Musk secretion of endangered Alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster): muscone content and the relationships to age, health, mating history and enclosure condition
Tóm tắt
In November 2019, muscone content was measured from musk secreted by 114 male captive Alpine musk deer in Xinglongshan Alpine Musk Deer Farm located in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, western China. The relationships between muscone content and individual age, health, mating history and enclosure condition were analyzed. The results showed that the muscone content ranged from 0.35% to 5.55% (dry weight percentage of muscone in musk), which was correlated with age (r = −0.132). The muscone content of adults (1.5–8.5 yrs.;1.17 ± 0.09%) was significantly higher than in older individuals (9.5–11.5 yrs.; 0.85 ± 0.06%; p < 0.05). A significant correlation was found between health and muscone content (r = 0.266; p < 0.01), with healthy males (1.16 ± 0.09%) having significantly higher muscone content than weaker ones (0.92 ± 0.07%, p < 0.05). The muscone content of males mated in the former year (1.23 ± 0.14%) was higher than that of unmated males (1.04 ± 0.08%; p > 0.05). The males in the enclosure with lower (1.04 ± 0.12%), medium (1.14 ± 0.16%) and higher density conditions (1.17 ± 0.13%) did not significantly differ in muscone levels. Males that lived with females had slightly higher muscone content (1.18 ± 0.12%) than those who did not (1.06 ± 0.10%; p > 0.05). In general, muscone content of musk decreased with age and poor health, but mating history or captive environment had insignificant effect. In musk deer farming, the farms could enhance the health of musk deer and concentrate on younger individuals in order to improve the musk quality and sustainable production of musk resources.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Cai Y, Sun J, Yang Y, Wang J, Fu W, Zhu P, Zheng C, Li N, Shi L, Meng X (2017) Studies on body condition scoring and influencing factors in captive forest musk deer (in Chinese). Acta Ecol Sin 37(5):1617–1622. [in Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201510062008
Cheng J, Cai Y, Luo Y, He G, Wang H (2011) Effects of musk-extracted time on musk yield and muscone ratio. J Anhui Agri Sci 39(16):9714–9742. [in Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2011.16.096
Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (2015) Chinese pharmacopoeia. Vol. I. Chin Med Sci Technol Press, Beijing
Ciren W (2016) Discussion on the methods for the determination of muscone in musk. J Ethnomed Ethnopharm 25(9):11–12. [in Chinese]
Geng S, Ma S (2000) Decline of musk deer in China and prospects for management. Environ Conserv 27(4):323–325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900000369
Homes V (1999) On the scent: conserving musk deer - the uses of musk and Europe’s role in its trade. Traffic Europe, Brussels
Hui C (2010) Study of production of captive musk deer musk in the district of Xinglongshan. Minzu University of China. [in Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.7666/d.y1820989
Jiang Q, Luo Y, Tan T, Yang M, Liao Z (2018) Comparison of volatile chemical compositions of moschus from different species and producing areas by GC-MS and chemometric analysis. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formul 24(3):49–55. [in Chinese]
Kang F, Sheng Y, Ma L, Meng X (2015) Musk secretion and its relationship to population dynamics and age-structure in captive alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) at the Xinglongshan musk deer farm. Acta Ecol Sin 35(15):4993–4999. [in Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201402050213
Li D, Chen B, Zhang L, Gaur U, Ma T et al (2016) The musk chemical composition and microbiota of Chinese forest musk deer males. Sci Rep 6:18975. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18975
Li H, Li Y, Zhou M et al (2012) Variables determining average the annual musk production in captive alpine musk deer. Sci Agri Sin 45(3):522–528. [in Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.03.014
Li S, Liu W, Liu F, Yang J, Chen D, Wei G (2011) Analysis of muscone content in musk in different years by GC-MS. J Changchun Univ Tradit Chin Med 27(3):351–353. [in Chinese]
Luo Y, Yang M, Liao ZhG, Zhang J, Zhao HP (2017) Research progresses on quality evaluation methods for musk and its alternative. Chin J Pharm Anal 37(1):13–19
Meng X, Yang Q, Feng Z, Xia L, Jiang Y, Wang P (2003a) Timing and synchrony of parturition in alpine musk deer. Folia Zool 52(1):39–50
Meng X, Yang Q, Feng Z, Xia L, Wang P, Jiang Y (2003b) The temporal estrous patterns of female alpine musk deer in captivity. Appl Anim Behav Sci 82:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(03)00013-3
Meng X, Zhou C, Hu J, Li C, Meng Z, Feng J, Zhou Y, Zhu Y (2006) The musk deer farming in China. Anim Sci 82:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1079/ASC200516
Meng X, Yang Q, Feng Z et al (2008) Seasonal behavioral patterns of captive Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus): rut and pre-rut comparisons. Biologia 63:594–598. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-008-0085-0
Meng X, Zhang D, Wang G, Qi J, Yang Q, Feng Z (2009) The estrus cycle, diestrus and the related influencing factors in female Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) in captivity. Sci Agri Sin 42(5):1783–1788. [in Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.05.035
Meng X, Feng J, Yun M et al (2011a) Relationships between musk extraction, social rank and tail-rubbing in male Alpine musk deer, Moschus sifanicus. Biologia 66:928. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-011-0093-3
Meng X, Gong B, Xiang L (2011b) Behavioural differences between captive male alpine musk deer with and without successful copulation. Ann Anim Sci 11(1):95–103
Meng X, Andrew S, Li HT, Nicholas C (2012a) Quantified analyses of aggression pattern in a captive population of musk deer (Moschus sifanicus). Ann Anim Sci 12(3):413–421. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0035-1
Meng X, Liu D, Feng J, Meng Z (2012b) Asian medicine: exploitation of wildlife. Science 335(6073):1168. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.335.6073.1168-a
Parry-Jones R, Wu JY (2001) Musk deer farming as a conservation tool in China. Traffic, East Asia
Ren Z (2003) Artificial musk deer for musk extraction technology. Jin Dun Press, Beijing [in Chinese]
Sheng H, Liu Z (2007) Chinese musk deer. Shanghai Science and Technology Press, Shanghai [in Chinese]
Sokolov VE, Kagan MZ, Vasilieva VS et al (1987) Musk deer (Moschus moschiferus): reinvestigation of main lipid components from preputial gland secretion. J Chem Ecol 13(1):71–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01020352
Yang Q, Meng X, Feng Z, Xia L (2003) Conservation status and causes of decline on musk deer in China. Biol Conserv 109:333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00159-3
Zhang B (1983) Musk deer: their capture, domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods. Unasylva 35:16–24
Zhang H, He Y, Ja G et al (2002) Quantitative analysis for multi-components of musk by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chin Tradit Pat Med 11:46–49. [in Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1528.2002.11.017
Zhang Z, Liu Y, Shi X, Bai H, Song Z, Sun X, Tang Z (2017) GC analysis of muscone in musk by different drying methods. Mod Chin Med 19(06):849–852. [in Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.13313/j.issn.1673-4890.2017.6.022
Zhao Y, Wang J, Li Y et al (2020) Temporal pattern of parturition in captive Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus). Biologia 75:259–266. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-019-00293-0
Zhou Y, Sun T, Li Y, Zhou M, Meng X (2018) Personality traits and their relationships with musk secretion by captive alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus). Acta Ecol Sin 38(21):7530–7538. [in Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201801170130