Neurobiology of Tourette's syndrome: concepts of neuroanatomic localization and neurochemical abnormalities
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Tourette, 1885, Étude sur une affection nerveuse caractérisée par l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'écholalie et de copralalie, Arch Neurol, Vol 9, 19
Tourette, 1885, Étude sur une affection nerveuse caractérisée par l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'écholalie et de copralalie, Arch Neurol, Vol 9, 158
Singer, 1991, Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment, Medicine (Baltimore), 70, 15, 10.1097/00005792-199101000-00002
Alexander, 1986, Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex, Annu Rev Neurosci, 9, 357, 10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041
Cummings, 1993, Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior, Arch Neurol, 50, 873, 10.1001/archneur.1993.00540080076020
Gerfen, 1996, The Basal Ganglia
Graybiel, 1994, The basal ganglia and adaptive motor control, Science, 265, 1826, 10.1126/science.8091209
Schuerholz, 1998, Gender study of neuropsychological and neuromotor function in children with Tourette syndrome with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, J Child Neurol, 13, 277, 10.1177/088307389801300607
Georgopoulos, 1983, Relations between parameters of step-tracking movements and single cell discharge in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus of the behaving monkey, J Neurosci, 3, 1586, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.03-08-01586.1983
DeLong, 1985, Primate globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus: functional organization, J Neurophysiol, 53, 530, 10.1152/jn.1985.53.2.530
Smith, 1998, Microcircuitry of the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia, Neuroscience, 86, 353
Filion, 2000, Physiologic basis of dyskinesia, Ann Neurol, 47, S35
Parent, 1995, Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 20, 91, 10.1016/0165-0173(94)00007-C
Parent, 1995, Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum in basal ganglia circuitry, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 20, 128, 10.1016/0165-0173(94)00008-D
Graybiel, 2000, Levodopa-induced dyskinesias and dopamine-dependent stereotypies: a new hypothesis, Trends Neurosci, 23, S71, 10.1016/S1471-1931(00)00027-6
Canales, 2000, A measure of striatal function predicts motor stereotypy, Nat Neurosci, 3, 377, 10.1038/73949
Brown, 2002, Differential metabolic activity in the striosome and matrix compartments of the rat striatum during natural behaviors, J Neurosci, 22, 305, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00305.2002
Olson, 1972, Heterogeneity of striatal and limbic dopamine innervation: highly fluorescent islands in developing and adult rats, Brain Res, 44, 283, 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90385-X
Pert, 1976, Opiate receptor: autoradio-graphic localization in rat brain, 73, 3729
Graybiel, 1978, Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkeys, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining, 75, 5723
Graybiel, 1980, Clumping of acetylcholinesterase activity in the developing striatum of the human fetus and young infant, 77, 1214
Gerfen, 1992, The neostriatal mosaic: multiple levels of compartmental organization in the basal ganglia, Annu Rev Neurosci, 15, 285, 10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.001441
Graybiel, 1990, Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia, Trends Neurosci, 13, 244, 10.1016/0166-2236(90)90104-I
Di Chiara, 1994, Modulatory functions of neurotransmitters in the striatum: ACh/dopamine/NMDA interactions, Trends Neurosci, 17, 228, 10.1016/0166-2236(94)90005-1
Calabresi, 1996, The corticostriatal projection: from synaptic plasticity to dysfunctions of the basal ganglia, Trends Neurosci, 19, 19, 10.1016/0166-2236(96)81862-5
Delfs, 1990, Microinjection of cocaine into the nucleus accumbens elicits locomotor activation in the rat, J Neurosci, 10, 303, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-01-00303.1990
Sacks, 1982, Acquired Tourettism in adult life, Adv Neurol, 35, 89
Wohlfart, 1961, Compulsory shouting (Benedek's klazomania) associated with oculogyric spasms in chronic epidemic encephalitis, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 36, 369, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1961.tb01051.x
Rauch, 1995, Neurosurgical treatment of Tourette's syndrome: a critical review, Compr Psychiatry, 36, 141, 10.1016/S0010-440X(95)90109-4
Sheppard, 2000, Movement sequencing in children with Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Mov Disord, 15, 184, 10.1002/1531-8257(200011)15:6<1184::AID-MDS1018>3.0.CO;2-N
Serrien, 2002, Movement control of manipulative tasks in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Brain, 125, 290, 10.1093/brain/awf024
