Modeling the development of drug addiction in male and female animals

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior - Tập 164 - Trang 50-61 - 2018
Wendy J. Lynch1
1Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ahmed, 2009, Escalation of drug use Ahmed, 2012, The science of making drug-addicted animals, Neuroscience, 211, 107, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.014 Ahmed, 1998, Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: change in hedonic set point, Science, 282, 298, 10.1126/science.282.5387.298 Ahmed, 2000, Persistent increase in the motivation to take heroin in rats with a history of drug escalation, Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 413, 10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00133-5 Ahmed, 2013, Neurobiology of addiction versus drug use driven by lack of choice, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 23, 581, 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.028 Aigner, 1978, Choice behavior in rhesus monkeys: cocaine versus food, Science, 201, 534, 10.1126/science.96531 Alexander, 1981, Effect of early and later colony housing on oral ingestion of morphine in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 15, 571, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90211-2 Allain, 2017, Intermittent intake of rapid cocaine injections promotes robust psychomotor sensitization, increased incentive motivation for the drug and mGlu2/3 receptor dysregulation, Neuropharmacology, 117, 227, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.026 Allain, 2015, How fast and how often: the pharmacokinetics of drug use are decisive in addiction, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 56, 166, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.012 Allen, 2014, Continuous exposure to dizocilpine facilitates escalation of cocaine consumption in male Sprague-Dawley rats, Drug Alcohol Depend., 134, 38, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.005 American Psychiatric Association, 2013 Anglin, 1987, Sex differences in addict careers. 2. Becoming addicted, Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 13, 59, 10.3109/00952998709001500 Anker, 2011, Females are more vulnerable to drug abuse than males: evidence from preclinical studies and the role of ovarian hormones, Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci., 8, 73, 10.1007/7854_2010_93 Anker, 2009, Impulsivity predicts the escalation of cocaine self-administration in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 93, 343, 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.05.013 Anker, 2012, Escalation of methamphetamine self-administration in adolescent and adult rats, Drug Alcohol Depend., 124, 149, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.004 Arenas, 2016, Influence of the novelty-seeking endophenotype on the rewarding effects of psychostimulant drugs in animal models, Curr. Neuropharmacol., 14, 87, 10.2174/1570159X13666150921112841 Arnold, 1997, A critique of fixed and progressive ratio schedules used to examine the neural substrates of drug reinforcement, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 57, 441, 10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00445-5 Balster, 1982, Unlimited access intravenous drug self-administration in rhesus monkeys, Fed. Proc., 41, 211 Banks, 2012, Preclinical determinants of drug choice under concurrent schedules of drug self-administration, Adv. Pharmacol. Sci., 281768 Banks, 2015, Use of preclinical drug vs. food choice procedures to evaluate candidate medications for cocaine addiction, Curr. Treat Options Psychiatr., 2, 136, 10.1007/s40501-015-0042-9 Barros, 1996, Withdrawal from oral cocaine in rate: ultrasonic vocalizations and tactile startle, Psychopharmacology, 125, 379, 10.1007/BF02246021 Becker, 2014, Animal models of excessive alcohol consumption: recent advances and future challenges, Alcohol, 48, 205, 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.04.001 Becker, 2016, Sex differences in animal models: focus on addiction, Pharmacol. Rev., 68, 242, 10.1124/pr.115.011163 Becker, 2017, Sex differences, gender and addiction, J. Neurosci. Res., 95, 136, 10.1002/jnr.23963 Beiter, 2016, Exercise during early, but not late abstinence, attenuates subsequent relapse vulnerability in a rat model, Transl. Psychiatry, 6, 10.1038/tp.2016.58 Belin D, Deroche-Gamonet V (2012). Responses to novelty and vulnerability to cocaine addiction: contribution of a multi-symptomatic animal model. Cold spring Harb Perspect med 2(11). Pii: a011940. Belin, 2011, High-novelty-preference rats are predisposed to compulsive cocaine self-administration, Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 569, 10.1038/npp.2010.188 Belin-Rauscent, 2016, How preclinical models evolved to resemble the diagnostic criteria of drug addiction, Biol. Psychiatry, 79, 39, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.004 Ben-Shahar, 2007, Changes in levels of D1, D2, or NMDA receptors during withdrawal from brief or extended daily access to IV cocaine, Brain Res., 1131, 220, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.069 Bentzley, 2013, The behavioral economics of drug self-administration: a review and new analytical approach for within-session procedures, Psychopharmacology, 226, 113, 10.1007/s00213-012-2899-2 Bergman, 1981, The effects of electric shock on responding maintained by cocaine in rhesus monkeys, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 14, 423, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90413-5 Bobzean, 2014, Sex differences in the neurobiology of drug addiction, Exp. Neurol., 259C, 64, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.022 Bossert, 2013, The reinstatement model of drug relapse: recent neurobiological findings, emerging research topics, and translational research, Psychopharmacology, 