NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA

Bartlett, 1986, Bacteriology of hospital-acquired pneumonia, Arch Intern Med, 146, 868, 10.1001/archinte.146.5.868

Bates, 1992, Microbial etiology of acute pneumonia in hospitalized patients, Chest, 101, 1005, 10.1378/chest.101.4.1005

Bauer, 1999, Acute respiratory distress syndrome and nosocomial pneumonia, Thorax, 54, 1036, 10.1136/thx.54.11.1036

Beck-Sague, 1996, Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical intensive care unit patients, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 17, 374, 10.1086/647323

Bergmans, 1998, Cross-colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa of patients in an intensive care unit, Thorax, 53, 1053, 10.1136/thx.53.12.1053

Bonoan, 1999, S. aureus as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with diabetes mellitus, Infect Dis Clin Pract, 8, 319, 10.1097/00019048-199909000-00006

Bonten, 1999, Nosocomial pneumonia, 211

Bonten, 1994, The stomach is not a source of colonization of the upper respiratory tract and pneumonia in ICU patients, Chest, 105, 878, 10.1378/chest.105.3.878

Bonten, 1995, Colonization and infection with Enterococcus faecalis in intensive care units: The role of antimicrobial agents, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 39, 2783, 10.1128/AAC.39.12.2783

Bonten, 1996, The role of colonization in the pathogenesis of nosocomial infections, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 17, 193, 10.1086/647274

Bonten, 1994, Problems in diagnosing nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: A review, Crit Care Med, 22, 1683, 10.1097/00003246-199410000-00027

Bowton, 1999, Nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU—year 2000 and beyond, Chest, 115, 28S, 10.1378/chest.115.suppl_1.28S

Brewer, 1996, Ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chest, 109, 1019, 10.1378/chest.109.4.1019

Brown, 1997, Empirical antimicrobial therapy of mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia, J Antimicrob Chemother, 40, 463, 10.1093/jac/40.4.463

Brown, 1997, Empirical antimicrobial therapy of mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia, J Antimicrob Chemother, 40, 463, 10.1093/jac/40.4.463

Bryan, 1999, Nosocomial pneumonia: Blood cultures remain useful, Chest, 116, 859, 10.1378/chest.116.4.859

Campbell, 1991, Comparison of acridine orange stain with culture and Gram stain of needle aspirate in experimental Pseudomonas pneumonia, Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 959, 10.1164/ajrccm/144.4.959

Chastre, 1994, Invasive diagnostic testing should be routinely used to manage ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, 570, 10.1164/ajrccm.150.2.8049850

Chastre, 1995, Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 231, 10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599829

Chastre, 1995, Diagnosis and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in patients in intensive care units, Clin Infect Dis, 21, S226, 10.1093/clind/21.Supplement_3.S226

Chaunce, 1990, Invasive techniques in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in the intensive care unit, Semin Respir Infect, 3, 215

Cook, 1998, Risk factors for ICU-acquired pneumonia, JAMA, 279, 1605, 10.1001/jama.279.20.1605

Cook, 1998, Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients, Ann Intern Med, 129, 433, 10.7326/0003-4819-129-6-199809150-00002

Craig, 1984, Effect of intensive care unit nosocomial pneumonia on duration of stay and mortality, Am J Infect Control, 12, 233, 10.1016/0196-6553(84)90114-7

Craven, 1990, Nosocomial pneumonia in the 1990s: Update of epidemiology and risk factors, Semin Respir Infect, 5, 157

Craven, 1987, Nosocomial pneumonia in the intubated patient, Semin Respir Infect, 2, 20

Craven, 1984, Contaminated condensate in mechanical ventilator circuits: A risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia?, Am Rev Respir Dis, 129, 625

Craven, 1997, Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Perspectives for the healthcare epidemiologist, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 18, 783, 10.1086/647540

Crowe, 1996, Nosocomial pneumonia: Problems and progress, Heart Lung, 25, 418, 10.1016/S0147-9563(96)80085-9

