Manganese metallurgy review. Part I: Leaching of ores/secondary materials and recovery of electrolytic/chemical manganese dioxide

Abbas, 1999, Recycling of zinc–carbon spent batteries: I. Production of manganese and zinc as sulfates, Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 42, 361

Abbruzzese, 1987, Aqueous SO2 processing of manganese ores, 77

Abbruzzese, 1990, Percolation leaching of manganese ore by aqueous sulfur dioxide, Hydrometallurgy, 25, 85, 10.1016/0304-386X(90)90066-B

Abbruzzese, 1990, Biological and chemical processing of low-grade manganese ores, Minerals Engineering, 3, 307, 10.1016/0892-6875(90)90126-V

Abdrashitov, Y.M., Dmitriev, Y.K., Zakharova, N.V., Lakeev, S.N., Lapin, V.V., Loginov, O.N., Pavlov, A.I., Silishchev, N.N., Sorokin, I.A., Shapovalov, V.D., 2001. Acidic leaching for Mn recovery from manganese ores with oxide product precipitation. RU Patent No. 2176679.

Acharya, 2001, Microbial extraction of manganese from low grade manganese ore, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 54, 99

Acharya, 2003, Studies on reaction mechanism of bioleaching of manganese ore, Minerals Engineering, 16, 1027, 10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00239-5

Acharya, 1999, Leaching of metals from Indian Ocean nodules in SO2–H2O–H2SO4–(NH4)2SO4 medium, Hydrometallurg, 53, 169, 10.1016/S0304-386X(99)00040-7

Acharya, 1987, Kinetics and mechanism of reductive ammonia leaching of ocean nodules by manganous ion, Hydrometallurgy, 19, 169, 10.1016/0304-386X(87)90003-X

Agladze, 1957, The corrosion of manganese containing the impurities nickel, cobalt, and copper in the metal, Elektrokhim. Margantsa, Akad. Nauk Gruzin. S.S.R., 1, 15

Agladze, 1957, The recovery of metallic manganese by the electrolysis of chloride solutions, Elektrokhim. Margantsa, Akad. Nauk Gruzin. S.S.R., 1, 341

Ali, 2002, Leaching of low-grade Sinai manganese ore using lactose as a reductant, Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 45, 359

Anon., 1949. Electrolyte purification in manganese electrowinning. GB Patent No. 627208.

Anon., 2003. Date accessed: 15/6/2006 The Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide Market. http://www.hitec-energy.com.au.

Anand, 1988, Leaching of manganese nodule in ammoniacal medium using ferrous sulfate as the reductant, Metallurgical Transactions B, 19B, 331, 10.1007/BF02654218

Arsent'ev, 1992, Experimental processing of Vorkutinsk manganese ores by hydrometallurgical methods, Obogashchenie Rud (Sankt-Peterburg, Russian Federation), 17

Arsent'ev, V.A., Yavorskaya, G.M., Kovaleva, O.V., 1991. Manganese recovery from oxide ores by leaching with acid. SU Patent No. 1624038.

Bartolozzi, 1994, Recovery of zinc and manganese from spent batteries, Journal of Power Sources, 48, 389, 10.1016/0378-7753(94)80035-9

Binsfield, 1996, Recovery of zinc and manganese from Bunker Hill Water Treatment Plant sludge: part II — electrowinning process development, 719

Brantley, F.E., Rampacek, C., 1968. Manganese and iron recovery from leach solutions. US Patent No. 3397130.

Calvert, J.B., 2004. Date accessed: 29/9/2005 Chromium and Manganese. http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/chromang.htm.

Chen, 1992, Reduction leaching of manganese nodules by nickel matte in hydrochloric acid solution, Hydrometallurgy, 28, 269, 10.1016/0304-386X(92)90135-M

Choi, 1996, Reduction leaching of manganese nodules with sodium sulfite in ammonium chloride solution, Shigen to Sozai, 112, 117, 10.2473/shigentosozai.112.117

Coleman, T.W., Griffin, R.A., 1984. Electrodepositing metallic manganese. US Patent No. 4478697.