229, 453, 10.1007/s00213-013-3120-y Bozarth, 1985, Toxicity associated with long-term intravenous heroin and cocaine self-administration in the rat, JAMA, 254, 81, 10.1001/jama.1985.03360010087032 Bozarth, 1989, Influence of housing conditions on the acquisition of intravenous heroin and cocaine self-administration in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 33, 903, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90490-5 Brady, 1999, Gender differences in substance use disorders, Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 22, 241, 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70074-5 Briand, 2008, Persistent alterations in cognitive function and prefrontal dopamine D2 receptors following extended, but not limited, access to self-administered cocaine, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 2969, 10.1038/npp.2008.18 Burke, 2015, Escalation of cocaine self-administration in adulthood after social defeat of adolescent rats: role of social experience and adaptive coping behavior, Psychopharmacology, 232, 3067, 10.1007/s00213-015-3947-5 Calipari, 2014, Sensitized nucleus accumbens dopamine terminal responses to methylphenidate and dopamine transporter releasers after intermittent-access self-administration, Neuropharmacology, 82, 1, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.021 Calipari, 2013, Temporal pattern of cocaine intake determines tolerance vs sensitization of cocaine effects at the dopamine transporter, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 2385, 10.1038/npp.2013.136 Calipari, 2014, Extended access of cocaine self-administration results in tolerance to the dopamine-elevating and locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine, J. Neurochem., 128, 224, 10.1111/jnc.12452 Calipari, 2014, Intermittent cocaine self-administration produces sensitization of stimulant effects at the dopamine transporter, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 349, 192, 10.1124/jpet.114.212993 Calipari, 2015, Brief intermittent cocaine self-administration and abstinence sensitizes cocaine effects on the dopamine transporter and increases drug seeking, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 728, 10.1038/npp.2014.238 Campbell, 2000, Acquisition of drug self-administration: environmental and pharmacological interventions, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 8, 312, 10.1037/1064-1297.8.3.312 Cantin, 2010, Cocaine is low on the value ladder of rats: possible evidence for resilience to addiction, PLoS One, 5, 10.1371/journal.pone.0011592 Caprioli, 2015, Persistent palatable food preference in rats with a history of limited and extended access to methamphetamine self-administration, Addict. Biol., 20, 913, 10.1111/adb.12220 Caprioli, 2015, Effect of the novel positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 AZD8529 on incubation of methamphetamine craving after prolonged voluntary abstinence in a rat model, Biol. Psychiatry, 78, 463, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.018 Carnicella, 2014, Intermittent ethanol access schedule in rats as a preclinical model of alcohol abuse, Alcohol, 48, 243, 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.01.006 Carroll, 1997, Acquisition of i.v. amphetamine and cocaine self-administration in rats as a function of dose, Psychopharmacology, 129, 206, 10.1007/s002130050182 Carroll, 2016, How to study sex differences in addiction using animal models, Addict. Biol., 21, 1007, 10.1111/adb.12400 Carroll, 2016, Sex differences in behavioral dyscontrol: role in drug addiction and novel treatments, Front Psychiatr., 6, 175, 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175 Carroll, 2004, Sex and hormones influence drug abuse, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 25, 273, 10.1016/j.tips.2004.03.011 Carroll, 2005, Sex differences in the escalation of oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration under FR and PR schedules in rhesus monkeys, Psychopharmacology, 180, 414, 10.1007/s00213-005-2182-x Cohen, 2012, Robust escalation of nicotine intake with extended access to nicotine self-administration and intermittent periods of abstinence, Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 2153, 10.1038/npp.2012.67 Cohen, 2015, Extended access nicotine self-administration with periodic deprivation increases immature neurons in the hippocampus, Psychopharmacology, 232, 453, 10.1007/s00213-014-3685-0 Comer, 2008, The role of human drug self-administration procedures in the development of medications, Drug Alcohol Depend., 96, 1, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.001 Conrad, 2008, Formation of accumbens GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors mediates incubation of cocaine craving, Nature, 454, 118, 10.1038/nature06995 Crawford, 2013, The group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY379268, decreases methamphetamine self-administration in rats, Drug Alcohol Depend., 132, 414, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.024 Czoty, 2012, Individual differences in the effects of environmental stimuli on cocaine choice in socially housed male cynomolgus monkeys, Psychopharmacology, 224, 69, 10.1007/s00213-011-2562-3 Dalley, 2011, Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control, Neuron, 69, 680, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.020 Deminiere, 1989, Experimental approach to individual vulnerability to psychostimulant addiction, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 13, 141, 10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80023-5 Deneau, 1969, Self-administration of psychoactive substances by the monkey, Psychopharmacologia, 16, 30, 10.1007/BF00405254 Deroche-Gamonet, 2014, Psychobiology of cocaine addiction: contribution of a multi-symptomatic animal model of loss of