Sheppard, 2002, Abnormal line bisection judgements in children with Tourette's syndrome, Neuropsychologia, 40, 253, 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00109-9
Lou, 1999, Striatal dysfunction in attention deficit and hyperkinetic disorder, Arch Neurol, 46, 48, 10.1001/archneur.1989.00520370050018
Zametkin, 1990, Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset, N Engl J Med, 323, 1361, 10.1056/NEJM199011153232001
Castellanos, 1994, Quantitative morphology of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 151, 1791, 10.1176/ajp.151.12.1791
Hynd, 1993, Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and asymmetry of the caudate nucleus, J Child Neurol, 8, 339, 10.1177/088307389300800409
Harris, 1995, Executive function in children with Tourette syndrome and/or attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 1, 511, 10.1017/S1355617700000631
Schuerholz, 1996, Neuropsychological status of children with Tourette's syndrome with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Neurology, 46, 958, 10.1212/WNL.46.4.958
Mahone, 2001, Executive function in fluency and recall measures among children with Tourette syndrome or ADHD, J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 7, 102, 10.1017/S1355617701711101
Muller, 2003, Disturbed monitoring and response inhibition in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and co-morbid obsessive compulsive disorder, Behav Neurol, 14, 29, 10.1155/2003/832906
Denckla, 1997, Prefrontal-subcortical circuits in developmental disorders, 283
Levin, 1991, Developmental changes in performance on tests of purported frontal lobe functioning, Dev Neuropsychol, 7, 377, 10.1080/87565649109540499
Chase, 1986, Structural and functional studies of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Rev Neurol, 142, 851
Harcherik, 1985, Computed tomographic brain scanning in four neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood, Am J Psychiatry, 142, 731, 10.1176/ajp.142.6.731
Robertson, 1988, The psychopathology of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. A phenomenological analysis, Br J Psychiatry, 152, 383, 10.1192/bjp.152.3.383
Demirkol, 1999, Bilateral globus pallidus lesions in a patient with Tourette syndrome and related disorders, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 863, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00087-6
McAbee, 1999, Tourette syndrome associated with unilateral cystic changes in the gyrus rectus, Pediatr Neurol, 20, 322, 10.1016/S0887-8994(98)00159-3
Krumholz, 1983, Electrophysiological studies in Tourette's syndrome, Ann Neurol, 14, 638, 10.1002/ana.410140606
Drake, 1991, Computerized EEG frequency analysis in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Clin Electroencephalogr, 22, 250, 10.1177/155005949102200413
Drake, 1992, Auditory evoked potentials in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Clin Electroencephalogr, 23, 19, 10.1177/155005949202300106
Obeso, 1981, Simple tics in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are not prefaced by a normal premovement EEG potential, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 44, 735, 10.1136/jnnp.44.8.735
Papa, 1991, Cortical activity preceding self-initiated and externally triggered voluntary movement, Mov Disord, 6, 217, 10.1002/mds.870060305
Cohrs, 2001, Decreased sleep quality and increased sleep related movements in patients with Tourette's syndrome, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 70, 192, 10.1136/jnnp.70.2.192
Glaze, 1983, Sleep in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: disorder of arousal, Neurology, 33, 586, 10.1212/WNL.33.5.586
Silvestri, 1990, The effect of nocturnal physiological sleep on various movement disorders, Mov Disord, 5, 8, 10.1002/mds.870050104
Swerdlow, 2001, Tactile prepuff inhibition of startle in children with Tourette's syndrome: in search of an ‘fMRI-friendly’ startle paradigm, Biol Psychiatry, 50, 578, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01164-7
Georgiou, 1998, Directed attention in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Behav Neurol, 11, 85, 10.1155/1998/413436
Howells, 1998, The ability to orient attention in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Behav Neurol, 11, 205, 10.1155/1999/561048
Johannes, 1997, Brain potentials and time estimation in humans, Neurosci Lett, 231, 63, 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00529-6
Johannes, 2001, Electrophysiological measures and dual-task performance in Tourette syndrome indicate deficient divided attention mechanisms, Eur J Neurol, 8, 253, 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00199.x
Johannes, 2002, Excessive action monitoring in Tourette syndrome, J Neurol, 249, 961, 10.1007/s00415-002-0657-9
Oades, 1996, Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy children and those with attention-deficit or Tourette/tic symptoms, Biol Psychol, 43, 163, 10.1016/0301-0511(96)05189-7