Comba, 1991

Cooper, H.S., Schaefer, J.C., Schmidt, E.C., 1959. Recovery of manganese from metallurgical by-products by chlorination. US Patent No. 2877110.

Corathers, L.A., 2004. Date accessed: 21/6/2007. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Yearbook: Manganese -2004, http://minerals.usgs.gov.

Corathers, L.A., 2005. Date accessed: 21/6/2007. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Yearbook: Manganese -2005, http://minerals.usgs.gov.

Das, 2006, Processing of African Heterogenite at Rubamin Limited, India

Das, 1998, Studies on reduction of manganese dioxide by (NH4)2SO3 in ammoniacal medium, Hydrometallurgy, 50, 39, 10.1016/S0304-386X(98)00044-9

Das, 1986, Leaching of manganese nodules in ammoniacal medium using glucose as reductant, Hydrometallurgy, 16, 335, 10.1016/0304-386X(86)90008-3

Das, 1989, Sulfuric acid leaching of manganese nodules in the presence of charcoal, The AusIMM Bulletin and Proceedings, 294, 73

Das, 1982, Extraction of manganese from low-grade manganese ores by ferrous sulfate leaching, Hydrometallurgy, 8, 35, 10.1016/0304-386X(82)90029-9

Das, 1978, Recovery of manganese value from ferromanganese slag through acid leaching, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 31, 265

Das, 1979, Technical note on recovery of manganese from low manganese content ferromanganese slag, Proceedings - Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,, 272, 25

Dean, 1942, Nitrogen dioxide process for recovery of manganese from ores, vol. 3626

Debrodt, H., Kluger, P., Lieberoth, D., 1986. Anode for electrochemical processes. ZA Patent No. 8602688.

Demirbas, 1999, Non-isothermal leaching kinetics of braunite in water saturated with sulfur dioxide, Resources Conservation and Recycling, 26, 35, 10.1016/S0921-3449(98)00073-1

Drinkard, Jr., W.F., Woerner, H.J., 1997. Leaching of metallurgical dust wastes in nitric acid for recovery of metal values. WO Patent No. 9716230.

Dry, 1998, Cu/Co tailings treatment project, Democratic Republic of Congo

Dundua, 1999, Manganese recovery from residual slimes in the electrochemical manufacture of manganese dioxide, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Gruzii, Seriya Khimicheskaya, 25, 151

Elsherief, 2000, A study of the electroleaching of manganese ore, Hydrometallurgy, 55, 311, 10.1016/S0304-386X(99)00089-4

Fink, 1939, vol. 76

Freitas, 1993, Sulfation of carajas manganese ore with gaseous SO2, Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section C - Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 102, C130

Fuller, 1964, Metallurgical studies of rhodonite ores, Silverton district, Colorado. III. Melting, quenching, and acid leaching of concentrates and electrolytic recovery of manganese from solution, U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations, RI 6442

Furlani, 2006, Reductive acid leaching of manganese dioxide with glucose: Identification of oxidation derivatives of glucose, Hydrometallurgy, 81, 234, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.12.008

Gaprindashvili, V.N., Bagaturiya, L.V., Bardavelidze, M.V., Tsveniashvili, V.S., Dzhanimanov, T.B., Gogichadze, L.D., 1993. Leaching of oxidized manganese ores in mixtures with pyrite. SU Patent No. 1792995.

Godsey, A.R. Jr., 1955. Anode for electrowinning manganese. US Patent No. 2723230.

Grimanelis, 1992, Leaching of a rich Greek manganese ore by aqueous-solutions of sulfur-dioxide, Hydrometallurgy, 31, 139, 10.1016/0304-386X(92)90113-E

Hammerquist, W.L., 1948. Electrolyte purification in manganese electrowinning. US Patent No. 2445826.