control, Neuropharmacology, 76, 437, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.014 Deroche-Gamonet, 2004, Evidence for addiction-like behavior in the rat, Science, 305, 1014, 10.1126/science.1099020 de Wit, 1981, Reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in the rat, Psychopharmacology, 75, 134, 10.1007/BF00432175 de Wit, 1983, Drug reinstatement of heroin-reinforced responding in the rat, Psychopharmacology, 1, 29, 10.1007/BF00433012 de Wit, 2012, Do initial responses to drugs predict future use or abuse?, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 36, 1565, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.04.005 Dobrin, 2012, Cocaine self-administration in rats: discrete trials procedures, Methods Mol. Biol., 829, 291, 10.1007/978-1-61779-458-2_19 Doyle, 2014, A shift in the role of glutamatergic signaling in the nucleus accumbens core with the development of an addicted phenotype, Biol. Psychiatry, 76, 810, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.005 Ducret, 2016, N-acetylcysteine facilitates self-imposed abstinence after escalation of cocaine intake, Biol. Psychiatry, 80, 226, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.09.019 Edwards, 2013, Escalation of drug self-administration as a hallmark of persistent addiction liability, Behav. Pharmacol., 24, 356, 10.1097/FBP.0b013e3283644d15 Elton, 2010, The roles of sex differences in the drug addiction process, 147 Ettenberg, 2015, On the positive and negative affective responses to cocaine and their relation to drug self-administration in rats, Psychopharmacology, 232, 2363, 10.1007/s00213-015-3873-6 Fattore, 2008, Sex differences in drug addiction: a review of animal and human studies, Women Health, 4, 51, 10.2217/17455057.4.1.51 Fattore, 2010, Drug- and cue-induced reinstatement of cannabinoid-seeking behaviour in male and female rats: influence of ovarian hormones, Br. J. Pharmacol., 160, 724, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00734.x Ferland, 2016, Risk-preferring rats make worse decisions and show increased incubation of craving after cocaine self-administration, Addict. Biol. Fischer, 2013, Role of the major glutamate transporter GLT1 in nucleus accumbens core versus shell in cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior, J. Neurosci., 33, 9319, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3278-12.2013 Fischer-Smith, 2012, Differential effects of cocaine access and withdrawal on glutamate type 1 transporter expression in rat nucleus accumbens core and shell, Neuroscience, 210, 333, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.049 Fitch, 1993, The effects of dose and access restrictions on the periodicity of cocaine self-administration in the rat, Drug Alcohol Depend., 33, 119, 10.1016/0376-8716(93)90053-S Flores, 2016, Estradiol promotes the rewarding effects of nicotine in female rats, Behav. Brain Res., 307, 258, 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.004 Ford, 2002, Ethanol consumption in the Long-Evans female rat: a modulatory role of estradiol, Alcohol, 26, 103, 10.1016/S0741-8329(01)00203-8 Ford, 2004, Determination of an estradiol dose-response relationship in the modulation of ethanol intake, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 28, 20, 10.1097/01.ALC.0000108647.62718.5A Freeman, 2014, Assessment of the kappa opioid agonist, salvinorin A, as a punisher of drug self-administration in monkeys, Psychopharmacology, 231, 2751, 10.1007/s00213-014-3436-2 Galli, 2004, Long-term voluntary D-amphetamine consumption and behavioral predictors for subsequent D-amphetamine addiction in rats, Drug Alcohol Depend., 73, 51, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.09.003 Galli, 2011, Long-term development of excessive and inflexible nicotine taking by rats, effects of a novel treatment approach, Behav. Brain Res., 217, 261, 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.011 Gallop, 2007, Differential transitions between cocaine use and abstinence for men and women, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 75, 95, 10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.95 Gancarz-Kausch, 2014, Prolonged withdrawal following cocaine self-administration increases resistance to punishment in a cocaine binge, Sci Rep, 4, 6876, 10.1038/srep06876 Gardner, 2000, What we have learned about addiction from animal models of drug self-administration, Am. J. Addict., 9, 285, 10.1080/105504900750047355 George, 2008, Extended access to cocaine self-administration produces long-lasting prefrontal cortex-dependent working memory impairments, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 2474, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301626 Gipson, 2011, Effect of environmental enrichment on escalation of cocaine self-administration in rats, Psychopharmacology, 214, 557, 10.1007/s00213-010-2060-z Gould, 2017, Social status in monkeys: effects of social confrontation on brain function and cocaine self-administration, Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 1093, 10.1038/npp.2016.285 Greenfield, 2010, Substance abuse in women, Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 33, 339, 10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.004 Greenwell, 2009, Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists decrease heroin self-administration in long- but not short-access rats, Addict. Biol., 14, 130, 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00142.x Griffin, 1989, A comparison of male and female cocaine abusers, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 46, 122, 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810020024005 Grimm, 2001, Neuroadaptation. Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal, Nature, 412, 141, 10.1038/35084134 Haas, 2000, Development of substance abuse problems among drug-involved offenders. Evidence for the telescoping effect, J. Subst. Abus., 12, 241, 10.1016/S0899-3289(00)00053-5 Hao, 2010, Behavioral and functional evidence of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 dysregulation in cocaine-escalated rats: factor in the transition to dependence, Biol. Psychiatry, 68, 240, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.011 Henry, 2009, Cocaine-induced reinstatement during limited and extended drug access conditions in rhesus monkeys, Psychopharmacology, 204, 523, 10.1007/s00213-009-1485-8 Hernandez-Avila, 2004, Opioid-, cannabis- and alcohol-dependent women show more rapid progression to substance abuse treatment, Drug Alcohol Depend., 74, 265, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.02.001 Heyne, 1996, The development of opiate addiction in the rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 53, 11, 10.1016/0091-3057(95)00193-X Heyne, 1998, The development of addiction to d-amphetamine in an animal model: same principles as for alcohol and opiate, Psychopharmacology, 140, 510, 10.1007/s002130050796 Hitchcock, 2014, Histone-mediated epigenetics in addiction, Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci., 128, 51, 10.1016/B978-0-12-800977-2.00003-6 Holtz, 2013, Escalation of i.v. cocaine intake in peri-adolescent vs. adult rats selectively bred for high (HiS) vs. low (LoS) saccharin intake, Psychopharmacology, 227, 243, 10.1007/s00213-012-2958-8 Holtz, 2015, Cocaine self-administration punished by intravenous histamine in adolescent and adult rats, Behav. Pharmacol., 26, 393, 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000136 Holtz, 2013, Cocaine self-administration punished by i.v. histamine in rat models of high and low drug abuse vulnerability: effects of saccharin preference, impulsivity, and sex, Physiol. Behav., 122, 32, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.004 Hutsell, 2016, Effects of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) on cocaine versus food choice and extended-access cocaine intake in rhesus monkeys, Addict. Biol., 21, 360, 10.1111/adb.12206 Hutsell, 2016, Effects of 21-day d-amphetamine and risperidone treatment on cocaine vs food choice and extended-access cocaine intake in male rhesus monkeys, Drug Alcohol Depend., 168, 36, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.637 Huynh, 2017, Rats quit nicotine for a sweet reward following an extensive history of nicotine use, Addict. Biol., 22, 142, 10.1111/adb.12306 Imperio, 2015, Greater avoidance of a heroin-paired taste cue is associated with greater escalation of heroin self-administration in rats, Behav. Neurosci., 129, 380, 10.1037/bne0000069 Jackson, 2006, Sex differences and hormonal influences on acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats, Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 129, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300778 Johanson, 1977, The effects of electric shock on responding maintained by cocaine injections in a choice procedure in the rhesus monkey, Psychopharmacology, 53, 277, 10.1007/BF00492364 Johanson, 1976, Self-administration of psychomotor stimulant drugs: the effects of unlimited access, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 4, 45, 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90174-X Jones, 2013, A review of human drug self-administration procedures, Behav. Pharmacol., 24, 384, 10.1097/FBP.0b013e3283641c3d Jonkman, 2012, Drug intake is sufficient, but conditioning is not necessary for the emergence of compulsive cocaine seeking after extended self-administration, Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 1612, 10.1038/npp.2012.6 Katz, 2003, The validity of the reinstatement model of craving and relapse to drug use, Psychopharmacology, 168, 21, 10.1007/s00213-003-1441-y Kawa, 2016, Less is more: prolonged intermittent access cocaine self-administration produces incentive-sensitization and addiction-like behavior, Psychopharmacology, 233, 3587, 10.1007/s00213-016-4393-8 Kelamangalath, 2010, D-serine treatment reduces cocaine-primed reinstatement in rats following extended access to cocaine self-administration, Neuroscience, 169, 1127, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.006 Kerstetter, 2011, Impact of sex and gonadal hormones on cocaine and food reinforcement paradigms, J. Addict. Res. Ther., S4 Kerstetter, 2008, Protracted time-dependent increases in cocaine-seeking behavior during cocaine withdrawal in female relative to male rats, Psychopharmacology, 198, 63, 10.1007/s00213-008-1089-8 Kerstetter, 2012, Sex differences in selecting between food and cocaine reinforcement are mediated by estrogen, Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 2605, 10.1038/npp.2012.99 Kippin, 2006, Contributions of prolonged contingent and noncontingent cocaine exposure to enhanced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats, Psychopharmacology, 187, 60, 10.1007/s00213-006-0386-3 Kitamura, 2006, Escalation of methamphetamine self-administration in rats: a dose-effect function, Psychopharmacology, 186, 48, 10.1007/s00213-006-0353-z Koob, 2014, Neurocircuitry of alcohol addiction: synthesis from animal models, Handb. Clin. Neurol., 125, 33, 10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00003-3 Koob, 2007, Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence, Am. J. Psychiatry, 164, 1149, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.05030503 Koob, 2016, Existing and future drugs for the treatment of the dark side of addiction, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 56, 299, 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103143 Koob, 2016, Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis, Lancet Psychiatr., 3, 760, 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8 Koskela, 2017, Update of neurotrophic factors in neurobiology of addiction and future