van Woerkom, 1994, Altered attentional processing of background stimuli in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a study in auditory event-related potentials evoked in anoddball paradigm, Acta Neurol Scand, 90, 116, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02690.x
O'Connor, 2001, Preparation and motor potentials in chronic tic and Tourette syndromes, Brain Cogn, 46, 224, 10.1016/S0278-2626(01)80071-3
Richardson, 1982, Neuropathological studies of Tourette syndrome, Adv Neurol, 35, 83
Dewult, 1941, Etudes anatomocliniques de syndrome hypercinetiques complexes, Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol, 104, 53, 10.1159/000148516
Balthasar, 1957, Uber das anatomische Substrat der generalisierten Tic-Krankheit: Entwicklungshemmung des corpus striatum, Arch Psychiatr Berlin, 195, 531, 10.1007/BF00343129
Northam, 1991, Postencephalitic acquired Tourette-like syndrome in a child, Neurology, 41, 592, 10.1212/WNL.41.4.592
Majumdar, 2002, Delayed and severe but transient Tourette syndrome after head injury, Pediatr Neurol, 27, 314, 10.1016/S0887-8994(02)00446-0
Factor, 1997, Adult-onset tics associated with peripheral injury, Mov Disord, 12, 1052, 10.1002/mds.870120634
Kwak, 2002, Tourettism and dystonia after subcortical stroke, Mov Disord, 17, 821, 10.1002/mds.10207
Singer, 1997, A Tourette-like syndrome following cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia: MRI volumetric measurements, Mov Disord, 12, 588, 10.1002/mds.870120417
Klawans, 1978, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy, Neurology, 28, 1064, 10.1212/WNL.28.10.1064
Singer, 1981, Transient Gilles de la Tourette syndrome after chronic neuroleptic withdrawal, Dev Med Child Neurol, 23, 518, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1981.tb02025.x
Pantoni, 1997, Disappearance of motor tics after Wernicke's encephalopathy in a patient with Tourette's syndrome, Neurology, 48, 381, 10.1212/WNL.48.2.381
Baxter, 1990, Brain imaging as a tool in establishing a theory of brain pathology in obsessive compulsive disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 51, 22
Baxter, 1990, PET imaging in obsessive compulsive disorder with and without depression, J Clin Psychiatry, 51, 61
Stoetter, 1992, Functional neuroanatomy of Tourette syndrome. Limbic-motor interactions studied with FDG PET, Adv Neurol, 68, 213
Jeffries, 2002, The functional neuroanatomy of Tourette's syndrome: an FDG PET study, III. Functional coupling of regional cerebral metabolic rates, Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, 92, 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00428-6
Hall, 1991, Brain perfusion patterns with 99mTc HMPAO/SPECT in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome-short report, 243
Riddle, 1992, SPECT imaging of cerebral blood flow in Tourette syndrome, Adv Neurol, 58, 207
Chiu, 2001, Differences in 99mTc-HMPAO brain SPET perfusion imaging between Tourette's syndrome and chronic tic disorder in children, Eur J Nucl Med, 28, 183, 10.1007/s002590000402
Diler, 2002, Tc-99m-ECD SPECT brain imaging in children with Tourette's syndrome, Yonsei Med J, 43, 403, 10.3349/ymj.2002.43.4.403
Stern, 2000, A functional neuroanatomy of tics in Tourette syndrome, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57, 741, 10.1001/archpsyc.57.8.741
Peterson, 1993, Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette's syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images, Neurology, 43, 941, 10.1212/WNL.43.5.941
Hyde, 1995, Cerebral morphometric abnormalities in Tourette's syndrome: a quantitative MRI study of monozygotic twins, Neurology, 45, 1176, 10.1212/WNL.45.6.1176
Singer, 1993, Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome, Neurology, 43, 950, 10.1212/WNL.43.5.950
Moriarty, 1997, A volumetric MRI study of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, Neurology, 49, 410, 10.1212/WNL.49.2.410
Baumgardner, 1996, Corpus callosum morphology in children with Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Neurology, 47, 477, 10.1212/WNL.47.2.477
Peterson, 1994, Corpus callosum morphology from magnetic resonance images in Tourette's syndrome, Psychiatry Res, 55, 85, 10.1016/0925-4927(94)90003-5
Mostofsky, 1999, Corpus callosum measurements in girls with Tourette syndrome, Neurology, 53, 1345, 10.1212/WNL.53.6.1345
Zimmerman, 2000, Subcortical volumes in girls with tourette syndrome: support for a gender effect, Neurology, 54, 2224, 10.1212/WNL.54.12.2224
Peterson, 2001, Regional brain and ventricular volumes in Tourette syndrome, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58, 427, 10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.427
Fredericksen, 2002, Disproportionate increases of white matter in right frontal lobe in Tourette syndrome, Neurology, 58, 85, 10.1212/WNL.58.1.85