Hammerquist, W.L., 1951. Manganese electrowinning process. US Patent No. 2559874.

Harris, 1977, The production of electrolytic manganese in South Africa, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, 77, 137

Ilea, 1997, The electrodeposition of manganese from aqueous solutions of MnSO4. IV: electrowinning by galvanostatic electrolysis, Hydrometallurgy, 46, 149, 10.1016/S0304-386X(97)00008-X

Ismail, 2004, A comparative study on acid leaching of low grade manganese ore using some industrial wastes as reductants, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 82, 1296, 10.1002/cjce.5450820618

Jacobs, 1948, Electrowinning of manganese from chloride electrolytes, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 94, 108, 10.1149/1.2773829

Jakuszewski, 1972, Electrochemical oxidation and reduction on manganous sulfate in aqueous solutions, Societatis Scientiarum Lodziensis, Acta Chimica, 17, 83

Jana, 1999, Ammoniacal leaching of roast reduced deep-sea manganese nodules, Hydrometallurgy, 53, 45, 10.1016/S0304-386X(99)00031-6

Javorek, P., 1988. Ammonium carbonate leaching of nodules in manganese recovery. CS Patent No. 256130.

Jiang, 2003, Simultaneous leaching of manganese and silver from manganese-silver ores at room temperature, Hydrometallurgy, 69, 177, 10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00033-1

Kane, W.S., Cardwell, P.H., 1976. Two-stage selective leaching of metal values from ocean floor nodules. US Patent No. 3930974.

Kaneko, 1993, Improvement of Mn yield in less slag blowing at Bof by use of sintered manganese ore, Tetsu to Hagane-Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 79, 941, 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.79.8_941

Kanungo, 1988, Extraction of metals from manganese nodules of the Indian ocean by leaching in aqueous solution of sulfur dioxide, Hydrometallurgy, 20, 135, 10.1016/0304-386X(88)90047-3

Kasimov, A.M., Slotvinskii-Sidak, N.P., Mailyan, N.A., Potapov, V.I., 1990. Roasting and leaching of manganese-containing slag. SU Patent No. 1581762.

Kawahara, 1991, Leaching of manganese nodules using sulfur dioxide as a reductant, Journal of the Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan, 107, 871

Kholmogorov, 1998, Reductive leaching of manganese and sulfide concentrates in sulfuric acid solutions, Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii (Sankt-Peterburg), 71, 1890

Kohga, 1995, Recovering iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, and high-purity nickel from sea nodules, JOM (USA), 47, 40, 10.1007/BF03221339

Kuh, 2001, Extraction of metal values from manganese nodules in the ocean environment using zinc matte as a reductant, Environmental Technology, 22, 881, 10.1080/09593332208618227

Kukula, 1977, Hydrometallurgical recovery of manganese from slags. II. Purification of solution and electrolysis, Rudy i Metale Niezelazne, 22, 411

Li, 2000, Effects of several factors on simultaneous leaching of zinc sulfide ore concentrates and manganese ores, Guizhou Gongye Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 29, 10

Li, 1997, Reduction leaching of ocean poly metallic nodules with dilute hydrochloric acid solution, Kuangye Gongcheng, 17, 50

Lindermann, 1994, The BATENUS process for recycling battery waste, 197

Louis, 1976, vol. 1859

Lu, 2001, A comprehensive utilization process for black manganese-silver ores by pyrite reducing method, Rare Metals (Beijing, China), 20, 142

Mantell, C.L., 1944. Anodes for the electrowinning of Mn. US Patent No. 2340400.

Mantell, C.L., Ferment, G.R., 1969. Electrowinning manganese. US Patent No. 3455799.

Mantell, C.L., Hammerquist, W.L., 1944. Mg control in Mn electrowinning. US Patent No. 2348742.