directions, Neurobiol. Dis., 97, 189, 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.010 Kucerova, 2009, Impact of repeated methamphetamine pretreatment on intravenous self-administration of the drug in males and estrogenized or non- estrogenized ovariectomized female rats, Neuro Endocrinol. Lett., 30, 663 Lacy, 2016, The effects of sex, estrous cycle, and social contact on cocaine and heroin self-administration in rats, Psychopharmacology, 233, 3201, 10.1007/s00213-016-4368-9 Larson, 2007, Effects of estrogen and progesterone on the escalation of cocaine self-administration in female rats during extended access, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 15, 461, 10.1037/1064-1297.15.5.461 Lê, 2002, Neurobiology of relapse to alcohol in rats, Pharmacol. Ther., 94, 137, 10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00200-0 Le Cozannet, 2013, Extended-access, but not limited-access, methamphetamine self-administration induces behavioral and nucleus accumbens dopamine response changes in rats, Eur. J. Neurosci., 38, 3487, 10.1111/ejn.12361 Lenoir, 2007, Heroin-induced reinstatement is specific to compulsive heroin use and dissociable from heroin reward and sensitization, Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 616, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301083 Lenoir, 2007, Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward, PLoS One, 2, 10.1371/journal.pone.0000698 Lenoir, 2013, Extended heroin access increases heroin choices over a potent nondrug alternative, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 1209, 10.1038/npp.2013.17 Lenoir, 2013, A choice-based screening method for compulsive drug users in rats Li, 2015, Recent updates on incubation of drug craving: a mini-review, Addict. Biol., 20, 872, 10.1111/adb.12205 Liu, 2005, Effects of extended-access self-administration and deprivation on breakpoints maintained by cocaine in rats, Psychopharmacology, 179, 644, 10.1007/s00213-004-2089-y Lopez, 2017, Variable effects of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure on ethanol drinking in a genetically diverse mouse cohort, Alcohol, 58, 73, 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.09.003 Lynch, 2006, Sex differences in vulnerability to drug self-administration, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 14, 34, 10.1037/1064-1297.14.1.34 Lynch, 2001, Regulation of drug intake, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 9, 131, 10.1037/1064-1297.9.2.131 Lynch, 2004, Sex differences in the behavioral effects of 24-hr access to cocaine under a discrete trial procedure, Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 943, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300389 Lynch, 2005, Decreased motivation following cocaine self-administration under extended access conditions: effects of sex and ovarian hormones, Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 927, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300656 Lynch, 2010, Biological theories for addiction: drug reinforcement in animals Lynch, 2010, Progesterone as a treatment for nicotine addiction: evidence from initiation to relapse prevention, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 18, 451, 10.1037/a0021265 Lynch, 2001, Role of estrogen in the acquisition of intravenously self-administered cocaine in female rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 68, 641, 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00455-5 Lynch, 2005, Neonatal isolation stress potentiates cocaine seeking behavior in adult male and female rats, Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 322, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300594 Lynch, 2010, Sex differences in vulnerability to stimulant abuse: A translational perspective, 407 Lynch, 2013, Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 37, 1622, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011 Madsen, 2015, Drug versus sweet reward: greater attraction to and preference for sweet versus drug cues, Addict. Biol., 20, 433, 10.1111/adb.12134 Mandt, 2015, Escalation of cocaine consumption in short and long access self-administration procedures, Drug Alcohol Depend., 149, 166, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.039 Mantsch, 2001, Predictable individual differences in the initiation of cocaine self-administration by rats under extended-access conditions are dose-dependent, Psychopharmacology, 157, 31, 10.1007/s002130100744 Mantsch, 2004, Effects of extended access to high versus low cocaine doses on self-administration, cocaine-induced reinstatement and brain mRNA levels in rats, Psychopharmacology, 175, 26, 10.1007/s00213-004-1778-x Mantsch, 2016, Stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking: 20years of progress, Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 335, 10.1038/npp.2015.142 Marchant, 2013, Recent developments in animal models of drug relapse, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 23, 675, 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.003 Martin, 2006, Self-administration of heroin, cocaine and their combination under a discrete trial schedule of reinforcement in rats, Drug Alcohol Depend., 82, 282, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.018 Martinez, 2016, Estradiol facilitation of cocaine self-administration in female rats requires activation of mGluR5, eNeuro, 3, 10.1523/ENEURO.0140-16.2016 Mateo, 2005, Reduced dopamine terminal function and insensitivity to cocaine following cocaine binge self-administration and deprivation, Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 1455, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300687 McBride, 2014, The alcohol-preferring (P) and high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) rats–animal models of alcoholism, Alcohol, 48, 209, 