier, 1988, Role of central oxytocin in the control of the milk ejection reflex, Brain Res. Bull., 20, 737, 10.1016/0361-9230(88)90085-8 Freund-Mercier, 1988, Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of neurohypophysial-hormone-binding sites in the rat forebrain and pituitary gland. I. Characterization of different types of binding sites and their distribution in the Long Evans strain, Neuroscience, 26, 261, 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90143-1 Fuxe, 1965, Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. IV. Distribution of monoamine terminals in the central nervous system, Acta physiol. scand., 64, 39 Gallardo, 1977, Choline acetyltransferase activity in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary, J. Neural Transm., 41, 93, 10.1007/BF01252967 Gardner, 1987, Identification of atrial natriuretic factor gene transcripts in the central nervous system of the rat, 84, 2175 Gaudreau, 1983, Characterization and visualization of cholecystokinin receptors in rat brain using [3H]pentagastrin, Peptides, 4, 755, 10.1016/0196-9781(83)90032-3 Gaymann, 1989, Immunoreactive galanin-like material in magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neurones of the rat, Cell Tissue Res., 255, 139, 10.1007/BF00229075 Geffard, 1984, First demonstration of highly specific and sensitive antibodies against dopamine, Brain Res., 294, 161, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91323-4 Gibson, 1986, Autoradiographic localization and characterization of atrial natriuretic peptide binding sites in the rat central nervous system and adrenal gland, J. Neurosci., 6, 2004, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-07-02004.1986 Goldman, 1986, Mapping of brain areas expressing RNA homologous to two different acetylcholine receptor α-subunit cDNAs, 83, 4076 Gosbee, 1972, In vivo release of antidiuretic hormone by direct application of acetylcholine or carbachol to the rat neurohypophysis, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac., 80, 618, 10.1139/y72-092 Greenamyre, 1984, Quantitative autoradiographic distribution of l[3H]glutamate-binding sites in rat central nervous system, J. Neurosci., 4, 2133, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-08-02133.1984 Gregg, 1985, The compartmentalized hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system: Evidence for a neurohypophysial action of acetylcholine on vasopressin release, Neuroendocrinology, 40, 423, 10.1159/000124108 Gribkoff, 1988, The effects of the excitatory amino acid antagonist, kynurenic acid, on synaptic transmission to supraoptic neuroendocrine cells, Brain Res., 442, 152, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91443-6 Guerne, 1978, L'importance relative de la noradrénaline (NA) et de la dopamine (DA) dans la libération des hormones posthypophysaires, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 286, 1609 Gutman, 1986, Electrophysiological identification of forebrain connections of the subfornical organ, Brain Res., 382, 119, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90118-6 Gutman, 1988, Effects of plasma angiotensin II and hypernatremia on subfornical organ neurons, Am. J. Physiol., 254, R746 Haas, 1983, Histamine and noradrenaline decrease calcium-activated potassium conductance in hippocampal pyramidal cells, Nature, 302, 432, 10.1038/302432a0 Haas, 1975, Histamine: action on supraoptic and other hypothalamic neurons of the cat, Brain Res., 88, 166, 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90967-1 Haldar, 1978, Inhibition of oxytocin release by morphine and its analogs, 157, 476 Haldar, 1979, Oxytocin and vasopressin release by substance P injected into the cerebral ventricles of rats, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 5, 447 Haldar, 1982, Morphine, β-endorphin and [d-Ala2] Met-enkephalin inhibit oxytocin release by acetylcholine and suckling, Peptides, 3, 663, 10.1016/0196-9781(82)90168-1 Haller, 1980, Electrophysiological studies of paraventricular and supraoptic neurones recorded in vitro from slices of rat hypothalamus, J. Physiol., Lond., 302, 347, 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013247 Halpain, 1984, Localization of l-glutamate receptors in rat brain by quantitative autoradiography, J. Neurosci., 4, 2247, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-09-02247.1984 Hamamura, 1982, Amygdalar inputs to ADH-secreting supraoptic neurones in rats, Expl Brain Res., 48, 420, 10.1007/BF00238618 Harding, 1987, Angiotensin-sensitive neurons in the rat paraventricular nucleus: relative potencies of angiotensin II and angiotensin III, Brain Res., 410, 130, 10.1016/S0006-8993(87)80033-1 Harfstrand, 1987, Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive perikarya and nerve terminals in the rat medulla oblongata: relationship to cytoarchitecture and catecholaminergic cell groups, J. comp. Neurol., 260, 20, 10.1002/cne.902600103 Harris, 1979, Effects of chemoreceptor and baroreceptor stimulation on the discharge of hypothalamic supraoptic neurones in the rat, J. Endocr., 82, 115, 10.1677/joe.0.0820115 Harris, 1975, Excitation of phasically firing supraoptic neurones during vasopressin release, Nature, 258, 80, 10.1038/258080b0 Harris, 1984, The afferent pathway for carotid body chemoreceptor input to the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus in the rat, Pflügers Arch., 400, 80, 10.1007/BF00670540 Hartman, 1987, Endogenous opioid peptides inhibit oxytocin release in the lactating rat after dehydration and urethane, Endocrinology, 121, 536, 10.1210/endo-121-2-536 Haskins, 1986, Rat atriopeptin III alters hypothalamic neuronal activity, Neurosci. Lett., 67, 279, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90322-8 Hatton, 1982, Phasic bursting activity of rat paraventricular neurones in the absence of synaptic transmission, J. Physiol., Lond., 327, 273, 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014231 Hatton, 1988, Supraoptic nucleus (SON) neuronal responses to histaminergic inputs recorded intracellularly in vitro, Soc. Neurosci. Abst., 14, 215 Hatton, 1989, Supraoptic nucleus afferents from the main olfactory bulb—II. Intracellularly recorded responses to lateral olfactory tract stimulation in rat brain slices, Neuroscience, 31, 289, 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90374-6 Hatton, 1983, Synaptic activation of phasic bursting in rat supraoptic nucleus neurones recorded in hypothalamic slices, J. Physiol., Lond., 345, 297, 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014979 Hayashi, 1984, Fine structure of histaminergic neurons in the caudal magnocellular nucleus of the rat as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry using histidine decarboxylase as a marker, J. comp. Neurol., 229, 233, 10.1002/cne.902290208 Hayward, 1975, Neural control of the posterior pituitary, A. Rev. Physiol., 37, 191, 10.1146/annurev.ph.37.030175.001203 Hayward, 1977, Functional and morphological aspects of hypothalamic neurons, Physiol. Rev., 57, 574, 10.1152/physrev.1977.57.3.574 Hayward, 1976, Vasopressin released by nicotine in the monkey, Neuroendocrinology, 21, 120, 10.1159/000122518 Head, 1987, Lesions of A1 noradrenergic cells affect AVP release and heart rate during hemorrhage, Am. J. Physiol., 253, H1012 Heike, 1986, Immunocytochemical evidence for synaptic regulation of paraventricular vasopressin-containing neurons by substance P, Brain Res., 369, 341, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90547-0 Hepler, 1988, Characterization of antisera to glutamate and aspartate, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 36, 13, 10.1177/36.1.2891743 Hobbach, 1988, Effects of tetraethylammonium ions on frequency-dependent vasopressin release from the rat neurohypophysis, J. Physiol., Lond., 397, 539, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017018 Hoffmann, 1979, Central cardiovascular and antidiuretic action of adrenergic drugs, Neuropharmacology, 18, 7, 10.1016/0028-3908(79)90003-0 Hoffmann, 1978, Cardiovascular and antidiuretic effects of central histamine, Life Sci., 22, 1709, 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90622-7 Hoffmann, 1977, The role of catecholamines in central antidiuretic and pressor mechanisms, Neuropharmacology, 16, 563, 10.1016/0028-3908(77)90025-9 Hökfelt, 1975, Cellular localization of somatostatin in endocrine-like cells and neurons of the rat with special references to the Ai-cells of the pancreatic islets and to the hypothalamus, Acta endocr., 80, 5 Hökfelt, 1988, Immmunohistochemical studies on cholecystokinin (CCK)-immunoreactive neurons in the rat using sequence specific antisera and with special reference to the caudate nucleus and primary sensory neurons, J. chem. Neuroanat., 1, 11 Holzbauer, 1985, The dopaminergic innervation of the intermediate lobe and of the neural lobe of the pituitary gland, Med. Biol., 63, 97 Holzbauer, 1983, A comparison of the release of endogenous dopamine from the neural and the intermediate lobe of the rat hypophysis after electrical stimulation of the stalk, Med. Biol., 61, 258 Holzbauer, 1984, Immunoreactive substance P in the tuberohypophysial system of the rat: selective decrease in the neural lobe after dehydration and sodium loading, Neurosci. Lett., 47, 23, 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90380-X Hommer, 1985, Cholecystokinin-induced