Cunha, 1994, Intensive care, not intensive antibiotics, Heart Lung, 23, 361

Cunha, 1998, Quinolones: Clinical aspects, Antibiotics for the Clinician, 2, 129

Cunha, 1995, The antibiotic treatment of community-acquired, atypical, and nosocomial pneumonias, Med Clin North Am, 79, 581, 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30058-X

Cunha, 1996, Positive blood cultures versus bacteremia, Infect Dis Pract, 20, 47

Cunha, 1999, Antimicrobial resistance: Myths, truths, and a rational formulary approach, Formulary, 34, 664

Cunha, 1998, The safety of meropenem to elderly and renally impaired patients, Int J Antimicrob Ther, 10, 109

Cunha, 1998, Monotherapy for nosocomial pneumonias, Antibiotics for the Clinician, 2, 34

Cunha, 1998, Antibiotic resistance, Drugs Today, 31, 691, 10.1358/dot.1998.34.8.485267

Cunha, 1999, Fever in the intensive care unit, Intensive Care Med, 25, 648, 10.1007/s001340050925

Cunha, 1999, Enterobacter: Colonization and infection, Infect Dis Pract, 23, 41

Cunha, 2000, Strategies to control antibiotic resistance, Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 21, 3, 10.1055/s-2000-9925

Cunha, 2000, Antibiotic treatment of severe community acquired pneumonia, Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 21, 61, 10.1055/s-2000-9926

Cunha, 1995, Cefepime, Med Clin North Am, 79, 721, 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30035-9

Cunnion, 1996, Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia comparing adult critical care populations, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 158, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542110

Daumal, 1999, Changing heat and moisture exchangers every 48 hours does not increase the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 20, 347, 10.1086/501631

De Latorre, 1995, Pattern of tracheal colonization during mechanical ventilation, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 1028, 10.1164/ajrccm.152.3.7663779

Demetriou, 1999, Serratia marcescens bacteremia in surgical patients, Heart Lung, 28, 293, 10.1016/S0147-9563(99)70076-2

Deppe, 1990, Incidence of colonization, nosocomial pneumonia, and mortality in critically ill patients using Trach Care closed suction system versus an open suction system: Prospective, randomized study, Crit Care Med, 18, 1389, 10.1097/00003246-199012000-00016

Dixon, 1987, Costs of nosocomial infections and benefits of infection control programs, 19

Doebbeling, 1989, Nosocomial Legionella micdadei pneumonia: 10 years' experience and a case-control study, J Hosp Infect, 13, 289, 10.1016/0195-6701(89)90010-8

Dore, 1996, Incidence of anaerobes in ventilator-associated pneumonia with use of a protected specimen brush, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 1292, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.4.8616556

Dunn, 1995, Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas infection, Clin Chest Med, 16, 95, 10.1016/S0272-5231(21)00980-1

Espersen, 1981, Pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus during mechanical ventilation, J Infect Dis, 144, 19, 10.1093/infdis/144.1.19

Estes, 1995, The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: I. Mechanisms of bacterial transcolonization and airway inoculation, Intensive Care Med, 21, 365, 10.1007/BF01705418

Fagon, 1989, Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation: Prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture technique, Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 877, 10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.877

Fagon, 1996, Nosocomial pneumonia and mortality among patients in intensive care units, JAMA, 275, 866, 10.1001/jama.275.11.866

Fagan, 1998, Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Methicillin resistance and intensive care unit admission, Am J Med, 104, 17S, 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00151-X

Favero, 1971, Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth in distilled water from hospitals, Science, 172, 836, 10.1126/science.173.3999.836

Feele, 1975, Aerosol polymyxin and pneumonia in seriously ill patients, N Engl J Med, 293, 471, 10.1056/NEJM197509042931003

Freeman, 1979, Adverse effects of nosocomial infection, J Infect Dis, 140, 732, 10.1093/infdis/140.5.732