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.09.044 McCance-Katz, 1999, Gender differences in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers–implications for treatment and prognosis, Am. J. Addict., 8, 300, 10.1080/105504999305703 McKay, 1996, Gender differences in the relapse experiences of cocaine patients, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 184, 616, 10.1097/00005053-199610000-00006 McNamara, 2010, Trait-like impulsivity does not predict escalation of heroin self-administration in the rat, Psychopharmacology, 212, 453, 10.1007/s00213-010-1974-9 Meisch, 2001, Oral drug self-administration: an overview of laboratory animal studies, Alcohol, 24, 117, 10.1016/S0741-8329(01)00149-5 Mello, 2011, Effects of progesterone and testosterone on cocaine self-administration and cocaine discrimination by female rhesus monkeys, Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 2187, 10.1038/npp.2011.130 Miller, 2017, Cocaine craving during protracted withdrawal requires PKCε priming within vmPFC, Addict. Biol., 22, 629, 10.1111/adb.12354 Moeller, 2015, Cocaine choice procedures in animals, humans, and treatment-seekers: can we bridge the divide?, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 138, 133, 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.09.020 Morgan, 2004, Sensitization to the reinforcing effects of cocaine following binge-abstinent self-administration, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 27, 803, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.004 Morgan, 2002, Increases in the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine after particular histories of reinforcement, Behav. Pharmacol., 13, 389, 10.1097/00008877-200209000-00012 Morgan, 2005, Binge self-administration and deprivation produces sensitization to the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats, Psychopharmacology, 178, 309, 10.1007/s00213-004-1992-6 Nader, 2014, Environmental modulation of drug taking: nonhuman primate models of cocaine abuse and PET neuroimaging, Neuropharmacology, 76, 510, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.044 Negus, 2003, Rapid assessment of choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys: effects of environmental manipulations and treatment with d-amphetamine and flupenthixol, Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 919, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300096 Nguyen, 2017, Escalation of intravenous self-administration of methylone and mephedrone under extended access conditions, Addict. Biol., 10.1111/adb.12398 O'Brien, 1998, Conditioning factors in drug abuse: can they explain compulsion?, J. Psychopharmacol., 12, 15, 10.1177/026988119801200103 Oleson, 2008, Parsing the addiction phenomenon: self-administration procedures modeling enhanced motivation for drug and escalation of drug intake, Drug Discov. Today Dis. Model., 5, 217, 10.1016/j.ddmod.2009.04.001 Oleson, 2009, Behavioral economic assessment of price and cocaine consumption following self-administration histories that produce escalation of either final ratios or intake, Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 796, 10.1038/npp.2008.195 Oleson, 2012, Cocaine self-administration in rats: threshold procedures, Methods Mol. Biol., 829, 303, 10.1007/978-1-61779-458-2_20 Pacchioni, 2011, Dorsal striatum mediation of cocaine-seeking after withdrawal from short or long daily access cocaine self-administration in rats, Behav. Brain Res., 218, 296, 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.014 Panlilio, 2007, Self-administration of drugs in animals and humans as a model and an investigative tool, Addiction, 102, 1863, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02011.x Parkitna, 2013, Novelty-seeking behaviors and the escalation of alcohol drinking after abstinence in mice are controlled by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 on neurons expressing dopamine d1 receptors, Biol. Psychiatry, 73, 263, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.019 Paronis, 2013, Ethanol self-administration in rats responding under concurrent schedules for milk or ethanol plus milk, Behav. Pharmacol., 24, 486, 10.1097/FBP.0b013e328364c006 Paronis, 2002, Effects of cocaine under concurrent fixed ratio schedules of food and IV drug availability: a novel choice procedure in monkeys, Psychopharmacology, 163, 283, 10.1007/s00213-002-1180-5 Pascoli, 2015, Sufficiency of mesolimbic dopamine neuron stimulation for the progression to addiction, Neuron, 88, 1054, 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.017 Paterson, 2003, Increased motivation for self-administered cocaine after escalated cocaine intake, Neuroreport, 14, 2229, 10.1097/00001756-200312020-00019 Pelloux, 2015, Differential vulnerability to the punishment of cocaine related behaviours: effects of locus of punishment, cocaine taking history and alternative reinforcer availability, Psychopharmacology, 232, 125, 10.1007/s00213-014-3648-5 Peoples, 1997, Operant behavior during sessions of intravenous cocaine infusion is necessary and sufficient for phasic firing of single nucleus accumbens neurons, Brain Res., 757, 280, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00299-0 Perry, 2013, The development of a preference for cocaine over food identifies individual rats with addiction-like behaviors, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0079465 Perry, 2015, The roles of dopamine and α1-adrenergic receptors in cocaine preferences in female and male rats, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 2696, 10.1038/npp.2015.116 Peterson, 2014, Dose-dependent effects of wheel running on cocaine-seeking and prefrontal cortex Bdnf exon IV expression in rats, Psychopharmacology, 231, 1305, 10.1007/s00213-013-3321-4 Peterson, 2014, Dose-dependent effectiveness of wheel running to attenuate