excitation in the substantia nigra: evidence for peripheral and central components, J. Neurosci., 5, 1387, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.05-06-01387.1985 Honda, 1985, Effects of microelectrophoretically applied acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin on the discharge of paraventricular oxytocinergic neurones in the rat, Endocr. jap., 32, 127, 10.1507/endocrj1954.32.127 Honda, 1987, Activation of neurosecretory cells by osmotic stimulation of anteroventral third ventricle, Am. J. Physiol., 252, R1039 Hooi, 1989, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasopressin (AVP) in the hypothalamoneurohypophysial axis of salt-loaded or Brattleboro rats, Brain Res., 486, 214, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90507-6 Hornby, 1987, Catecholamine distribution and relationship to magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat, Cell Tissue Res., 248, 239, 10.1007/BF00218190 Hu, 1990, Excitatory amino acids depolarize rat hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cells by activating both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac., 68, Axiii Hunt, 1981, Presence of avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in catecholamine and methionine enkephaline containing neurons within the central nervous system, Neurosci. Lett., 21, 125, 10.1016/0304-3940(81)90369-4 Husain, 1975, Nicotine stimulated release of neurophysin and vasopressin in humans, J. clin. Endocr. Metab., 41, 1113, 10.1210/jcem-41-6-1113 Iijima, 1986, 4-Aminobutyrate: 2-oxoglutarate transaminase-containing neurons in the perinuclear zone of the rat supraoptic nucleus, Acta histochem. (Jena), 79, 211, 10.1016/S0065-1281(86)80085-X Iijima, 1981, An HRP study on the distribution of all nuclei innervating the supraoptic nucleus in the rat brain, Acta histochem., 69, 274, 10.1016/S0065-1281(81)80040-2 Imboden, 1989, Hypothalamic angiotensinergic fibre systems terminate in the neurohypophysis, Neurosci. Lett., 96, 42, 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90240-1 Inagaki, 1988, Histaminergic nerve fibers in the median eminence and hypophysis of rats demonstrated immunocytochemically with antibodies against histidine decarboxylase and histamine, Brain Res., 439, 402, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91503-X Inenaga, 1986, Excitation of neurones in the rat paraventricular nucleus in vitro by vasopressin and oxytocin, J. Physiol., Lond., 370, 165, 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp015928 Ingram, 1989, Neuronal localization of cholecystokinin mRNA in the rat brain by using in situ hybridization histochemistry, J. comp. Neurol., 287, 260, 10.1002/cne.902870209 Inturisi, 1968, Studies on the antidiuretic action of morphine in the rat, Eur. J. Pharmac., 2, 301, 10.1016/0014-2999(68)90081-2 Iovino, 1985, Effect of substances influencing brain serotonergic transmission on plasma vasopressin levels in the rat, Eur. J. Pharmac., 113, 99, 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90347-4 Iovino, 1983, Muscimol inhibits ADH release induced by hypertonic sodium chloride in rats, Pharmac. Biochem. Behav., 19, 335, 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90061-8 Iovino, 1983, Inhibitory effect of centrally administered muscimol on increased plasma ADH concentration to angiotensin II, Neuroendocr. Lett., 4, 343 Ivell, 1983, Vasopressin and oxytocin precursors as model preprohormones, Neuroendocrinology, 37, 235, 10.1159/000123549 Iversen, 1980, Opiate receptors influence vasopressin release from nerve terminals in rat neurohypophysis, Nature, 284, 350, 10.1038/284350a0 Jacobowitz, 1982, Coexistence of bovine pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity and catecholamine in neurons of the ventral aminergic pathway of the brain, Brain Res. Bull., 9, 391, 10.1016/0361-9230(82)90150-2 Jacquin, 1988, Somatostatin depresses excitability in neurones of the solitary tract complex through hyperpolarization and augmentation of IM, a non-inactivating voltage-dependent outward current blocked by muscarinic agonists, 85, 948 Jarvis, 1988, Cholecystokinin (CCK) depolarizes rat supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurosecretory neurons, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 14, 1179 Jarvis, 1989, Cholecystokinin (CCK) evokes oxytocin and vasopressin release from perfused explants of rat hypothalamus, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 212 Jhamandas, 1986, A gamma aminobutyric acid-mediated baroreceptor input to supraoptic vasopressin neurones in the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 381, 595, 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016345 Jhamandas, 1986, Diagonal band neurons may mediate arterial baroreceptor input to hypothalamic vasopressin-secreting neurons, Neurosci. Lett., 65, 214, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90307-1 Jhamandas, 1986, Bicuculline blocks an inhibitory baroreflex input to supraoptic vasopressin neurons, Am. J. Physiol., 252, R947 Jhamandas, 1987, Neurophysiology of a central baroreceptor pathway projecting to hypothalamic vasopressin neurons, Can. J. neurol. Sci., 14, 17, 10.1017/S0317167100026111 Jhamandas, 1989, Angiotensin II may mediate excitatory neurotransmission from the subfornical organ to the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus: an anatomical and electrophysiological study in the rat, Brain Res., 487, 52, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90939-6 Jhamandas, 1989, Diagonal band projection towards the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus: Light and electron microscopic observations in the rat, J. comp. Neurol., 282, 15, 10.1002/cne.902820103 Johansson, 1984, Immunohistochemical distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the adult rat, Neuroscience, 13, 265, 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90233-1 Johnston, 1978, Muscimol uptake, release and binding in rat brain slices, J. Neurochem., 31, 1519, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb06579.x Jones, 1969, Comparison of the effects of water deprivation and sodium chloride inhibition on the hormone content of the neurohypophysis of the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 203, 449, 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008874 Kanazawa, 1976, Post mortem changes and regional distribution of substance P in the rat and mouse nervous system, Brain Res., 117, 360, 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90748-4 Kandel, 1964, Electrical properties of hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells, J. gen. Physiol., 47, 691, 10.1085/jgp.47.4.691 Kannan, 1984, Paraventricular neurosecretory neurons: synaptic inputs from the ventrolateral medulla in rats, Neurosci. Lett., 37, 235 Kasai, 1987, γ-Aminobutyric acid antagonist blocks baroreceptor-activated inhibition of neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats, Neurosci. Lett., 81, 319, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90403-4 Kasting, 1982, Vasopressin: A homeostatic effector in the febrile process, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 6, 215, 10.1016/0149-7634(82)90057-4 Kawano, 1982, Immunohistochemical studies of intrahypothalamic somatostatin-containing neurons in rat, Brain Res., 242, 227, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90304-3 Kawata, 1985, Atrial natriuretic polypeptide: topographic distribution in the rat brain by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, Neuroscience, 16, 521, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90190-3 Kelly, 1978, GABA in glial cells of the peripheral and central nervous system, 183 Kent, 1978, Histochemical, pharmacological and microspectrofluorometric analysis of new sites of serotonin localization in the rat hypothalamus, J. comp. Neurol., 180, 221, 10.1002/cne.901800203 Kimura, 1981, The central cholinergic system studied by choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry in the cat, J. comp. Neurol., 200, 151, 10.1002/cne.902000202 Kimura, 1984, The role of central α1- and α2-adrenoceptors in the regulation of vasopressin release and the cardiovascular system, Endocrinology, 114, 1426, 10.1210/endo-114-4-1426 Kiraly, 1985, Neurohypophysial peptides depress cholinergic transmission in a mammalian sympathetic ganglion, Neurosci. Lett., 62, 89, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90289-7 Knepel, 1983, The effect of naloxone on vasopressin release from rat neurohypophysis incubated in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 341, 507, 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014820 Knepel, 1980, Evidence for the involvement of a GABA-mediated inhibition in the hypovolaemia-induced vasopressin release, Pflügers Arch., 388, 177, 10.1007/BF00584125 Knepel, 1982, Evidence for inhibition by β-endorphin of vasopressin release during foot shock-induced stress in the rat, Neuroendocrinology, 34, 353, 10.1159/000123327 Koizumi, 1964, Control of activity of neurons in the supraoptic nucleus, J. Neurophysiol., 27, 878, 10.1152/jn.1964.27.5.878 Kramer, 1985, Calcium dependent inward current in Aplysia bursting pace-maker neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 362, 107, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015666 Kramer, 1985, Calcium induced