Freeman, 1982, Acquisition, spread, and control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit, Thorax, 37, 732, 10.1136/thx.37.10.732

Garner, 1988, CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988, Am J Infect Control, 16, 128, 10.1016/0196-6553(88)90053-3

Gaussorgues, 1989, Comparison of nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage to open-lung biopsy for bacteriologic diagnosis of pulmonary infections in mechanically ventilated patients, Intensive Care Med, 15, 94, 10.1007/BF00295984

Garrouste-Oregas, 1997, Oropharyngeal or gastric colonization and nosocomial pneumonia in adult intensive care unit patients. A prospective study based on genomic DNA analysis, Am J Respir Care Med, 156, 1647, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.5.96-04076

Gaynes, 1991, Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia after coronary artery bypass graft operations, Ann Thorac Surg, 51, 215, 10.1016/0003-4975(91)90787-Q

Geckler, 1985, Clinical value of paired sputum and transtracheal aspirates in the initial management of pneumonia, Chest, 85, 631, 10.1378/chest.87.5.631

George, 1998, Epidemiology of ventilator-acquired pneumonia based on protected bronchoscopic sampling, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158, 1839, 10.1164/ajrccm.158.6.9610069

Gerbeaux, 1998, Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: repeatability of the bronchoalveolar lavage, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 76, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9604070

Glanville, 1985, The use of fibreoptic bronchoscopy with sterile catheter in the diagnosis of pneumonia, Aust NZ J Med, 15, 309, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1985.tb04043.x

Glupczynski, 1999, Nosocomial pneumonia: diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment, Acta Clin Belg, 54, 178, 10.1080/17843286.1999.11754229

Go, 1999, Acinetobacter baumanii: infection control implications, Infectious Disease Practice, 23, 65

Goodpasture, 1977, A prospective study of tracheobronchial bacterial flora in acute brain-injured patients with and without antibiotic prophylaxis, J Neurosurg, 47, 228, 10.3171/jns.1977.47.2.0228

Graybill, 1973, Nosocomial pneumonia: a continuing major problem, Am Rev Respir Dis, 108, 1130

Greenfield, 1973, Prevention of gram-negative bacillary pneumonia using aerosol polymyxin as prophylaxis. I. Effect on the colonization pattern of the upper respiratory tract of seriously ill patients, J Clin Invest, 52, 2935, 10.1172/JCI107490

Gross, 1980, Deaths from nosocomial infections: experience in a university hospital and a community hospital, Am J Med, 68, 219, 10.1016/0002-9343(80)90357-5

Gross, 1983, Nosocomial infections: decade-specific risk, Infect Control, 4, 145, 10.1017/S0195941700058057

Gross, 1987, Epidemiology of hospital-acquired pneumonia, Semin Respir Infect, 2, 2

Grundmann, 1993, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit: reservoirs and ecology of the nosocomial pathogen, J Infect Dis, 168, 943, 10.1093/infdis/168.4.943

Guckian, 1978, Quantitative culture and gram stain of sputum in pneumonia, Am Rev Respir Dis, 118, 997

Guerra, 1990, Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose bacterial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients, Crit Care Med, 18, 169, 10.1097/00003246-199002000-00009

Hanson, 1992, Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia in the elderly, Am J Med, 92, 161, 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90107-M

Hsieh, 1992, Pneumonia following closed head injury, Am Rev Respir Dis, 146, 2190, 10.1164/ajrccm/146.2.290

Iannini, 1974, Bacteremic pseudomonas pneumonia, JAMA, 230, 558, 10.1001/jama.230.4.558

Inglis, 1993, Gastroduodenal dysfunction and bacterial colonization of the ventilated lung, Lancet, 341, 911, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91208-4

Jaccard, 1998, Prospective randomized comparison of imipenem-cilastatin and piperacillin-tazobactam in nosocomial pneumonia or peritonitis, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 2966, 10.1128/AAC.42.11.2966