cocaine-seeking: impact of sex and estrous cycle in rats, Psychopharmacology, 231, 2661, 10.1007/s00213-014-3437-1 Picetti, 2012, Dose escalation and dose preference in extended-access heroin self-administration in Lewis and Fischer rats, Psychopharmacology, 220, 163, 10.1007/s00213-011-2464-4 Pickens, 2011, Neurobiology of the incubation of drug craving, Trends Neurosci., 34, 411, 10.1016/j.tins.2011.06.001 Pitchers, 2017, The ability for cocaine and cocaine-associated cues to compete for attention, Behav. Brain Res., 320, 302, 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.024 Pomierny-Chamioło, 2014, Metabotropic glutamatergic receptors and their ligands in drug addiction, Pharmacol. Ther., 142, 281, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.012 Radwanska, 2012, Characterization of an alcohol addiction-prone phenotype in mice, Addict. Biol., 17, 601, 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00394.x Ramôa, 2013, Estradiol as a mechanism for sex differences in the development of an addicted phenotype following extended access cocaine self-administration, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 1698, 10.1038/npp.2013.68 Ramôa, 2014, Diminished role of dopamine D1-receptor signaling with the development of an addicted phenotype in rats, Biol. Psychiatry, 76, 8, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.028 Recinto, 2012, Levels of neural progenitors in the hippocampus predict memory impairment and relapse to drug seeking as a function of excessive methamphetamine self-administration, Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 1275, 10.1038/npp.2011.315 Reichel, 2009, Forced abstinence model of relapse to study pharmacological treatments of substance use disorder, Curr. Drug Abuse Rev., 2, 184, 10.2174/1874473710902020184 Reichel, 2012, Sex differences in escalation of methamphetamine self-administration: cognitive and motivational consequences in rats, Psychopharmacology, 223, 371, 10.1007/s00213-012-2727-8 Roberts, 2002, Patterns of cocaine self-administration in rats produced by various access conditions under a discrete trials procedure, Drug Alcohol Depend., 67, 291, 10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00083-2 Roberts, 2007, How to make a rat addicted to cocaine, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 31, 1614, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.028 Rogers, 2008, Extended methamphetamine self-administration enhances reinstatement of drug-seeking and impairs novel object recognition in rats, Psychopharmacology, 199, 615, 10.1007/s00213-008-1187-7 Roth, 2004, Sex differences in the escalation of intravenous cocaine intake following long- or short-access to cocaine self-administration, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 78, 199, 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.03.018 Roth, 2002, Influence of estrogen in the acquisition of intravenously self-administered heroin in female rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 72, 313, 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00777-8 Ruda-Kucerova, 2015, Sex differences in the reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking after forced abstinence in Sprague-Dawley rats, Front Psychiatr., 6, 91, 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00091 Sanchez, 2013, Effect of wheel-running during abstinence on subsequent nicotine-seeking in rats, Psychopharmacology, 227, 403, 10.1007/s00213-012-2964-x Sanchez, 2014, Sex differences in the effect of wheel running on subsequent nicotine-seeking in a rat adolescent-onset self-administration model, Psychopharmacology, 231, 1753, 10.1007/s00213-013-3359-3 Schmeichel, 2015, Hypocretin receptor 2 antagonism dose-dependently reduces escalated heroin self-administration in rats, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 1123, 10.1038/npp.2014.293 Sedki, 2015, Food restriction-induced augmentation of heroin seeking in female rats: manipulations of ovarian hormones, Psychopharmacology, 232, 3773, 10.1007/s00213-015-4037-4 Shalev, 2002, Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review, Pharmacol. Rev., 54, 1, 10.1124/pr.54.1.1 Sinha, 2011, Translational and reverse translational research on the role of stress in drug craving and relapse, Psychopharmacology, 218, 69, 10.1007/s00213-011-2263-y Smith, 2017, Modeling the impact of social contact on substance use, Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 364, 10.1038/npp.2016.218 Smith, 2011, The effects of aerobic exercise on cocaine self-administration in male and female rats, Psychopharmacology, 218, 357, 10.1007/s00213-011-2321-5 Smith, 2016, The effects of excitatory and inhibitory social cues on cocaine-seeking behavior, Front. Behav. Neurosci., 10, 217, 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00217 Sobieraj, 2016, Chronic wheel running-induced reduction of extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats is associated with reduced number of periaqueductal gray dopamine neurons, Brain Struct. Funct., 221, 261, 10.1007/s00429-014-0905-7 Sokoloff, 2017, The dopamine D3 receptor, a quarter century later, Eur. J. Neurosci., 45, 2, 10.1111/ejn.13390 Spragg, 1940, Morphine addiction in chimpanzees, Comp. Psychol. Monogr., 15, 1 Stewart, 1996, Ovarian hormones do not affect the initiation and maintenance of intravenous self-administration of heroin in the female rat, Psychobiology, 24, 154, 10.3758/BF03331967 Strickland, 2015, Animal models of social contact and drug self-administration, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 136, 47, 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.06.013 Suh, 2006, The status of disulfiram: a half of a century later, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 26, 290, 10.1097/01.jcp.0000222512.25649.08 Thiel, 2011, The interactive effects of environmental