Molecular pathogenic factors in symptomatic disc degeneration

Waddell, 1991, Low back disability. A syndrome of Western civilization, Neurosurg Clin N Am, 2, 719, 10.1016/S1042-3680(18)30696-X

Waddell, 1996, Low back pain: a twentieth century health care enigma, Spine, 21, 2820, 10.1097/00007632-199612150-00002

Frymoyer, 1991, An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain, Orthop Clin North Am, 22, 263, 10.1016/S0030-5898(20)31652-7

Schwarzer, 1994, The relative contributions of the disc and zygoapophyseal joint in chronic low back pain, Spine, 19, 801, 10.1097/00007632-199404000-00013

Kirkaldy-Willis, 1978, Pathology and pathogenesis of lumbar spondylosis and stenosis, Spine, 3, 319, 10.1097/00007632-197812000-00004

Buckwalter, 1995, Aging and degeneration of the human intervertebral disc, Spine, 20, 1307, 10.1097/00007632-199506000-00022

Boos, 2002, Classification of age-related changes in lumbar intervertebral discs: 2002 Volvo Award in basic science, Spine, 27, 2631, 10.1097/00007632-200212010-00002

Miller, 1988, Lumbar disc degeneration: correlation with age, sex, and spine level in 600 autopsy specimens, Spine, 13, 173, 10.1097/00007632-198802000-00008

Boos, 1997, Tissue characterization of symptomatic and asymptomatic disc herniations by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, J Orthop Res, 15, 141, 10.1002/jor.1100150121

Antoniou, 1998, Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of degenerative disc disease, Magn Reson Med, 40, 900, 10.1002/mrm.1910400616

Thompson, 1990, Preliminary evaluation of a scheme for grading the gross morphology of the human intervertebral disc, Spine, 15, 411, 10.1097/00007632-199005000-00012

Boden, 1990, Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 72, 1178, 10.2106/00004623-199072080-00008

Borenstein, 2001, The value of magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine to predict low-back pain in asymptomatic subjects : a seven-year follow-up study, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 83-A, 1306, 10.2106/00004623-200109000-00002

Videman, 2003, Associations between back pain history and lumbar MRI findings, Spine, 28, 582, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000049905.44466.73

Jones, 1988, Bony overgrowths and abnormal calcifications about the spine, Radiol Clin North Am, 26, 1213, 10.1016/S0033-8389(22)00824-7

Freemont, 2002, Nerve growth factor expression and innervation of the painful intervertebral disc, J Pathol, 197, 286, 10.1002/path.1108

Andersson, 1998, What are the age-related changes in the spine?, Baillieres Clin Rheumatol, 12, 161, 10.1016/S0950-3579(98)80010-1

Doita, 1996, Immunohistologic study of the ruptured intervertebral disc of the lumbar spine, Spine, 21, 235, 10.1097/00007632-199601150-00015

Taylor, 1988, The development of the human intervertebral disc, 39

Wyburn, 1944, Observations on the development of the human intervertebral column, J Anat, 78

Peacock, 1952, Observations on the postnatal structure of the intervertebral disc in man, J Anat, 86, 162

Kim, 2003, The origin of chondrocytes in the nucleus pulposus and histologic findings associated with the transition of a notochordal nucleus pulposus to a fibrocartilaginous nucleus pulposus in intact rabbit intervertebral discs, Spine, 28, 982, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000061986.03886.4F

Virchow, 1857

Buckwalter, 2000, Intervertebral disk structure, composition, and mechanical function, 548

Eyre, 1976, Types I and II collagens in intervertebral disc. Interchanging radial distributions in annulus fibrosus, Biochem J, 157, 267, 10.1042/bj1570267

Eyre, 1979, Biochemistry of the intervertebral disc, Int Rev Connect Tissue Res, 8, 227, 10.1016/B978-0-12-363708-6.50012-6

Antoniou, 1996, The human lumbar intervertebral disc: evidence for changes in the biosynthesis and denaturation of the extracellular matrix with growth, maturation, ageing, and degeneration, J Clin Invest, 98, 996, 10.1172/JCI118884

Okuda, 2001, Mechanisms of age-related decline in insulin-like growth factor-I dependent proteoglycan synthesis in rat intervertebral disc cells, Spine, 26, 2421, 10.1097/00007632-200111150-00005

Holm, 1981, Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: solute transport and metabolism, Connect Tissue Res, 8, 101, 10.3109/03008208109152130

Katz, 1986, Intervertebral disc nutrition. Diffusion versus convection, Clin Orthop, 210, 243, 10.1097/00003086-198609000-00035

Horner, 2001, 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Basic Science Studies: Effect of nutrient supply on the viability of cells from the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc, Spine, 26, 2543, 10.1097/00007632-200112010-00006