Johanson, 1969, Changing pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients, N Engl J Med, 281, 1137, 10.1056/NEJM196911202812101

Johnson, 1995, Aztreonam, Med Clin North Am, 79, 733, 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30036-0

Johnson, 1996, Drug fever, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 10, 85, 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70287-7

Johnson, 1993, Serratia, Infect Dis Pract, 17, 6

Joshi, 1999, Piperacillin/tazobactam plus tobramycin versus ceftazidime plus tobramycin for the treatment of patients with nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection. Pipercillin/tazobactam Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group, J Antimicrob Chemother, 43, 389, 10.1093/jac/43.3.389

Joshi, 1992, A predictive risk index for nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit, Am J Med, 93, 135, 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90042-A

Kapusnik, 1988, Single, large, daily dosing versus intermittent dosing of tobramycin for treating experimental Pseudomonas pneumonia, J Infect Dis, 158, 7, 10.1093/infdis/158.1.7

Khan, 1998, Study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing ventilator-associated pneumonia, Indian J Med Res, 107, 68

Khan, 1987, Diagnosing bacterial respiratory infection by bronchoalveolar lavage, J Infect Dis, 155, 862, 10.1093/infdis/155.5.862

Khurana, 2000, The dilemma of nosocomial pneumonia: What primary care physicians should know, Cleve Clin J Med, 67, 25, 10.3949/ccjm.67.1.25

Kingston, 1991, Increased incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients with subclinical aspiration, Am J Surg, 161, 589, 10.1016/0002-9610(91)90906-T

Kirby, 1980, Legionnaires' disease: Report of sixty-five nosocomially acquired cases and review of the literature, Medicine, 59, 188, 10.1097/00005792-198005000-00002

Kirkpatrick, 1989, Quantitative bacterial cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and protected brush catheter specimens from normal subjects, Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 546, 10.1164/ajrccm/139.2.546

Kollef, 1995, The safety and diagnostic accuracy of minibronchoalveolar lavage in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia, Ann Intern Med, 122, 743, 10.7326/0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00002

Kropec, 1993, Exogenous or endogenous reservoirs of nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infections in a surgical intensive care unit, Intensive Care Med, 19, 161, 10.1007/BF01720533

LaForce, 1981, Hospital-acquired gram-negative rod pneumonias: An overview, Am J Med, 70, 664, 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90593-3

Leu, 1989, Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Attributable mortality and morbidity, Am J Epidemiol, 129, 1258, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115245

Lode, 1998, Nosocomial pneumonia in the critical care unit, Crit Care Clin, 14, 119, 10.1016/S0749-0704(05)70385-7

Long, 1996, Prospective randomized study of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with one versus three ventilator circuit changes per week, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 17, 14, 10.1086/647183

Louie, 1991, Nosocomial pneumonia in a Canadian tertiary care center: A prospective surveillance, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 12, 356, 10.1086/646356

Louria, 1962, The effects of four antimicrobial drug regimens on sputum superinfection in hospitalized patients, Am Rev Respir Dis, 85, 649

Manhol, 1998, Outbreaks of Staphylococcus aureus infection during treatment of late onset pneumonia with ciprofloxacin in a prospective, randomized study, Intensive Care Med, 24, 1327, 10.1007/s001340050770

Mason, 1993, Bacterial colonization: Pathogenesis and clinical significance, Immunol Allergy Clin North Am, 13, 93, 10.1016/S0889-8561(22)00433-7

Mayhall, 1997, Nosocomial pneumonia: Diagnosis and prevention, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 11, 427, 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70364-0

Meduri, 1993, Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 7, 295, 10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30524-9

Meduri, 1994, Causes of fever and pulmonary densities in patients with clinical manifestations of ventilator-associated pneumonia, Chest, 106, 221, 10.1378/chest.106.1.221

Merchant, 1998, The incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit and general medical ward patients in a public hospital in Bombay, India, J Hosp Infect, 30, 143, 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90328-0

