Mechanical properties of paraformaldehyde-treated individual cells investigated by atomic force microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy

K. Minami, Y. Kasuya, T. Yamazaki, Q. Ji, W. Nakanishi, J.P. Hill, K. Ariga, Highly ordered 1-D fullerene crystals for concurrent control of macroscopic cellular orientation and differentiation toward large-scale tissue engineering. Adv. Mater. 27(27), 4020–4026 (2015)

K. Ariga, K. Minami, M. Ebara, J. Nakanishi, What are the emerging concepts and challenges in NANO? Nanoarchitectonics, hand-operating nanotechnology and mechanobiology. Polym. J. 48(4), 371–389 (2016)

K. Kikuchi, 19F MRI Probes with tunable switches and highly sensitive 19F MRI nanoprobes. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 88(4), 518–521 (2015)

C.H. Fox, F.B. Johnson, J. Whiting, P.P. Roller, Formaldehyde fixation. J histochem Cytochem 33(8), 845–853 (1985)

L. Lanier, N. Warner, Paraformaldehyde fixation of hematopoietic cells for quantitative flow cytometry (FACS) analysis. J. Immunol. Methods 47(1), 25–30 (1981)

D. Hopwood, Cell and tissue fixation, 1972–1982. The Histochem J 17(4), 389–442 (1985)

F. Braet, C. Rotsch, E. Wisse, M. Radmacher, Comparison of fixed and living liver endothelial cells by atomic force microscopy. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 66, S575–S578 (1998)

J.H. Hoh, C.-A. Schoenenberger, Surface morphology and mechanical properties of MDCK monolayers by atomic force microscopy. J. Cell Sci. 107(5), 1105–1114 (1994)

J. Hutter, J. Chen, W. Wan, S. Uniyal, M. Leabu, Atomic force microscopy investigation of the dependence of cellular elastic moduli on glutaraldehyde fixation. J. Microsc. 219(2), 61–68 (2005)

H. Wu, T. Kuhn, V. Moy, Mechanical properties of L929 cells measured by atomic force microscopy: effects of anticytoskeletal drugs and membrane crosslinking. Scanning 20(5), 389–397 (1998)

Y. Yamane, H. Shiga, H. Haga, K. Kawabata, K. Abe, E. Ito, Quantitative analyses of topography and elasticity of living and fixed astrocytes. J. Electron Microsc. 49(3), 463–471 (2000)

K.A. Tanaka, K.G. Suzuki, Y.M. Shirai, S.T. Shibutani, M.S. Miyahara, H. Tsuboi, T.K. Fujiwara, Membrane molecules mobile even after chemical fixation. Nat. Methods 7(11), 865–866 (2010)

G. Binnig, C.F. Quate, C. Gerber, Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56(9), 930 (1986)

B. Cappella, G. Dietler, Force-distance curves by atomic force microscopy. Surf. Sci. Rep. 34(1), 1–104 (1999)

Y.E. Korchev, C.L. Bashford, M. Milovanovic, I. Vodyanoy, M.J. Lab, Scanning ion conductance microscopy of living cells. Biophys. J. 73(2), 653 (1997)

Y. Mizutani, M.-H. Choi, S.-J. Cho, T. Okajima, Nanoscale fluctuations on epithelial cell surfaces investigated by scanning ion conductance microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(17), 173703 (2013)

J.A. Kiernan, Formaldehyde, formalin, paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde: what they are and what they do. Microsc Today 1(5), 8–12 (2000)

J. Gorelik, A.I. Shevchuk, G.I. Frolenkov, I.A. Diakonov, C.J. Kros, G.P. Richardson, Y.E. Korchev, Dynamic assembly of surface structures in living cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100(10), 5819–5822 (2003)

H. Nitz, J. Kamp, H. Fuchs, A combined scanning ion-conductance and shear-force microscope. Probe microsc 1, 187–200 (1998)

C. Crawford, R. Barer, The action of formaldehyde on living cells as studied by phase-contrast microscopy. J. Cell Sci. 3(20), 403–452 (1951)

M. Targosz-Korecka, G. Daniel Brzezinka, J. Danilkiewicz, Z. Rajfur, M. Szymonski, Glutaraldehyde fixation preserves the trend of elasticity alterations for endothelial cells exposed to TNF-α. Cytoskeleton 72(3), 124–130 (2015)

J. Rheinlaender, N.A. Geisse, R. Proksch, T.E. Schäffer, Comparison of scanning ion conductance microscopy with atomic force microscopy for cell imaging. Langmuir 27(2), 697–704 (2010)

P. Novak, C. Li, A.I. Shevchuk, R. Stepanyan, M. Caldwell, S. Hughes, Y.E. Korchev, Nanoscale live-cell imaging using hopping probe ion conductance microscopy. Nat. Methods 6(4), 279–282 (2009). doi: 10.1038/NMETH.1306

J.L. Hutter, J. Bechhoefer, Calibration of atomic-force microscope tips. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64(7), 1868–1873 (1993). doi: 10.1063/1.1143970