enrichment and extinction interventions in attenuating cue-elicited cocaine-seeking behavior in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 97, 595, 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.09.014 Thomsen, 2008, Effects of acute and chronic aripiprazole treatment on choice between cocaine self-administration and food under a concurrent schedule of reinforcement in rats, Psychopharmacology, 201, 43, 10.1007/s00213-008-1245-1 Thomsen, 2013, Cocaine versus food choice procedure in rats: environmental manipulations and effects of amphetamine, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 99, 211, 10.1002/jeab.15 Tornatzky, 2000, Cocaine self-administration "binges": transition from behavioral and autonomic regulation toward homeostatic dysregulation in rats, Psychopharmacology, 148, 289, 10.1007/s002130050053 Tunstall, 2015, Sign-tracking predicts increased choice of cocaine over food in rats, Behav. Brain Res., 281, 222, 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.034 Tunstall, 2014, Drug specificity in drug versus food choice in male rats, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 22, 364, 10.1037/a0037019 Valentine, 1997, Self-administration in rats allowed unlimited access to nicotine, Psychopharmacology, 133, 300, 10.1007/s002130050405 Vandaele, 2016, Choosing under the influence: a drug-specific mechanism by which the setting controls drug choices in rats, Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 646, 10.1038/npp.2015.195 Vanderschuren, 2013, Animal studies of addictive behavior, Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 3, a011932, 10.1101/cshperspect.a011932 Venniro, 2016, Animal models of drug relapse and craving: from drug priming-induced reinstatement to incubation of craving after voluntary abstinence, Prog. Brain Res., 224, 25, 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.004 Wade, 2015, Compulsive-like responding for opioid analgesics in rats with extended access, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 421, 10.1038/npp.2014.188 Wakabayashi, 2010, Rats markedly escalate their intake and show a persistent susceptibility to reinstatement only when cocaine is injected rapidly, J. Neurosci., 30, 11346, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2524-10.2010 Ward, 2006, Discrete-trials heroin self-administration produces sensitization to the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats, Psychopharmacology, 185, 150, 10.1007/s00213-005-0288-9 Waters, 2014, Assessment of a proposed "three-criteria" cocaine addiction model for use in reinstatement studies with rats, Psychopharmacology, 231, 3197, 10.1007/s00213-014-3497-2 Wee, 2008, Alpha 1-noradrenergic system role in increased motivation for cocaine intake in rats with prolonged access, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 18, 303, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.08.003 Westermeyer, 2000, Course, severity, and treatment of substance abuse among women versus men, Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 26, 523, 10.1081/ADA-100101893 Wetherill, 2016, Ovarian hormones, menstrual cycle phase, and smoking: a review with recommendations for future studies, Curr. Addict. Rep., 3, 1, 10.1007/s40429-016-0093-z Whitfield, 2015, κ Opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell mediate escalation of methamphetamine intake, J. Neurosci., 10, 4296, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1978-13.2015 Wise, 1981, Brain substrates for reinforcement and drug self-administration, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol., 5, 467, 10.1016/0364-7722(81)90028-X Wise, 2014, The development and maintenance of drug addiction, Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 254, 10.1038/npp.2013.261 Wolf, 2016, Synaptic mechanisms underlying persistent cocaine craving, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 17, 351, 10.1038/nrn.2016.39 Wolf, 2012, Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in the VTA and nucleus accumbens after cocaine exposure: when, how, and why?, Front. Mol. Neurosci., 5, 72, 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00072 Wolffgramm, 1991, Social behavior, dominance, and social deprivation of rats determine drug choice, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 38, 389, 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90297-F Wolffgramm, 1995, From controlled drug intake to loss of control: the irreversible development of drug addiction in the rat, Behav. Brain Res., 70, 77, 10.1016/0166-4328(95)00131-C Yahyavi-Firouz-Abadi, 2009, Anti-relapse medications: preclinical models for drug addiction treatment, Pharmacol. Ther., 124, 235, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.014 Zakiniaeiz, 2016, Balance of the sexes: addressing sex differences in preclinical research, Yale J. Biol. Med., 89, 255 Zhang, 2014, Extended access oxycodone self-administration and neurotransmitter receptor gene expression in the dorsal striatum of adult C57BL/6 J mice, Psychopharmacology, 231, 1277, 10.1007/s00213-013-3306-3 Zilberman, 2003, Gender similarities and differences: the prevalence and course of alcohol- and other substance-related disorders, J. Addict. Dis., 22, 61, 10.1300/J069v22n04_06 Zimmer, 2012, The motivation to self-administer is increased after a history of spiking brain levels of cocaine, Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 1901, 10.1038/npp.2012.37 Zlebnik, 2014, Effects of combined exercise and progesterone treatments on cocaine seeking in male and female rats, Psychopharmacology, 231, 3787, 10.1007/s00213-014-3513-6 Zorrilla, 2012, Extended access cocaine self-administration differentially activates dorsal raphe and amygdala corticotropin-releasing factor systems in rats, Addict. Biol., 17, 300, 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00329.x