inactivation of calcium current causes the interburst hyperpolarization of Aplysia bursting neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 362, 131, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015667 Kuhn, 1974, Cholinergic and adrenergic release mechanism for vasopressin in the male rat: a study with injections of neurotransmitters and blocking agents into the third ventricle, Neuroendocrinology, 17, 255 Kuhn, 1970, Injections of carbachol into the third ventricle and release of oxytocin and vasopressin in the lactating rat, Archs int. Pharmacodyn., 186, 192 Lawrence, 1988, [3H]Arginine vasopressin binding to rat brain: a homogenate and autoradiographic study, Brain Res., 446, 212, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90879-7 Lechan, 1983, Prosomatostatin-specific antigen in rat brain: Localization by immunocytochemical staining with an antiserum to a synthetic sequence of preprosomatostatin, 80, 2780 Lederis, 1969, Acetylcholine and related enzymes in the neural lobe and anterior hypothalamus of the rabbit, J. Physiol., Lond., 201, 695, 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008782 Leibowitz, 1973, Histamine: a stimulatory effect on drinking behavior in the rat, Brain Res., 63, 440, 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90120-0 Leibowitz, 1979, Histamine: modification of behavioral and physiological components of body fluid homeostasis, 219 Leng, 1982, Lateral hypothalamic neurones: osmosensitivity and the influence of activating magnocellular neurosecretory neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 326, 35, 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014175 Leng, 1989, Opioids, oxytocin and parturition, 231 Leng, 1981, Effects of neural stalk stimulation on phasic discharge of supraoptic neurones in Brattleboro rats devoid of vasopressin, J. Endocr., 90, 211, 10.1677/joe.0.0900211 Leng, 1988, Electrophysiological evidence for a projection from the arcuate nucleus to the supraoptic nucleus, Neurosci. Lett., 89, 146, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90371-0 Leng, 1987, Stress-induced disruption of parturition in the rat may be mediated by endogenous opioids, J. Endocr., 114, 247, 10.1677/joe.0.1140247 Leng, 1989, Role of anterior peri-third ventricular structures in the regulation of supraoptic neuronal activity and neurohypophysial hormone secretion in the rat, J. Neuroendocr., 1, 35, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00074.x Leng, 1990, Actions of the ϰ-type opioid receptor agonist U50,488H on oxytocin neurones in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in normal and morphine-tolerant urethane-anaesthetized rats, J. Physiol., Lond., 420, 71P LeRoith, 1979, Somatostatin and antidiuretic hormone secretion in dogs, Horm. Metab. Res., 1, 177, 10.1055/s-0028-1095766 Leroux, 1985, Localization and characterization of brain somatostatin receptors as studied with somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 receptor autoradiography, Brain Res., 347, 74, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90890-X Lightman, 1982, Dopamine and [d-Ala2-d-Leu5]enkephalin inhibit the electrically stimulated neurohypophysial release of vasopressin in vitro: evidence for calcium-dependent opiate action, J. Neurosci., 2, 78, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-01-00078.1982 Lightman, 1983, Evidence for opiate receptors on pituicytes, Nature, 305, 235, 10.1038/305235a0 Lightman, 1984, Ascending noradrenergic projections from the brainstem: evidence for a major role in the regulation of blood pressure and vasopressin secretion, Expl Brain Res., 55, 145, 10.1007/BF00240508 Lincoln, 1986, Oxytocin and vasopressin secretion: new perspectives, 185 Lincoln, 1974, Electrophysiological evidence for the activation of supraoptic neurones during the release of oxytocin, J. Physiol., Lond., 242, 533, 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010722 Lincoln, 1975, Factors governing the periodic activation of supraoptic and paraventricular neurosecretory cells during suckling in the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 250, 443, 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011064 Lind, 1985, The distribution of angiotensin II-immunoreactive cells and fibers in the paraventriculo-hypophysial system of the rat, Brain Res., 338, 81, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90250-1 Lindvall, 1984, Selective histochemical demonstration of dopamine terminal systems in the rat di- and telencephalon: new evidence for dopaminergic innervation of hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei, Brain Res., 306, 19, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90352-4 Liston, 1984, Synenkephalin is coreleased with metenkephalin from neuronal terminals in vitro, Neurosci. Lett., 48, 211, 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90021-1 Å, 1978, Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat—1. Cell bodies and nerve terminals, Neuroscience, 3, 861, 10.1016/0306-4522(78)90116-1 Lundberg, 1980, Coexistence of an avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) immunoreactive substance and catecholamines in some peripheral and central neurons, Acta physiol. scand., 110, 107, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06638.x Mansour, 1988, Anatomy of CNS opioid receptors, TINS, 11, 308 Marley, 1984, Localization and actions of cholecystokinin in the rat pituitary neurointermediate lobe, Endocrinology, 114, 1902, 10.1210/endo-114-5-1902 Martin, 1981, Enkephalins co-exist with oxytocin and vasopressin in nerve terminals of rat neurohypophysis, Nature, 289, 502, 10.1038/289502a0 Martin, 1983, Coexistence of unrelated peptides in oxytocin and vasopressin terminals of rat neurohypophysis: immunoreactive methionine5-enkephalin-, leucine5-enkephalin-, and cholecystokinin-like substances, Neuroscience, 8, 213, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90061-1 Martin, 1983, An attempt to characterize by immunocytochemical methods the enkephalin-like material in oxytocin endings of the rat neurohypophysis, Life Sci., 33, 69, 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90446-0 Mason, 1983, Excitation by dopamine of putative oxytocinergic neurones in the rat supraoptic nucleus in vitro: evidence for two classes of continuously firing neurones, Brain Res., 267, 113, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91044-2 Mason, 1985, Staining of the magnocellular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus by a monoclonal antibody directed against the α-subunit of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor, Neurosci. Lett., 59, 89, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90220-4 Mason, 1983, Mapping of cholinergic neurons associated with rat supraoptic nucleus: combined immunocytochemical and histochemical identification, Brain Res. Bull., 11, 617, 10.1016/0361-9230(83)90133-8 Mason, 1986, Central release of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin by magnocellular neurone depolarization: evidence in slices of guinea-pig and rat hypothalamus, Neuroendocrinology, 42, 311, 10.1159/000124457 Mason, 1987, Aminobutyric acid as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the rat supraoptic nucleus: intracellular recordings in the hypothalamic slice, Neurosci. Lett., 73, 259, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90255-2 Mathison, 1981, Regulation of secretion from the neurohypophysis: role of locally acting agents, 167 Mathison, 1981, Chloride-dependent action of GABA on the infundibular-neurohypophysial compound action potential, Neurosci. Lett., 22, 309, 10.1016/0304-3940(81)90124-5 Mayer, 1987, The physiology and excitatory amino acids in the vertebrate central nervous system, Prog. Neurobiol., 28, 197, 10.1016/0301-0082(87)90011-6 Maysinger, 1984, Differential effects of various opioid peptides on vasopressin and oxytocin release from the rat pituitary in vitro, Archs Pharmac., 328, 191, 10.1007/BF00512071 McNeill, 1980, Simultaneous monoamine histofluorescence and neuropeptide immunocytochemistry. II. Correlative distribution of catecholamine varicosities and magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, J. comp. Neurol., 193, 1023, 10.1002/cne.901930414 Meeker, 1986, Characteristics and distribution of high- and low-affinity alpha bungarotoxin binding sites in the rat hypothalamus, J. Neurosci., 6, 1866, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-07-01866.1986 Meeker, 1988, Local synaptic organization of cholinergic neurons in the basolateral hypothalamus, J. comp. Neurol., 276, 157, 10.1002/cne.902760202 Meeker, 1989, Light and electron microscopic localization of glutamate immunoreactivity in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus, Neuroscience, 33, 157, 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90318-7 Melander, 1986, Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system, J. comp. Neurol., 248, 475, 10.1002/cne.902480404 Melander, 1986, Coexistence of galanin-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, GABA and neuropeptides in the rat CNS, J. Neurosci., 6, 3640, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-12-03640.1986 Mena, 1976, Effect of suckling on plasma prolactin and hypothalamic monoamine levels in the rat, Endocrinology, 99, 445, 10.1210/endo-99-2-445 Meyer, 