Maslenitskii, 1969, Laboratory study of dithionate treatment of three samples of low-grade manganese slimes, Obogashchenie Rud (Sankt-Peterburg, Russian Federation), 14, 45

Mittal, 2003, India's first medium scale demonstration plant for treating poly-metallic nodules, Minerals Engineering, 16, 865, 10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00204-8

Mohanty, 1994, Leaching of manganese nodules in ammoniacal medium with elemental sulfur as reductant, Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section C - Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy,, 103, C151

Mukherjee, 2004, Recent developments in processing ocean manganese nodules-a critical review, Mineral Processing & Extractive Metallurgy Review, 25, 91, 10.1080/08827500490433188

Naik, 2002, Extraction of manganese from low-grade Nishikhal ore using pyritiferous lignite in acidic medium, Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 19, 110

Naik, 2003, Leaching of low-grade Joda manganese ore with sulfur dioxide in aqueous medium, Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 112, C131

Naik, 2000, Aqueous SO2 leaching studies on Nishikhal manganese ore through factorial experiment, Hydrometallurgy, 54, 217, 10.1016/S0304-386X(99)00075-4

O'Keefe, 1984, Techniques for evaluating electrolytes for metal recovery, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 168, 131, 10.1016/0368-1874(84)87094-X

Omarov, 1996, Use of pyrite flotation concentrate as a reducing agent for manganese leaching from oxidized ores, Kompleksnoe Ispol'Zovanie Mineral'Nogo Syr'Ya, 82

Osawa, K., 1973. Electrolytic winning of manganese metal. JP Patent No. 48042767.

Pagnanelli, 2007, Preparation and characterisation of chemical manganese dioxide: effect of the operating conditions, Journal of Power Sources, 166, 567, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.01.066

Pahlman, J.E., Khalafalla, S.E., 1979. Selective recovery of nickel, cobalt, manganese from sea nodules with sulfurous acid. US Patent No. 4138465.

Pahlman, 1988

Pahlman, 1987

Paixao, 1995, Sulfation of Carajas manganese ore, Hydrometallurgy, 39, 215, 10.1016/0304-386X(95)00031-B

Parissis, G., Winand, R., 1992. Manganese electrodeposition from chloride, sulfate and mixed solutions, including high current densities, ATB Metallurgie 32 (1–2), 16–19, 22–8.

Partenov, 2004, Kinetics of leaching of polymetallic concretions in an aqueous solution of SO2, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya, 15

Pesic, 1996, Process for recovery of Zn and Mn from Bunker Hill Water Treatment Plant sludge: Part I — leaching and solution purification, 699

Petrie, 1995, Molecular interpretation for SO2 dissolution kinetics of pyrolusite, manganite and hematite, Applied Geochemistry, 10, 253, 10.1016/0883-2927(94)00050-G

Pisarczyk, 1995, Manganese and manganese alloys, vol. 15

Popov, 1981, Study of equilibrium characteristics of a sulfur dioxide-air-aqueous suspension of manganese dioxide-based industrial by-product system, Trudy Instituta - Moskovskii Khimiko-Tekhnologicheskii Institut Imeni D. I. Mendeleeva, 119, 24

Ptitsyn, A.N., Galkova, L.I., Ledvii, V.V., Dobyshev, B.V., Skopov, S.V., 2001a. Electrochemical manufacture of manganese dioxide from leaching of lean Mn-carbonate ores. RU Patent No. 2172791.

Ptitsyn, A.N., Galkova, L.I., Ledvii, V.V., Skopov, S.V., 2001b. Recovery of metal values from chemical byproducts of spent Mn-Zn electric batteries. RU Patent No. 2164955.

