Natural selection on polymorphic malaria antigens and the search for a vaccine

Targett, 1995, Malaria — advances in vaccines, Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 8, 322, 10.1097/00001432-199510000-00002

Hughes, 1991, Circumsporozoite protein genes of malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.): evidence for positive selection on immunogenic regions, Genetics, 127, 345, 10.1093/genetics/127.2.345

Hughes, 1992, Positive selection and interallelic recombination at the Merozoite Surface Antigen-1 (MSA-1) locus of Plasmodium falciparum, Mol. Biol. Evol., 9, 381

Hughes, 1995, Natural selection on Plasmodium surface proteins, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 71, 99, 10.1016/0166-6851(95)00037-2

Endo, 1996, Large scale search for genes on which positive selection may operate, Mol. Biol. Evol., 13, 685, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025629

Forsyth, 1988, New approaches to the serotypic analysis of the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B, 321, 485, 10.1098/rstb.1988.0104

Conway, 1992, Longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum polymorphic antigens in a malaria endemic population, Infect. Immun., 60, 1122, 10.1128/IAI.60.3.1122-1127.1992

Babiker, 1995, Genetic changes in the population of Plasmodium falciparum in a Sudanese village over a three year period, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 53, 7, 10.4269/ajtmh.1995.53.7

Watterson, 1978, The homozygosity test of neutrality, Genetics, 88, 405, 10.1093/genetics/88.2.405

Hedrick, 1983, Evidence for balancing selection at HLA, Genetics, 104, 449, 10.1093/genetics/104.3.449

Klitz, 1986, Contrasting evolutionary histories among tightly linked HLA loci, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 39, 340

Conway, 1991, Population genetics of Plasmodium falciparum within a malaria hyperendemic area, Parasitology, 103, 7, 10.1017/S0031182000059229

Babiker, 1994, Random mating in a natural population of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, Parasitology, 109, 413, 10.1017/S0031182000080665

Paul, 1995, Mating patterns in malaria parasite populations of Papua New Guinea, Science, 269, 1709, 10.1126/science.7569897

Nei, 1983, Estimation of fixation indices and gene diversities, Ann. Hum. Genet., 47, 253, 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1983.tb00993.x

McDonald, 1994, 88

Conway, 1991, Plasmodium falciparum: Intragenic recombination and nonrandom associations between polymorphic domains of the precursor to the major merozoite surface antigens, Exp. Parasitor., 73, 469, 10.1016/0014-4894(91)90071-4

Babiker, 1991, Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in a village in eastern Sudan. 1. Diversity of enzymes, 2D-PAGE proteins and antigens, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 85, 572, 10.1016/0035-9203(91)90347-2

Creasey, 1990, Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum shows geographic variation, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 42, 403, 10.4269/ajtmh.1990.42.403

Knowles, 1984, Antigenic diversity found in isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Papua New Guinea by using monoclonal antibodies, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 33, 204, 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.204

Ntoumi, 1995, Age-dependent carriage of multiple Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 alleles in asymptomatic malaria infections, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 52, 81, 10.4269/ajtmh.1995.52.81

Drakeley, 1996, Geographical distribution of a variant epitope of Pfs48/45, a Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking vaccine candidate, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 81, 253, 10.1016/0166-6851(96)02718-1

Hastings, 1996, Population genetics and the detection of immunogenic and drug-resistant loci in Plasmodium, Parasitology, 112, 155, 10.1017/S0031182000084717

Good, 1988, Human T cell recognition of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum, 85, 1199

Doolan, 1991, Location of human cytotoxic T cell epitopes within a polymorphic domain of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein, Int. Immunol., 3, 511, 10.1093/intimm/3.6.511

Aidoo, 1995, Identification of conserved antigenic components for a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-inducing vaccine against malaria, Lancet, 345, 1003, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90754-8

Al-Yaman, 1994, Relationship between humoral response to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 and malaria morbidity in a highly endemic area of Papua New Guinea, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 51, 593, 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.593

Taylor, 1995, Human antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 is serogroup specific and predominantly of the immunoglobuiin G subclass, Infect. Immun., 63, 4382, 10.1128/IAI.63.11.4382-4388.1995

Klenerman, 1994, Cytotoxic T-cell activity antagonized by naturally occurring HIV-1 Gag variants, Nature, 369, 403, 10.1038/369403a0

Bertoletti, 1994, Natural variants of cytotoxic epitopes are T-cell receptor antagonists for antiviral cytotoxic T cells, Nature, 369, 407, 10.1038/369407a0

Riley, 1996, The role of MHC-and non-MHC-associated genes in determining the human immune response to malaria antigens, Parasitology, 112, S39, 10.1017/S0031182000076654