1980, Effect of surgical deafferentation of the supraoptic nucleus on its choline acetyltransferase content, Brain Res., 193, 566, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90190-0 Meyer, 1980, Deafferentation studies on the glutamic acid decarboxylase content of the supraoptic nucleus of the rat, Brain Res., 200, 165, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)91102-6 Micevych, 1987, Distribution of cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cell bodies in the male and female rat: I. Hypothalamus, J. comp. Neurol., 255, 124, 10.1002/cne.902550110 Michels, 1986, Differential distribution of muscarinic cholinergic and putative nicotinic cholinergic receptors within the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system of the rat, Neuroendocrinology, 44, 498, 10.1159/000124697 Millan, 1983, Contribution of the supraoptic nucleus to brain and pituitary pools of immunoreactive vasopressin and particular opioid peptides, and the interrelationships between these, in the rat, Neuroendocrinology, 36, 310, 10.1159/000123473 Miller, 1979, Effect of central catecholamine depletion on the osmotic and non-osmotic stimulation of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in the rat, J. clin. Invest., 64, 1599, 10.1172/JCI109621 Milton, 1973, Intracranial injections of 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA) in cats: effects on the release of antidiuretic hormone, Brain Res., 61, 423, 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90550-7 Milton, 1974, A microinjection study on the control of antidiuretic hormone release by the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus in the cat, J. Physiol., Lond., 241, 607, 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010674 Minchin, 1975, The release of [3H] gamma aminobutyric acid and neurophysin from the isolated rat posterior pituitary, Brain Res., 90, 75, 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90683-6 Miselis, 1981, The efferent projections of the subfornical organ of the rat: a circumventricular organ with a neural network subserving water balance, Brain Res., 230, 1, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90388-7 Molineaux, 1984, Subcellular distribution of opioid peptides in rat hypothalamus and pituitary, J. Neurochem., 43, 1616, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb06086.x Moore, 1988, Somatostatin augments the M-current in hippocampal neurons, Science, 239, 278, 10.1126/science.2892268 Moos, 1979, Effects of dopaminergic antagonist and agonist on oxytocin release induced by various stimuli, Neuroendocrinology, 28, 128, 10.1159/000122854 Moos, 1979, The inhibitory role of α-adrenergic receptors in oxytocin release during suckling, Brain Res., 169, 595, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90411-6 Moos, 1982, Excitatory effect of dopamine on oxytocin and vasopressin reflex releases in the rat, Brain Res., 241, 249, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)91061-7 Moos, 1983, Serotonergic control of oxytocin release during suckling in the rat: Opposite effects on conscious and anesthetized rats, Neuroendocrinology, 36, 300, 10.1159/000123471 Moos, 1988, Characteristics of early- and late-recruited oxytocin bursting cells at the beginning of suckling in rats, J. Physiol., Lond., 399, 1, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017064 Moos, 1989, Paraventricular and supraoptic bursting oxytocin cells in rat are locally regulated by oxytocin and functionally related, J. Physiol., Lond., 408, 1, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017442 Moos, 1984, Release of oxytocin and vasopressin by magnocellular nuclei in vitro: specific facilitatory effect of oxytocin on its own release, J. Endocr., 102, 63, 10.1677/joe.0.1020063 Morley, 1982, The ascent of cholecystokinin (CCK)—from gut to brain, Life Sci., 30, 479, 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90261-2 Morris, 1976, Evidence for hormonal participation in the natriuretic and kaliuretic responses to intraventricular hypertonic saline and norepinephrine, 152, 95 Moss, 1971, Responses of antidromically identified supraoptic and paraventricular units to acetylcholine, noradrenaline and glutamate applied iontophoretically, Brain Res., 35, 573, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90504-X Moss, 1972, Excitation of antidromically identified neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus by oxytocin applied iontophoretically, Expl Neurol., 34, 95, 10.1016/0014-4886(72)90190-2 Moss, 1972, Microiontophoresis of cholinergic and aminergic drugs on paraventricular neurons, Am. J. Physiol., 233, 310, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1972.223.2.310 Mourre, 1986, Quantitative autoradiographic mapping in rat brain of the receptor of apamin, a polypeptide toxin specific for one class of Ca2+ dependent K+ channels, Brain Res., 382, 239, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91333-8 Muehlethaler, 1980, Enkephalin-induced inhibition of hypothalamic paraventricular neurons, Brain Res., 197, 264, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90457-6 Muehlethaler, 1984, Contrasting effects of neurohypophysial peptides on pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurones in the rat hippocampus, Brain Res., 308, 97, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90921-1 Nakada, 1985, Electron microscopic examination of the catecholaminergic innervation of neurophysin- or vasopressin-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus, Brain Res., 361, 247, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)91296-X Nakamura, 1985, Antidipsogenic action of α-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide administered intracerebroventricularly in rats, Neurosci. Lett., 58, 1, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90319-2 Needleman, 1985, Atriopeptins as cardiac hormones, Hypertension, 7, 469, 10.1161/01.HYP.7.4.469 Negoro, 1982, Interaction of hypertonic NaCl, hemorrhage and angiotensin II in stimulating paraventricular neurosecretory cells in the rat, Expl Brain Res., 48, 121, 10.1007/BF00239579 Negoro, 1988, Osmoreceptor mechanism for oxytocin release in the rat, Jap. J. Physiol., 38, 19, 10.2170/jjphysiol.38.19 Nicoll, 1971, The pharmacology of recurrent inhibition in the supraoptic neurosecretory system, Brain Res., 15, 501, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90491-4 Nicoll, 1971, Excitation of supraoptic neurosecretory cells by angiotensin II, Nature New Biol., 233, 172, 10.1038/newbio233172a0 Nissen, 1989, Release of atrial natriuretic peptide from perfused rat hypothalamic explants, J. Neuroendocr., 1, 309, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00121.x Nissen, 1989, GABA-A receptors mediate median preoptic-evoked inhibition of supraoptic neurosecretory neurons in rat, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 525 Nordmann, 1986, Are opioid peptides co-localized with vasopressin or oxytocin in the neural lobe of the rat, Cell Tissue Res., 246, 177, 10.1007/BF00219015 Oertel, 1982, Central GABAergic innervation of neurointermediate pituitary lobe: Biochemical and immunocytochemical study in the rat, 79, 675 Ogata, 1987, γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) causes consistent depolarization of neurons in the guinea pig supraoptic nucleus due to an absence of GABAB recognition sites, Brain Res., 403, 225, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90059-X Ogata, 1984, Pharmacological characterization of the magnocellular neuroendocrine cells of the guinea pig supraoptic nucleus in vitro, Neuropharmacology, 23, 1215, 10.1016/0028-3908(84)90242-9 Okuya, 1987, Effects of atrial natriuretic polypeptide on rat hypothalamic neurones in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 389, 717, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016679 Okuya, 1987, Angiotensin II sensitive neurons in the supraoptic nucleus, subfornical organ and anteroventral third ventricle of rats in vitro, Brain Res., 402, 58, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91047-X Oldfield, 1985, A light microscopic HRP study of limbic projections to the vasopressin-containing nuclear groups of the hypothalamus, Brain Res Bull., 14, 143, 10.1016/0361-9230(85)90074-7 Oldfield, 1985, A combined electron microscopic HRP and immunocytochemical study of the limbic projections to rat hypothalamic nuclei containing vasopressin and oxytocin neurons, J. comp. Neurol., 231, 221, 10.1002/cne.902310209 Olschowka, 1981, Ultrastructural demonstration of noradrenergic synapses in the rat central nervous system by dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 29, 271, 10.1177/29.2.7019303 Olsson, 1969, Studies on central regulation of secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the goat, Acta physiol. scand., 77, 465, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1969.tb04590.x Olsson, 1970, Effects on water diuresis of infusions of transmitter substances into the third ventricle, Acta physiol. scand., 79, 133, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04710.x Oomura, 1978, Hypothalamic neurons response to glucose, phlorizin and cholecystokinin, 120 Osaka, 1988, Inhibition of paraventricular neurons by subfornical organ and AV3V in cats, Am. J. Physiol., 255, R961 Palacios, 1981, The distribution of