Iwahashi, 2002, Mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration caused by nicotine in rabbits to explicate intervertebral disc disorders caused by smoking, Spine, 27, 1396, 10.1097/00007632-200207010-00005

Uematsu, 2001, Effects of nicotine on the intervertebral disc: an experimental study in rabbits, J Orthop Sci, 6, 177, 10.1007/s007760100067

Holm, 1988, Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: acute effects of cigarette smoking. An experimental animal study, Ups J Med Sci, 93, 91, 10.1517/03009734000000042

Roberts, 1996, Transport properties of the human cartilage endplate in relation to its composition and calcification, Spine, 21, 415, 10.1097/00007632-199602150-00003

Ohshima, 1992, The effect of lactate and pH on proteoglycan and protein synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc, Spine, 17, 1079, 10.1097/00007632-199209000-00012

Cholewicki, 1991, Lumbar spine loads during the lifting of extremely heavy weights, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 23, 1179, 10.1249/00005768-199110000-00012

Kroeber, 2002, New in vivo animal model to create intervertebral disc degeneration and to investigate the effects of therapeutic strategies to stimulate disc regeneration, Spine, 27, 2684, 10.1097/00007632-200212010-00007

Lotz, 2000, Intervertebral disc cell death is dependent on the magnitude and duration of spinal loading, Spine, 25, 1477, 10.1097/00007632-200006150-00005

Lotz, 1998, Compression-induced degeneration of the intervertebral disc: an in vivo mouse model and finite-element study, Spine, 23, 2493, 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00004

Natarajan, 1994, A model to study the disc degeneration process, Spine, 19, 259, 10.1097/00007632-199402000-00001

Sandover, 1983, Dynamic loading as a possible source of low-back disorders, Spine, 8, 652, 10.1097/00007632-198309000-00011

Ching, 2003, The effect of cyclic compression on the mechanical properties of the inter-vertebral disc: an in vivo study in a rat tail model, Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 18, 182, 10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00188-2

MacLean, 2003, Effects of immobilization and dynamic compression on intervertebral disc cell gene expression in vivo, Spine, 28, 973, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000061985.15849.A9

Ariga, 2003, Mechanical stress-induced apoptosis of endplate chondrocytes in organ-cultured mouse intervertebral discs: an ex vivo study, Spine, 28, 1528, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000076915.55939.E3

Matsui, 1998, Familial predisposition for lumbar degenerative disc disease. A case-control study, Spine, 23, 1029, 10.1097/00007632-199805010-00013

Bijkerk, 1999, Heritabilities of radiologic osteoarthritis in peripheral joints and of disc degeneration of the spine, Arthritis Rheum, 42, 1729, 10.1002/1529-0131(199908)42:8<1729::AID-ANR23>3.0.CO;2-H

Sambrook, 1999, Genetic influences on cervical and lumbar disc degeneration: a magnetic resonance imaging study in twins, Arthritis Rheum, 42, 366, 10.1002/1529-0131(199902)42:2<366::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-6

Videman, 1998, Intragenic polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene associated with intervertebral disc degeneration, Spine, 23, 2477, 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00002

Kawaguchi, 1999, Association between an aggrecan gene polymorphism and lumbar disc degeneration, Spine, 24, 2456, 10.1097/00007632-199912010-00006

Annunen, 1999, An allele of COL9A2 associated with intervertebral disc disease, Science, 285, 409, 10.1126/science.285.5426.409

Paassilta, 2001, Identification of a novel common genetic risk factor for lumbar disk disease, JAMA, 285, 1843, 10.1001/jama.285.14.1843

Takahashi, 2001, The association of degeneration of the intervertebral disc with 5a/6a polymorphism in the promoter of the human matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene, J Bone Joint Surg Br, 83, 491, 10.1302/0301-620X.83B4.11617

Solovieva, 2002, COL9A3 gene polymorphism and obesity in intervertebral disc degeneration of the lumbar spine: evidence of gene-environment interaction, Spine, 27, 2691, 10.1097/00007632-200212010-00008

Cs-Szabo, 2002, Changes in mRNA and proteins levels of proteoglycans of the anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus during intervertebral disc degeneration, Spine, 27, 2212, 10.1097/00007632-200210150-00006

Buckwalter, 2000, Intervertebral disk aging, degeneration, and herniation, 557

Gruber, 1998, Analysis of aging and degeneration of the human itervertebral disc. Comparison of surgical specimens with normal controls, Spine, 23, 751, 10.1097/00007632-199804010-00001

Park, 2001, Expression of Fas receptor on disc cells in herniated lumbar disc tissue, Spine, 26, 142, 10.1097/00007632-200101150-00006

Park, 2001, Expression of Fas ligand and apoptosis of disc cells in herniated lumbar disc tissue, Spine, 26, 618, 10.1097/00007632-200103150-00011