Kates, 2002, MRI parcellation of the frontal lobe in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or Tourette syndrome, Psychiatry Res, 116, 63, 10.1016/S0925-4927(02)00066-5
Peterson, 1998, A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of tic suppression in Tourette syndrome, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 55, 326, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.4.326
Biswal, 1999, Blind source separation of multiple signal sources of fMRI data sets using independent component analysis, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 23, 265, 10.1097/00004728-199903000-00016
Serrien, 2002, Control of manipulative forces during unimanual and bimanual tasks in patients with Huntington's disease, Exp Brain Res, 143, 328, 10.1007/s00221-001-0992-6
Farber, 1999, Saccadic performance characteristics and the behavioural neurology of Tourette's syndrome, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 66, 305, 10.1136/jnnp.66.3.305
Narita, 1997, Eye movement abnormalities in a case of Tourette syndrome, Dev Med Child Neurol, 39, 270, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07425.x
Mostofsky, 2001, Oculomotor abnormalities in boys with tourette syndrome with and without ADHD, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 40, 1464, 10.1097/00004583-200112000-00018
Dursun, 2000, Antisaccade eye movement abnormalities in Tourette syndrome: evidence for cortico-striatal network dysfunction?, J Psychopharmacol, 14, 37, 10.1177/026988110001400104
Lasker, 1997, Ocular motor abnormalities in Huntington's disease, Vision Res, 37, 3639, 10.1016/S0042-6989(96)00169-1
Guitton, 1985, Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppressing reflexive glances and in generating goal-directed saccades, Exp Brain Res, 58, 455, 10.1007/BF00235863
Singer, 1997, Neurobiology of Tourette syndrome, Neurol Clin, 15, 357, 10.1016/S0733-8619(05)70318-2
Lowenstein, 1989, Compartment-specific changes in the density of choline and dopamine uptake sites and muscarinic and dopaminergic receptors during the development of the baboon striatum: a quantitative receptor autoradiographic study, J Comp Neurol, 288, 428, 10.1002/cne.902880306
Fog, 1971, Behavioral effects of dopamine and p-hydroxyamphetamine injected into corpus striatum of rats, Exp Neurol, 31, 75, 10.1016/0014-4886(71)90178-6
Ridley, 1994, The psychology of perserverative and stereotyped behaviour, Prog Neurobiol, 44, 221, 10.1016/0301-0082(94)90039-6
Clark, 1987, D1 dopamine receptor - the search for a function: a critical evaluation of the D1/D2 dopamine receptor classification and its functional implications, Synapse, 1, 347, 10.1002/syn.890010408
Delfs, 1990, The role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in oral stereotypy induced by dopaminergic stimulation of the ventrolateral striatum, Neuroscience, 39, 59, 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90221-O
Robinson, 1986, Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis, Brain Res, 396, 157, 10.1016/0165-0173(86)90002-0
Dumartin, 1998, Internalization of D1 dopamine receptor in striatal neurons in vivo as evidence of activation by dopamine agonists, J Neurosci, 18, 1650, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-05-01650.1998
Mink, 2001, Basal ganglia dysfunction in Tourette's syndrome: a new hypothesis, Pediatr Neurol, 25, 190, 10.1016/S0887-8994(01)00262-4
Ziemann, 1997, Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette's disorder: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation, Am J Psychiatry, 154, 1277, 10.1176/ajp.154.9.1277
Moll, 1999, Deficient motor control in children with tic disorder: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation, Neurosci Lett, 272, 37340, 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00575-3
Moll, 2001, Children with comorbid attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder: evidence for additive inhibitory deficits within the motor system, Ann Neurol, 49, 393, 10.1002/ana.77
Leckman, 1995, Tic Disorders, 1665
Singer, 1982, Dopaminergic dsyfunction in Tourette syndrome, Ann Neurol, 12, 361, 10.1002/ana.410120408
Singer, 1991, Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem striatum from patients with Tourette's syndrome, ann Neurol, 30, 558, 10.1002/ana.410300408
Centonze, 1999, Unilateral dopamine denervation blocks corticostriatal LTP, J Neurophysiol, 82, 3575, 10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3575
Groves, 1995, Elements of the intrinsic organization and information processing in the neostriatum, 51
Wickens, 1995, Effects of local connectivity on striatal function: stimulation and analysis of a model, Synapse, 20, 281, 10.1002/syn.890200402
Aosaki, 1994, Responses of tonically active neurons in the primate's striatum undergo systematic changes during behavioral sensorimotor conditioning, J Neurosci, 14, 3969, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-06-03969.1994