histamine H1-receptors in the rat brain: an autoradiographic study, Neuroscience, 6, 15, 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90240-2 Palacios, 1981, High affinity GABA receptors—autoradiographic localization, Brain Res., 222, 285, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)91034-9 Palkovits, 1974, Norepinephrine and dopamine content of hypothalamic nuclei of the rat, Brain Res., 77, 137, 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90810-5 Palkovits, 1986, Distribution and stress-induced increase of glutamate and aspartate levels in discrete brain nuclei of rats, Brain Res., 373, 252, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90339-2 Palkovits, 1987, Galanin in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system, Neuroendocrinology, 46, 417, 10.1159/000124855 Panula, 1984, Histamine-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus, 81, 2572 Passo, 1981, A functional analysis of dopaminergic innervation of the neurohypophysis, Am. J. Physiol., 241, E186 Patel, 1977, Calcium-dependent somatostatin secretion from rat neurohypophysis in vitro, Nature, 267, 852, 10.1038/267852a0 Patel, 1979, Effect of anterior hypothalamic lesions on neurohypophysial and peripheral tissue concentrations of somatostatin in the rat, Endocrinology, 105, 712, 10.1210/endo-105-3-712 Pelletier, 1977, Somatostatin: electron microscope immunohistochemical localization in secretory neurons of rat hypothalamus, Science, 196, 1469, 10.1126/science.867046 Perez de la Mora, 1981, Demonstration of central γ-aminobutyric-containing nerve terminals by means of antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase, Neuroscience, 6, 875, 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90169-X Perlmutter, 1984, Neuronal/glial plasticity in the supraoptic dendritic zone: dendritic bundling and double synapse formation at parturition, Neuroscience, 13, 769, 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90095-2 Phillips, 1987, Functions of angiotensin in the central nervous system, A. Rev. Physiol., 49, 413, 10.1146/annurev.ph.49.030187.002213 Phillips, 1979, Evidence for an endogenous brain renin-angiotensin system, 38, 2260 Phillips, 1990, Angiotensin II depolarizes supraoptic neurones recorded in rat hypothalamic explants, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 16, 685 Phillips, 1988, Localization of vasopressin binding sites in rat brain by in vitro autoradiography using a radioiodinated V1 receptor antagonist, Neuroscience, 27, 749, 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90180-7 Phillis, 1980, The actions of motilin, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and other peptides on rat cerebral cortical neurons, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac., 58, 612, 10.1139/y80-102 Pickford, 1939, The inhibitory effects of acetylcholine on water diuresis in the dog, and its pituitary transmission, J. Physiol., Lond., 95, 226, 10.1113/jphysiol.1939.sp003721 Pickford, 1947, The action of acetylcholine in the supraoptic nucleus of the chloralosed dog, J. Physiol., Lond., 106, 264, 10.1113/jphysiol.1947.sp004209 Pinget, 1979, Release of cholecystokinin peptides from a synaptosome-enriched fraction of rat cerebral cortex, Life Sci., 25, 339, 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90264-9 Pittman, 1980, Morphine and opioid peptides reduce paraventricular neuronal activity: studies on the rat hypothalamic preparation, 77, 5527 Pittman, 1987, Arginin vasopressin: New roles for an old peptide, 327 Pitzel, 1984, Lack of response in the release of oxytocin and vasopressin from isolated neurohypophysis to dopamine, met-enkephalin and leuenkephalin, Expl Brain Res., 56, 221, 10.1007/BF00236277 Plotsky, 1988, Evidence for inhibin β-chain like peptide mediation of suckling-induced oxytocin secretion, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 14, 627 Pollard, 1987, Histamine neuronal pathways and their functions, TINS, 10, 86 Pollard, 1976, Histidine decarboxylase and histamine in discrete nuclei of rat hypothalamus and the evidence for mast-cells in the median eminence, Brain Res., 118, 509, 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90322-X Poole, 1987, Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits the stimulated in vivo and in vitro release of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat, J. Endocr., 112, 97, 10.1677/joe.0.1120097 Poulain, 1988, Electrical activity of peptidergic neurones and its relation to hormone release, 181 Poulain, 1982, Electrophysiology of hypothalamic magnocellular neurones secreting oxytocin and vasopressin, Neuroscience, 7, 773, 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90044-6 Poulain, 1977, Electrophysiological differentiation of oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurones, 196, 367 Poulain, 1980, Septal connections with identified oxytocin and vasopressin neurones in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat, 5, 379 Pow, 1989, Dendrites of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons release neurohypophysial peptides by exocytosis, Neuroscience, 32, 435, 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90091-2 Pow, 1990, Exocytotic release of oxytocin and vasopressin from dendrites in the rat supraoptic nucleus, J. Neuroendocr., 1 Prell, 1986, Histamine as a neuro-regulator, A. Rev. Neurosci., 9, 209, 10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.001233 Prilusky, 1975, Effect of l-DOPA on milk ejection and prolactin release in lactating rats, J. Endocr., 67, 397, 10.1677/joe.0.0670397 Printz, 1988, Regulation of the brain angiotensin system: A thesis of multicellular involvement, Clin. exp. Hyper. Theory Practice, 10, 17, 10.3109/10641968809046797 Quirion, 1984, Atrial natriuretic factor binding sites in brain and related structures, Peptides, 5, 1167, 10.1016/0196-9781(84)90183-9 Quirion, 1986, Characterization and distribution of receptors for the atrial natriuretic peptide in mammalian brain, 83, 174 Rabhi, 1987, Immunocytochemical study of the GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary by use of antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Cell Tissue Res., 247, 33, 10.1007/BF00216544 Raby, 1989, Dorsomedial medulla stimulation activates rat supraoptic oxytocin and vasopressin neurones through different pathways, J. Physiol., Lond., 417, 279, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017801 Raby, 1989, Nucleus tractus solitarius innervation of supraoptic nucleus: anatomical and electrophysiological studies in the rat suggest differential innervation of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons, Prog. Brain Res., 81, 319, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62020-8 Raby, 1988, Effects of somatostatin-28 on supraoptic magnocellular neurones in the rat, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 14, 666 Raby, 1989, Somatostatin-28, but not somatostatin-14, hyperpolarizes supraoptic magnocellular neurons in the rat, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 1077 Racke, 1982, Dopaminergic modulation of evoked vasopressin release from the isolated neurohypophysis of the rat, 319, 56 Racke, 1988, Presynaptic regulation of the electrically evoked release of endogenous dopamine from the isolated neurointermediate lobe or isolated neural lobe of the rat pituitary gland in vitro, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmak., 337, 504, 10.1007/BF00182723 Rainbow, 1984, Quantitative autoradiography of nicotinic 3H-acetylcholine binding sites in rat brain, Neurosci. Lett., 50, 193, 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90485-3 Randle, 1987, Actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid in rat supraoptic nucleus neurosecretory neurones in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 387, 629, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016592 Randle, 1986, α-Adrenergic receptor activation depolarizes rat supraoptic neurosecretory neurons in vitro, Am. J. Physiol., 251, R569 Randle, 1986, Characterization of spontaneous and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in rat supraoptic neurosecretory neurons in vitro, J. Neurophysiol., 56, 1703, 10.1152/jn.1986.56.6.1703 Randle, 1986, α1-Adrenergic receptor activation depolarizes rat supraoptic neurosecretory neurons in vitro, Am. J. Physiol., 251, R569 Randle, 1986, Serial reconstruction of Lucifer yellow-labeled supraoptic nucleus neurons in perfused rat hypothalamic explants, Neuroscience, 17, 453, 10.1016/0306-4522(86)90259-9 Randle, 1986, Neuropharmacology of supraoptic nucleus neurons: noradrenergic and GABAergic receptors, 45, 2312 Randle, 1986, α1 adrenergic receptor activation releases vasopressin and oxytocin from perfused hypothalamic explants, Neurosci. Lett., 65, 219, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90308-3 Rehfeld, 1985, Neuronal cholecystokinin: One or multiple transmitters?, J. Neurochem., 44, 1, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb07105.x Reichlin, 1983, Somatostatin, 711 Renaud, 1987, Magnocellular neuroendocrine neurons: update on intrinsic properties, synaptic inputs and neuropharmacology, TINS, 10, 498 Renaud, 1988, Electrophysiology of a peptidergic neuron: the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cell, 495 Renaud, 1989, Intracellular recordings from rat