Mertens, 1996, Diagnostic value of direct examination of protected specimen brush samples in nosocomial pneumonia, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 15, 807, 10.1007/BF01701523

Minnaganti, 1999, Piperacillin/tazobactam, Antibiotics for the Clinician, 3, 101

Morrison, 1984, Epidemiology of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rev Infect Dis, 6, S627, 10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_3.S627

Mosconi, 1991, Epidemiology and risk factors of pneumonia in critically ill patients, Eur J Epidemiol, 7, 320, 10.1007/BF00144995

Murthy, 1989, Oropharyngeal and fecal carriage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital patients, J Clin Microbiol, 27, 35, 10.1128/JCM.27.1.35-40.1989

Mustard, 1991, Pneumonia complicating abdominal sepsis: An independent risk factor for mortality, Arch Surg, 126, 170, 10.1001/archsurg.1991.01410260058008

Nielsen, 1992, Nosocomial pneumonia in an intensive care unit in a Danish university hospital: Incidence, mortality and etiology, Scand J Infect Dis, 24, 65, 10.3109/00365549209048402

Noone, 1983, Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in an intensive therapy unit: Role of cross infection and host factors, BMJ, 286, 341, 10.1136/bmj.286.6362.341

Norrby, 1999, Safety profile of meropenem: a review of nearly 5,000 patients treated with meropenem, Scand J Infect Dis, 31, 3, 10.1080/00365549950161808

Olson, 1984, Epidemiology of endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Why infection control efforts have failed, J Infect Dis, 150, 808, 10.1093/infdis/150.6.808

Papazian, 1996, Effect of ventilator-associated pneumonia on mortality and morbidity, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 91, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.1.8680705

Parry, 1955, Waterborne Legionella bozemanii and nosocomial pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients, Ann Intern Med, 103, 205, 10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-205

Penn, 1981, Colonization of the oropharynx with gram-negative bacilli: A major antecedent to nosocomial pneumonia, Am J Infect Control, 9, 25, 10.1016/S0196-6553(81)80028-4

Pennington, 1992, Nosocomial pneumonias, Curr Opin Infect Dis, 5, 505, 10.1097/00001432-199208000-00002

Pennington, 1995, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections, 159

Pennington, 1973, Pseudomonas pneumonia: A retrospective study of 36 cases, Am J Med, 55, 155, 10.1016/0002-9343(73)90163-0

Petersdorf, 1959, A study of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with acute heart failure, N Engl J Med, 260, 565, 10.1056/NEJM195903192601201

Pham, 1991, Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: Comparison of a plugged telescoping catheter with the protected specimen brush, Am Rev Infect Dis, 143, 1055, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.5_Pt_1.1055

Pierce, 1974, Aerobic gram-negative bacillary pneumonia, Am Rev Respir Dis, 110, 647

Pingleton, 1999, Patient selection for clinical investigation of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Criteria for evaluating diagnostic techniques, Chest, 102, 553S, 10.1378/chest.102.5_Supplement_1.553S

Pittet, 1998, What techniques for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia?, Lancet, 352, 83, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)85005-8

Preheim, 1981, Nosocomial pneumonia, Compr Ther, 7, 20

Pruitt, 1970, Pulmonary complications in burn patients: A comparative study of 697 patients, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 59, 7, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)42510-5

Pugin, 1991, Oropharyngeal decontamination decreases incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind clinical trial, JAMA, 265, 2704, 10.1001/jama.265.20.2704

Pugin, 1991, Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic “blind” bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, 1121, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.5_Pt_1.1121

Rello, 1990, Risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients, Am Rev Respir Dis, 142, 1320, 10.1164/ajrccm/142.6_Pt_1.1320

Rello, 1994, Ventilator-associated pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus: Comparison of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive episodes, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, 1545, 10.1164/ajrccm.150.6.7952612