Singer, 1982, Clinical symptomatology, CSF neurotransmitter metabolites, and serum haloperidol levels in Tourette syndrome, Adv Neurol, 35, 177
Butler, 1979, Biogenic amine metabolism in Tourette syndrome, Ann Neurol, 6, 37, 10.1002/ana.410060109
Cohen, 1978, Chronic, multiple tics of Gilles de la Tourette's disease. CSF acid monoamine metabolites after probenecid administration, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 35, 245, 10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770260123015
George, 1994, Dopamine receptor availability in Tourette's syndrome, Psychiatry Res, 55, 193, 10.1016/0925-4927(94)90014-0
Turjanski, 1994, PET studies of the presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic system in Tourette's syndrome, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 57, 688, 10.1136/jnnp.57.6.688
Wolf, 1996, Tourette syndrome: prediction of phenotypic variation in monozygotic twins by caudate nucleus D2 receptor binding, Science, 273, 1225, 10.1126/science.273.5279.1225
Wong, 1997, D2-like dopamine receptor density in Tourette syndrome measured by PET, J Nucl Med, 38, 1243
Malison, 1995, [123I]β-CIT SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine transporter binding in Tourette's disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 1359, 10.1176/ajp.152.9.1359
Muller-Vahl, 2000, Dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, J Neurol, 247, 514, 10.1007/PL00007806
Heinz, 1998, Tourette's syndrome: [123I]β-CIT SPECT correlates of vocal tic severity, Neurology, 51, 1069, 10.1212/WNL.51.4.1069
Wong, 1998, Dopamine transporter changes in neuropsychiatric disorders, Adv Pharmacol, 42, 219, 10.1016/S1054-3589(08)60732-2
Stamenkovic, 2001, No change in striatal dopamine re-uptake site density in psychotropic drug naive and in currently treated Tourette's disorder patients: a [123I]β-CIT SPECT study, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 11, 69, 10.1016/S0924-977X(00)00134-6
Meyer, 1999, Striatal presynaptic monoaminergic vesicles are not increased in Tourette's syndrome, Neurology, 53, 371, 10.1212/WNL.53.2.371
Albin, 2003, Increased ventral striatal monoaminergic innervation in Tourette syndrome, Neurology, 61, 310, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000076181.39162.FC
Ernst, 1999, High presynaptic dopaminergic activity in children with Tourette's disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38, 86, 10.1097/00004583-199901000-00024
Singer, 2002, Elevated intrasynaptic dopamine release in Tourette's syndrome measured by PET, Am J Psychiatry, 159, 1329, 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1329
Grace, 1993, Cortical regulation of subcortical dopamine systems and its possible relevance to schizophrenia, J Neural Transm Gen Sect, 91, 111, 10.1007/BF01245228
Gobert, 1995, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 275, 899
Erenberg, 1985, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: effects of stimulant drugs, Neurology, 35, 1346, 10.1212/WNL.35.9.1346
Price, 1986, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: tics and central nervous system stimulants in twins and nontwins, Neurology, 36, 232, 10.1212/WNL.36.2.232
Singer, 1981, Serum haloperidol levels in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Biol Psychiatry, 16, 79
Anderson, 1992, Postmortem analysis of subcortical monoamines and amino acids in Tourette syndrome, Adv Neurol, 58, 123
Anderson, 1992, Brain monoamines and amino acids in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: a preliminary study of subcortical regions, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 49, 584, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820070078016
Gonce, 1977, Seven cases of Gilles de la tourette's syndrome: partial relief with clonazepam: a pilot study, Can J Neurol Sci, 4, 279, 10.1017/S0317167100025129
Singer, 1990, Tourette's syndrome: a neurochemical analysis of postmortem cortical brain tissue, Ann Neurol, 27, 443, 10.1002/ana.410270415
Van Woerkom, 1982, Overview of pharmacological approaches to therapy for Tourette syndrome, Vol. 35, 369
Anderson, 1997, Interneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: dependence on Dlx genes, Science, 278, 474, 10.1126/science.278.5337.474
Leckman, 1995, Cerebro-spinal fluid biogenic amines in obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and healthy controls, Neuropsychopharmacology, 12, 73, 10.1016/0893-133X(94)00070-G
Comings, 1990, Blood serotonin and tryptophan in Tourette syndrome, Am J Med Genet, 36, 418, 10.1002/ajmg.1320360410
Singer, 1995, Second messenger systems in Tourette's syndrome, J Neurol Sci, 128, 78, 10.1016/0022-510X(94)00211-6
Lee, 2002, Neurochemical Markers and Microarrays in Postmortem Tourette Syndrome Putamen and Brain Area 9, Ann Neurol, S101
Singer, 2001, Neurochemistry and synaptic neurotransmission in Tourette syndrome, Adv Neurol, 85, 163