supraoptic neurosecretory cells in vivo, Can. J. Physiol. Pharm., 67, Axxx Renaud, 1983, Terminal degeneration in supraoptic nucleus following subfornical organ lesions: ultrastructural observations in the rat, Brain Res., 275, 365, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90999-X Renaud, 1987, Cholecystokinin and gastric distention activate oxytocinergic cells in rat hypothalamus, Am. J. Physiol., 253, R661 Rhodes, 1981, Immunohistochemical analysis of magnocellular elements in rat hypothalamus: distribution and numbers of cells containing neurophysin, oxytocin and vasopressin, J. comp. Neurol., 198, 45, 10.1002/cne.901980106 Roberts, 1983, Histamine and the hypothalamus, Neuroscience, 9, 721, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90264-6 Rogawski, 1985, The A-current: how ubiquitous a feature of excitable cells is it?, TINS, 8, 214 Rökaeus, 1984, A galanin-like peptide in the central nervous system and intestine of the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 47, 161, 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90423-3 Rökaeus, 1988, Galanin coexists with vasopressin in the normal rat hypothalamus and galanin's synthesis is increased in the Brattleboro (diabetes insipidus) rat, Neurosci. Lett., 90, 45, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90784-7 Russell, 1990, Pregnancy reduces the density of μ-type opioid receptors in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat: in vitro H-ligand-binding study, J. Physiol., Lond., 420, 70P Russell, 1981, Bromocriptine and α-ergocryptine do not inhibit oxytocin secretion in the lactating rat, J. Endocr., 89, 91, 10.1677/joe.0.0890091 Saavedra, 1977, Distribution of serotonin and synthesizing enzymes in discrete areas of the brain, 36, 2134 Saavedra, 1974, Serotonin distribution in the nuclei of the rat hypothalamus and preoptic region, Brain Res., 77, 157, 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90812-9 Saavedra, 1975, Distribution of biogenic amines and related enzymes in the rat pituitary gland, J. Neurochem., 25, 257, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb06962.x Saavedra, 1983, High, vasopressin-reversible, immunoreactive somatostatin in specific hypothalamic nuclei of rats with diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro rats), Brain Res., 277, 23, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90903-4 Saavedra, 1986, Binding of angiotensin and atrial natriuretic peptide in brain of hypertensive rats, Nature, 320, 758, 10.1038/320758a0 Sakai, 1974, The isolated organ-cultured supraoptic nucleus as a neuropharmacological test system, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 190, 482 Samson, 1985, Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits dehydration and hemorrhage-induced vasopressin release, Neuroendocrinology, 40, 277, 10.1159/000124085 Samson, 1987, Hypothalamic action of atrial natriuretic factor to inhibit vasopressin secretion, Peptides, 8, 449, 10.1016/0196-9781(87)90008-8 Saper, 1985, Atriopeptin-immunoreactive neurons in the brain: presence in cardiovascular regulatory areas, Science, 227, 1047, 10.1126/science.2858127 Sar, 1978, Immunohistochemical localization of enkephalin in rat brain and spinal cord, J. comp. Neurol., 182, 17, 10.1002/cne.901820103 Sawchenko, 1988, Ultrastructural localization of neuropeptide Y and galanin immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rat, Brain Res., 474, 231, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90438-6 Sawchenko, 1981, Central noradrenergic pathways for the integration of hypothalamic neuroendocrine and autonomic responses, Science, 214, 685, 10.1126/science.7292008 Sawchenko, 1982, The organization of noradrenergic pathways from the brainstem to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the rat, Brain Res. Rev., 4, 275, 10.1016/0165-0173(82)90010-8 Sawchenko, 1982, The distribution and cells of origin of ACTH(1–39)-stained varicosities in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, Brain Res., 232, 365, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90280-3 Sawchenko, 1983, The distribution and cells of origin of serotonergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat, Brain Res., 277, 355, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90945-9 Sawchenko, 1985, Colocalization of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in brainstem catecholaminergic neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, J. comp. Neurol., 241, 138, 10.1002/cne.902410203 Sawchenko, 1988, Somatostatin 28-immunoreactive inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei: principal origin from nonaminergic neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract, J. Chem. Neuroanat., 1, 81 Sawchenko, 1988, Inhibin β in central neural pathways involved in the control of oxytocin secretion, Nature, 334, 167, 10.1038/334615a0 Sawchenko, 1990, Inhibin β-, somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactivities coexist in caudal medullary neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, J. comp. Neurol., 291, 269, 10.1002/cne.902910209 Scharrer, 1940, Secretory cells within the hypothalamus, 20, 170 Schmieden, 1955, The effect of nalorphine on the antidiuretic action of morphine in rats and man, Br. J. Pharmac., 10, 45 Schousboe, 1983, Regulation of glutamatergic and GABA-ergic neuronal activity by astroglial cells, 131 Seizinger, 1984, Evidence for a selective processing of proenkephalin B into different opioid peptide forms in particular regions of rat brain and pituitary, J. Neurochem., 42, 447, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02698.x Seybold, 1978, Investigation of a dopaminergic mechanism for regulating oxytocin release, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 207, 605 Sgro, 1984, Subfornical organ-supraoptic nucleus connections: An electrophysiological study in the rat, Brain Res., 303, 7, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90205-1 Sharman, 1982, In vitro release of endogenous catecholamines from the neural and the intermediate lobes of the rat hypophysis, Neuroendocrinology, 34, 175, 10.1159/000123297 Sharp, 1987, Distribution of nicotinic binding sites with respect to CRF and neurophysin immunoreactive perikarya within the rat hypothalamus, Brain Res., 422, 361, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90945-0 Sherlock, 1975, Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in the magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat, Brain Res., 88, 403, 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90653-8 Sherman, 1986, Coordinate expression of hypothalamic pro-dynorphin and pro-vasopressin mRNAs with osmotic stimulation, Neuroendocrinology, 44, 222, 10.1159/000124649 Sherman, 1986, Vasopressin mRNA regulation in individual hypothalamic nuclei: A northern and in situ hybridization analysis, J. Neurosci., 6, 1685, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-06-01685.1986 Shibuki, 1988, Effects of naloxone and of intraperitoneal hypertonic saline upon oxytocin release and upon supraoptic neuronal activity, Neurosci. Lett., 88, 75, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90318-7 Shigematsu, 1986, Angiotensin II binding sites in the anteroventral-third ventricle (AV3V) area and related structures of the rat brain, Neurosci. Lett., 67, 37, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90204-1 Shoji, 1989, Effect on vasopressin release of microinjection of angiotensin II into the paraventricular nucleus of conscious rats, Neuroendocrinology, 50, 327, 10.1159/000125241 Shults, 1984, A comparison of the anatomical distribution of substance P and substance P receptors in the rat central nervous system, Peptides, 5, 1097, 10.1016/0196-9781(84)90177-3 Sibbald, 1989, Neuropeptide Y potentiates excitation of supraoptic neurosecretory cells by noradrenaline, Brain Res., 499, 164, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91147-5 Silverman, 1983, Magnocellular neurosecretory system, A. Rev. Neurosci., 6, 357, 10.1146/annurev.ne.06.030183.002041 Silverman, 1981, The descending afferent connections of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), Brain Res. Bull., 6, 47, 10.1016/S0361-9230(81)80068-8 Silverman, 1983, Ultrastructural identification of noradrenergic nerve terminals and vasopressin-containing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus in the same thin section, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 31, 1151, 10.1177/31.9.6350438 Silverman, 1983, Ultrastructural studies of vasopressin neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus using a monoclonal antibody to vasopressin: Analysis of synaptic input, Neuroscience, 9, 141, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90052-0 Silverman, 1983, Ultrastructural identification of noradrenergic nerve terminals and vasopressin-containing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus in the same thin section, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 31, 1151, 10.1177/31.9.6350438 Simantov, 1977, Opiate receptor binding in the pituitary gland, Brain Res., 124, 178, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90877-0 Simpson, 1981, The circumventricular organs and the central actions of angiotensin, Neuroendocrinology, 32, 248, 10.1159/000123167 Sinton, 1988, Cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin antagonists enhance postsynaptic excitability in the dentate gyrus, Peptides, 9, 1049, 10.1016/0196-9781(88)90087-3 Skirboll, 1981, Peptide-monoamine coexistence: studies on the actions of cholecystokinin-like peptides on the electrical activity of midbrain dopamine neurons, Neuroscience, 6, 2111, 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90002-6 Skofitsch, 1985, Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system, Peptides, 6, 509, 10.1016/0196-9781(85)90118-4 Skofitsch, 1988, Atrial natriuretic peptide in the central nervous system of the rat, Cell. molec. Neurobiol., 8, 339, 10.1007/BF00711224 Skofitsch, 1985, Distribution of atrial natriuretic factor-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain, Neuroscience, 16, 917, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90106-X Sladek, 1987, Effect of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides on vasopressin release, 275 Sladek, 1984, Cholinergic stimulation of vasopressin release in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Hypertension, 6, 855, 10.1161/01.HYP.6.6.855 Sladek, 1979, Angiotensin stimulation of vasopressin release from the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in organ culture, Endocrinology, 104, 148, 10.1210/endo-104-1-148 Sladek, 1979, Characterization of cholinergic control of vasopressin release by the organ cultured rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, Endocrinology, 104, 659, 10.1210/endo-104-3-659 Sladek, 1977, Cholinergic stimulation of vasopressin release from the rat hypothalamoneurohypophysial system in organ culture, Endocrinology, 101, 411, 10.1210/endo-101-2-411 Sofroniew, 1985, Vasopressin, oxytocin and their related neurophysins, 93 Sofroniew, 1982, Topography of choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons in the forebrain of the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 33, 7, 10.1016/0304-3940(82)90121-5 Sofroniew, 1983, Immunohistochemical approaches to the study of neuroendocrine and related neurones, Q. Jl Physiol., 68, 435, 10.1113/expphysiol.1983.sp002738 Standaert, 1986, Organization of atriopeptin-like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the rat, J. comp. Neurol., 253, 315, 10.1002/cne.902530304 Standaert, 1987, Inhibition of the firing of vasopressin neurons by atriopeptin, Nature, 329, 151, 10.1038/329151a0 Standaert, 1988, Expression of the gene for preproatriopeptin in the central nervous system of the rat, Molec. Brain Res., 4, 7, 10.1016/0169-328X(88)90012-5 Steardo, 1986, Vasopressin release after enhanced serotonergic transmission is not due to activation of the peripheral renin-angiotensin system, Brain Res., 382, 145, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90122-8 Steinbusch, 1981, Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat—cell bodies and terminals, Neuroscience, 6, 557, 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90146-9 Steinbusch, 1984, Immunohistochemical localization of histamine in neurons and mast cells in the rat brain, Vol. 3, 126 Stoeckel, 1982, Immunocytochemical localization of substance P in the neurohypophysis and hypothalamus of the mouse compared with the distribution of other neuropeptides, Cell Tissue Res., 223, 533, 10.1007/BF00218474 Storm-Mathisen, 1983, First visualization of glutamate and GABA in neurones by immuno-cytochemistry, Nature, 301, 517, 10.1038/301517a0 Stutinsky, 1974, Morphological and physiological reactions in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, 15 Sugiyama, 1986, Characterization of putative nicotine acetylcholine receptors solubilized from rat brains, Brain Res., 373, 22, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90311-2 Sullivan, 1989, Angiotensin II induces oxytocin and vasopressin release from perfused hypothalamic explants, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 218 Summerlee, 1981, Extracellular recordings from oxytocin neurones during the expulsive phase of birth in unanesthetized rats, J. Physiol., Lond., 321, 1, 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013967 Summy-Long, 1984, A functional role for opioid peptides in the differential secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin, Brain Res., 309, 362, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90605-X Swanson, 1979, The connections of the septal region in the rat, J. comp. Neurol., 186, 621, 10.1002/cne.901860408 Swanson, 1983, Hypothalamic integration: organization of the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus, A. Rev. Neurosci., 6, 269, 10.1146/annurev.ne.06.030183.001413 Swanson, 1978, Further studies on the fine structure of the adrenergic innervation of the hypothalamus, Brain Res., 151, 165, 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90960-5 Tanaka, 1986, Lateral hypothalamic area stimulation excites neurons in the region of the subfornical organ with efferent projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat, Brain Res., 379, 200, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90278-7 Tanaka, 1986, Subfornical organ efferents influence the activity of median preoptic neurons projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat, Expl Neurol., 93, 647, 10.1016/0014-4886(86)90184-6 Tanaka, 1986, Efferent pathways from the subfornical organ to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: an electrophysiological study in the rat, Expl Brain Res., 62, 509, 10.1007/BF00236029 Tappaz, 1977, Glutamate decarboxylase GAD and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in discrete nuclei of hypothalamus and substantia nigra, Brain Res., 125, 109, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90363-8 Tappaz, 1983, Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD in the basal hypothalamus: morphological evidence for neuroendocrine gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), Neuroscience, 9, 271, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90293-2 Tatemoto, 1982, Neuropeptide Y—a novel brain peptide with structural similarities for peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide, Nature, 296, 659, 10.1038/296659a0 Tatemoto, 1983, Galanin—a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine, FEBS Lett., 164, 124, 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80033-7 Theodosis, 1985, Oxytocin-immunoreactive terminals synapse on oxytocin neurones in the supraoptic nucleus, Nature, 313, 682, 10.1038/313682a0 Theodosis, 1988, Synaptic inputs to oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurons: multiple immunostaining for light and electron microscopy, 33 Theodosis, 1986, Immunocytochemical analysis of the GABAergic innervation of oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus, Neuroscience, 19, 207, 10.1016/0306-4522(86)90016-3 Thomson, 1982, Responses of supraoptic neurons to electrical stimulation of the medial amygdaloid nucleus, Neuroscience, 7, 2197, 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90130-0 Tolliver, 1981, Muscarinic receptors in the posterior pituitary gland, Neuroendocrinology, 32, 33, 10.1159/000123126 Tribollet, 1981, Localization of neurones projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus area of the rat: a horseradish peroxidase study, Neuroscience, 6, 1315, 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90190-1 Tribollet, 1985, Extrahypothalamic afferent inputs to the supraoptic nucleus area of the rat as determined by retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques, Neuroscience, 15, 135, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90128-9 Tribollet, 1988, Localization and pharmacological characterization of high affinity binding sites for vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat brain by light microscopic autoradiography, Brain Res., 442, 105, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91437-0 Tuomisto, 1979, Antidiuresis induced by infusions of histamine into the brain ventricles of conscious hydrated goats, Eur. J. Pharmac., 54, 191, 10.1016/0014-2999(79)90077-3 Tuomisto, 1984, Plasma vasopressin levels after I.C.V. infusion of histamine agonists in the conscious goat, Agents and Actions, 14, 558, 10.1007/BF01973871 Ukai, 1981, Antidiuretic activities of substance P and its analogs, Experientia, 37, 521, 10.1007/BF01986174 Urano, 1978, Effects of noradrenaline and dopamine injected into the supraoptic nucleus on urine flow rate in hydrated rats, Expl Neurol., 60, 140, 10.1016/0014-4886(78)90173-5 Van den Pol, 1985, Dual ultrastructural localization of two neurotransmitter-related antigens: colloidal gold-labelled neurophysin-immunoreactive supraoptic neurons receive peroxidase-labeled glutamate decarboxylase- or gold-labeled GABA-immunoreactive synapses, J. Neurosci., 5, 2940, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.05-11-02940.1985 Vandeputte-Van Messom, 1975, Effect of intraventricular administration of noradrenaline or water diuresis in goats, J. Endocr., 66, 375, 10.1677/joe.0.0660375 Vandeputte-Van Messom, 1979, Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of dopamine on urinary function in goats, Archs int. Pharmacodyn., 241, 108 Vanderhaegen, 1980, Immunohistochemical localization of cholecystokinin- and gastrin-like peptides in the brain and hypophysis of the rat, 77, 1190 Vanderhaegen, 1981, Coexistence of cholecystokinin