Anderson, 2002, Comparative gene expression profiling of normal and degenerative discs: analysis of a rabbit annular laceration model, Spine, 27, 1291, 10.1097/00007632-200206150-00009

Gruber, 2000, Anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-1 and PDGF on human intervertebral disc cells in vitro, Spine, 25, 2153, 10.1097/00007632-200009010-00002

Furusawa, 2001, Herniation of cervical intervertebral disc: immunohistochemical examination and measurement of nitric oxide production, Spine, 26, 1110, 10.1097/00007632-200105150-00004

Crean, 1997, Matrix metalloproteinases in the human intervertebral disc: role in disc degeneration and scoliosis, Spine, 22, 2877, 10.1097/00007632-199712150-00010

Kanemoto, 1996, Immunohistochemical study of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 human intervertebral discs, Spine, 21, 1, 10.1097/00007632-199601010-00001

Melrose, 1989, Lysozyme, a major low-molecular-weight cationic protein of the intervertebral disc, which increases with ageing and degeneration, Gerontology, 35, 173, 10.1159/000213019

Roberts, 2000, Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase: their role in disorders of the human intervertebral disc, Spine, 25, 3005, 10.1097/00007632-200012010-00007

Oegema, 1966, The role of proteinases and other degradative mechanics in idiopathic low back pain

Shinmei, 1988, The role of interleukin-1 on proteoglycan metabolism of rabbit annulus fibrosus cells cultured in vitro, Spine, 13, 1284, 10.1097/00007632-198811000-00014

Maeda, 2000, Changes with age in proteoglycan synthesis in cells cultured in vitro from the inner and outer rabbit annulus fibrosus. Responses to interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein, Spine, 25, 166, 10.1097/00007632-200001150-00005

Rannou, 2000, Sensitivity of anulus fibrosus cells to interleukin 1 beta. Comparison with articular chondrocytes, Spine, 25, 17, 10.1097/00007632-200001010-00005

Kang, 1995, Herniated cervical intervertebral discs spontaneously produce matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2, Spine, 20, 2373, 10.1097/00007632-199511001-00001

Kang, 1996, Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs spontaneously produce matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2, Spine, 21, 271, 10.1097/00007632-199602010-00003

Franson, 1992, Human disc phospholipase A2 is inflammatory, Spine, 17, S129, 10.1097/00007632-199206001-00011

Gronblad, 1994, A controlled immunohistochemical study of inflammatory cells in disc herniation tissue, Spine, 19, 2744, 10.1097/00007632-199412150-00002

Saal, 1990, High levels of inflammatory phospholipase A2 activity in lumbar disc herniations, Spine, 15, 674, 10.1097/00007632-199007000-00011

Sang-Ho, 2002, mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines in herniated lumbar intervertebral discs, Spine, 27, 911, 10.1097/00007632-200205010-00005

Onda, 2003, Effects of neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha on nucleus pulposus-induced abnormal nociresponses in rat dorsal horn neurons, Spine, 28, 967, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000061984.08703.0C

Nygaard, 1997, The inflammatory properties of contained and noncontained lumbar disc herniation, Spine, 22, 2484, 10.1097/00007632-199711010-00004

Ishii, 1991, Histochemical and ultrastructural observations on brown degeneration of human intervertebral disc, J Orthop Res, 9, 78, 10.1002/jor.1100090111

Yasuma, 1990, Histological changes in aging lumbar intervertebral discs. Their role in protrusions and prolapses, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 72, 220, 10.2106/00004623-199072020-00009

Hormel, 1991, Collagen in the ageing human intervertebral disc: an increase in covalently bound fluorophores and chromophores, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1078, 243, 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90565-H

Yasuma, 1992, Age-related phenomena in the lumbar intervertebral discs. Lipofuscin and amyloid deposition, Spine, 17, 1194, 10.1097/00007632-199210000-00011

Yasuma, 1986, Histological development of intervertebral disc herniation, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 68, 1066, 10.2106/00004623-198668070-00015

Trout, 1982, Ultrastructure of the human intervertebral disc: II. Cells of the nucleus pulposus, Anat Rec, 204, 307, 10.1002/ar.1092040403

Oegema, 2000, Fibronectin and its fragments increase with degeneration in the human intervertebral disc, Spine, 25, 2742, 10.1097/00007632-200011010-00005

Trout, 1982, Ultrastructure of the human intervertebral disc. I. Changes in notochordal cells with age, Tissue Cell, 14, 359, 10.1016/0040-8166(82)90033-7

Hollander, 1994, Increased damage to type II collagen in osteoarthritic articular cartilage detected by a new immunoassay, J Clin Invest, 93, 1722, 10.1172/JCI117156