Richards, 1999, Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States: National nosocomial surveillance system, Crit Care Med, 27, 887, 10.1097/00003246-199905000-00020

Robert, 1999, Nosocomial pneumonia with isolation of anaerobic bacteria in ICU patients: Therapeutic considerations and outcome, J Crit Care, 14, 114, 10.1016/S0883-9441(99)90023-0

Rose, 1973, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in adults, Am Rev Respir Dis, 107, 416

Rotstein, 1988, Nosocomial infection rates at an oncology center, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 9, 13, 10.1086/645727

Rudin, 1984, A comparative study of Legionella micdadei and other nosocomial acquired pneumonia, Chest, 86, 675, 10.1378/chest.86.5.675

Salata, 1987, Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in intubated, intensive care unit patients, Am Rev Respir Dis, 135, 426

Schaberg, 1991, Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection, Am J Med, 91, 725

Schentag, 1997, In nosocomial pneumonia, optimizing antibiotics other than aminoglycosides is a more important determinant of successful clinical outcome, and a better means of avoiding resistance, Semin Respir Infect, 12, 278

Schimpff, 1974, Infection in the severely traumatized patient, Ann Surg, 179, 352, 10.1097/00000658-197403000-00017

Shlaes, 1983, Elastin fibers in the sputum of patients with necrotizing pneumonia, Chest, 83, 885, 10.1378/chest.83.6.885

Shlaes, 1984, Sputum elastin fibers and the diagnosis of necrotizing pneumonia, Chest, 85, 763, 10.1378/chest.85.6.763

Stevens, 1974, Pneumonia in an intensive care unit: A 30-month experience, Arch Intern Med, 134, 106, 10.1001/archinte.134.1.106

Tablan, 1994, The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee: 1994 guideline for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia: Part I. Issues on prevention of nosocomial pneumonia, 1994, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 15, 588

Talon, 1998, Risks and routes for ventilator-associated pneumonia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 978, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.3.9702096

Thorpe, 1987, Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosing acute bacterial pneumonia, J Infect Dis, 155, 855, 10.1093/infdis/155.5.855

Tillotson, 1966, Pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacilli, Medicine (Baltimore), 45, 65, 10.1097/00005792-196601000-00003

Tillotson, 1968, Characteristics of non-bacteremic Pseudomonas pneumonia, Ann Intern Med, 68, 295, 10.7326/0003-4819-68-2-295

Torres, 1992, Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: The effect of body position, Ann Intern Med, 116, 540, 10.7326/0003-4819-116-7-540

Trouillet, 1998, Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 531, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.2.9705064

Verwaest, 1997, Randomized, controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in 600 mechanically ventilated patients in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit, Crit Care Med, 25, 63, 10.1097/00003246-199701000-00014

Vincent, 1995, The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) study, JAMA, 274, 639, 10.1001/jama.274.8.639

Weinstein, 1998, Nosocomial infection update, Emerg Infect Dis, 4, 416, 10.3201/eid0403.980320

Wenzel, 1989, Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Overview of the current state of the art for prevention and control, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 8, 56, 10.1007/BF01964121

Wenzel, 1983, Hospital-acquired infections in intensive care unit patients: An overview with emphasis on epidemics, Infect Control, 4, 371, 10.1017/S0195941700059774

Whitby, 1972, Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination in domestic and hospital environment, Lancet, 1, 15, 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)90006-2

Widmer, 1993, Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a surgical intensive care unit: Probable transmission via hands of a health care worker, Clin Infect Dis, 16, 372, 10.1093/clind/16.3.372

Winterbauer, 1987, New diagnostic approaches to the hospitalized patient with pneumonia, Semin Respir Infect, 2, 57

Wunderink, 1992, The radiologic diagnosis of autopsy-proven ventilator-associated pneumonia, Chest, 101, 458, 10.1378/chest.101.2.458

Yannelli, 1987, Nosocomial Serratia marcescens infections, J Nosocomial Infections, 4, 26