and oxytocin-neurophysin in some magnocellular hypothalamo-hypophysial neurons, Cell Tissue Res., 221, 227, 10.1007/BF00216585 Vanderhaegen, 1983, Proenkephalin (Met)enkephalin and oxytocin immunoreactivities are colocalized in bovine hypothalamic magnocellular neurons, 80, 5139 Van Houten, 1980, Radioautographic localization of specific binding sites for blood-borne angiotensin II in the rat brain, Brain Res., 186, 480, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90995-6 Van Leeuwen, 1987, Vasopressin receptors in the brain and pituitary, 477 Van Leeuwen, 1979, The localization of oxytocin, vasopressin, somatostatin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the rat neurohypophysis, Cell Tissue Res., 202, 189, 10.1007/BF00232234 Van Leeuwen, 1983, Enkephalin immunoreactivity in synaptoid elements on glial cells in the rat neural lobe, Neuroscience, 8, 229, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90062-3 Van Leeuwen, 1985, Light microscopic autoradiographic localization of [3H]oxytocin binding sites in the rat brain, pituitary and mammary gland, Brain Res., 359, 320, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)91443-X Van Leeuwen, 1987, Quantitative light microscopic autoradiographic localization of binding sites labelled with [3H]vasopressin antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)VP in the rat brain, pituitary and kidney, Brain Res., 80, 121 Van Wimersma Greidanus, 1983, Vasopressin and memory, Pharmac. Ther., 20, 437, 10.1016/0163-7258(83)90036-0 Verbalis, 1986, Oxytocin secretion in response to cholecystokinin and food: differentiation of nausea from satiety, Science, 232, 1417, 10.1126/science.3715453 Verbalis, 1987, Vasopressin release in response to nausea-producing agents and cholecystokinin in monkeys, Am. J. Physiol., 252, R749 Versteeg, 1976, Regional concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in rat brain, Brain Res., 113, 563, 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90057-3 Vincent, 1982, GABA neuron systems in hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, Neuroendocrinology, 34, 117, 10.1159/000123288 Vizi, 1980, Inhibition by dopamine of oxytocin release from isolated posterior lobe of the hypophysis of the rat; disinhibitory effect of β-endorphin/enkephalin, Neuroendocrinology, 31, 46, 10.1159/000123049 Wakerley, 1971, Intermittent release of oxytocin during suckling in the rat, Nature New Biol., 233, 180, 10.1038/newbio233180a0 Wakerley, 1973, The milk ejection in the rat: a 20- to 40-fold acceleration in the firing of paraventricular neurones during oxytocin release, J. Endocr., 57, 477, 10.1677/joe.0.0570477 Wakerley, 1975, Activity of phasic neurosecretory cells during haemorrhage, Nature, 258, 82, 10.1038/258082a0 Wakerley, 1978, Comparison of firing patterns in oxytocin and vasopressin-releasing neurones during progressive dehydration, Brain Res., 148, 425, 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90730-8 Wakerley, 1983, Effects of morphine on d-ALA, d-Leu enkephalin on the electrical activity of supraoptic neurosecretory cells in vitro, Neuroscience, 10, 73, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90081-7 Walmsley, 1980, Immunohistochemical localization of enkephalin in the rat forebrain, Brain Res., 190, 153, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)91166-X Wammack, 1988, Endogenous opioid inhibition of the release of oxytocin from the isolated rat neurohypophysis during high-frequency stimulation of the pituitary stalk, Neurosci. Lett., 92, 114, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90752-5 Wang, 1987, Somatostatin centrally inhibits vasopressin secretion during haemorrhage, Brain Res., 436, 199, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91577-0 Watanabe, 1984, Distribution of the histaminergic neuron system in the central nervous system of rats: a fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis with histidine decarboxylase as a marker, Brain Res., 295, 13, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90811-4 Watkins, 1987, Recent advances in the pharmacology of excitatory amino acids, 19 Watson, 1982, Dynorphin and vasopressin: common localization in magnocellular neurons, Science, 216, 85, 10.1126/science.6121376 Watson, 1988, Somatostatin-(14) and -(28) but not somatostatin (1–12) hyperpolarize CAI pyramidal neurons in vitro, Brain Res., 448, 40, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91099-2 Whitaker, 1972, Electron microscopic histochemistry of cholinesterase in the posterior, intermediate and anterior lobes of the rat pituitary, Z. Zellforsch., 130, 152, 10.1007/BF00306954 Whiting, 1987, Purification and characterization of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from rat brain, 84, 595 Whitnall, 1983, Dynorphin-A-(1–8) is contained within vasopressin neurosecretory vesicles in rat pituitary, Science, 222, 1137, 10.1126/science.6648526 Wilkin, 1989, The supraoptic nucleus: afferents from areas involved in control of body fluid homeostasis, Neuroscience, 28, 573, 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90006-7 Willoughby, 1987, Neuropeptide Y injected into the supraoptic nucleus causes secretion of vasopressin in the unanesthetized rat, Neurosci. Lett., 75, 17, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90068-1 Willoughby, 1987, Noradrenaline, by activation of alpha-1 adrenoreceptors in the region of the supraoptic nucleus, causes secretion of vasopressin in the unanesthetized rat, Neuroendocrinology, 45, 219, 10.1159/000124729 Wolfe, 1986, Effects of calcium on frequency modulated secretion of vasopressin from isolated murine neural lobes, Brain Res., 399, 190, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90618-9 Wong, 1986, Direct, neuronal action of atrial natriuretic factor in the rat brain, Neuroendocrinology, 44, 49, 10.1159/000124620 Yagi, 1964, Neurosecretory cell: capable of conducting impulse in rats, Science, 154, 778, 10.1126/science.154.3750.778 Yamada, 1986, Central effect of atrial natriuretic polypeptide on angiotensin II-stimulated vasopressin secretion in conscious rats, Eur. J. Pharmac., 125, 453, 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90802-2 Yamada, 1989, Effects of naloxone on vasopressin secretion in conscious rats: evidence for inhibitory role of endogenous opioid peptides in vasopressin secretion, Endocrinology, 125, 785, 10.1210/endo-125-2-785 Yamane, 1984, Release of vasopressin by electrical stimulation of the intermediate portion of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius in rats with cervical spinal cordotomy and vagotomy, Brain Res., 324, 358, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90049-0 Yamashita, 1977, Effect of baro- and chemoreceptor activation on supraoptic nuclei neurons in the hypothalamus, Brain Res., 126, 551, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90607-2 Yamashita, 1979, Influence of carotid and aortic baroreceptors on neurosecretory neurons in supraoptic nuclei, Brain Res., 170, 259, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90106-9 Yamashita, 1983, Phasically firing neurons in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus: immunocytochemical and electrophysiological studies, Neurosci. Lett., 37, 87, 10.1016/0304-3940(83)90509-8 Yamashita, 1987, Depolarizing effect of noradrenaline on neurons of the rat supraoptic nucleus in vitro, Brain Res., 405, 348, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90304-0 Yamashita, 1987, Oxytocin predominantly excites putative oxytocin neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus in vitro, Brain Res., 416, 364, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90920-6 Yang, 1989, Post-synaptic dopamine (DA) D-2 receptor depolarizes supraoptic neurones (SON) in rat hypothalamic explant, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 425 Yang, 1989, Inhibition of rat supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons by histamine (HA) H2-receptor activation, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 1087 Zaborszky, 1975, Quantitative studies on the supraoptic nucleus in the rat. II. Afferent fiber connections, Expl Brain Res., 22, 525, 10.1007/BF00237352 Zamir, 1985, Methionine and leucine enkephalin in rat neurohypophysis: different responses to osmotic stimuli and T2 toxin, Science, 228, 606, 10.1126/science.2858918 Zamir, 1986, Distribution of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptides in the central nervous system of the rat, Brain Res., 365, 105, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90727-4 Zarbin, 1983, Autoradiographic localization of cholecystokinin receptors in rodent brain, J. Neurosci., 3, 877, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.03-04-00877.1983 Zhao, 1988, Opioidnoradrenergic interactions in the neurohypophysis. I. Differential opioid receptor regulation of oxytocin, vasopressin and noradrenaline release, Neuroendocrinology, 48, 16, 10.1159/000124984 Zhao, 1988, Opioid—noradrenergic interactions in the neurohypophysis. II. Does noradrenaline mediate the actions of endogenous opioids on oxytocin and vasopressin release?, Neuroendocrinology, 48, 25, 10.1159/000124985 Zingg, 1979, Action of γ-aminobutyric acid on hypothalamo-neurohypophysial axons, Brain Res., 171, 453, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)91049-7