Raghavan, 1999, Innovative hydrometallurgical processing technique for industrial zinc and manganese process residues, Hydrometallurgy, 51, 207, 10.1016/S0304-386X(98)00078-4

Rappas, 1985

Ravitz, 1946, The dithionate process for recovery of manganese from low-grade ores, American Institute of Mining Metallurgical Engineers Metals Technology, 13

Rodriguez, 2004, The effects of carboxylic acid addition on hydrofluoric acid autoclave leaching of a ferrocolumbite, Hydrometallurgy, 74, 39, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2003.12.007

Rokukawa, 1990, Recovery of nickel, cobalt, and copper from ocean manganese nodules with mixed solution of ammonium carbonate and ammonium sulfite, Shigen to Sozai, 106, 205, 10.2473/shigentosozai.106.205

Rolf, R.F., 1969. Selective recovery of manganese and iron from ores. US Patent No. 3471285.

Saha, 1993, Reduction of manganese sea nodules with noncoking coal, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 46, 63

Sahoo, 2001, Leaching of manganese from low-grade manganese ore using oxalic acid as reductant in sulfuric acid solution, Hydrometallurgy, 62, 157, 10.1016/S0304-386X(01)00196-7

Sanigok, 1988, Bench-scale manganese sulfate production from low-grade pyrolusite ores. - Part III, Chimica Acta Turcica, 16, 9

Shibata, 1995, Development of recovery process of valuable metals from waste lithium battery, Minerals, Metals and Materials Society/AIME (USA), 257

Sole, 2005, Solvent extraction in southern Africa: an update of some recent hydrometallurgical developments, Hydrometallurgy, 78, 52, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.11.012

Suliakas, 1973, Behavior of selenite or selenate additions of an anode during electrodeposition of manganese, Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai, Serija B: Chemija, Technika, Fizine Geografija, 47

Sventsitskii, A.T., Nosenkov, A.N., Trunev, S.V., Dmitrevskii, B.A., Treushchenko, N.N., Yur'eva, V.I., Ivanova, N.Y., 2003. Acidic redox leaching of lean manganese ores, slimes, and dust from ferroalloy furnaces. RU Patent No. 2213155.

Szabo, L.J., 1976. Recovery of metal values from manganese deep sea nodules using ammoniacal cuprous leach solutions. US Patent No. 3983017.

Taylor, 1993, Electrolytic manganese dioxide production by Australian Manganese Company Limited, Newcastle, Australasian Mining and Metallurgy, Clunies Ross House, Victoria, Australia, 2, 1237

Thomas, 1958, The leaching of manganese from pyrolusite ore by pyrite, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 36, 37, 10.1002/cjce.5450360104

Veglio, 1997, Batch and semi-continuous tests in the bioleaching of manganiferous minerals by heterotrophic mixed microorganisms, International Journal of Mineral Processing, 50, 255, 10.1016/S0301-7516(97)00044-6

Veglio, 1994, Reductive leaching of a concentrate manganese-dioxide ore in acid-solution — stoichiometry and preliminary kinetic-analysis, International Journal of Mineral Processing, 40, 257, 10.1016/0301-7516(94)90047-7

Veglio, 1994, Fractional factorial-experiments in the development of manganese-dioxide leaching by sucrose in sulfuric-acid-solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 36, 215, 10.1016/0304-386X(94)90007-8

Vu, 2005, Leaching of manganese deep ocean nodules in FeSO4–H2SO4–H2O solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 77, 147, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.09.012

Wanamaker, E.M., Hammerquist, W.L., Morgan, Jr., W.D. 1951. Molybdenum control in manganese electrowinning. US Patent No. 2538995.

Wanamaker, E.M., Morgan, Jr., W.D. 1943. Catholyte purification in the electrowinning of Mn. US Patent No. 2325723.

Ward, 2004, 241

Ward, C.B., 2005. Acidic leaching of manganese from lean oxide ores with extraction stage for purity. WO Patent No. 2005012582.

Welsh, 1978

Welsh, J.Y., 1973. Recovering high-purity, free-flowing, crystalline manganese dioxide from impure manganese nitrate solutions. US Patent No. 3780158.

Welsh, J.Y., 1978. Recovering manganese dioxide crystals from manganese nitrate solutions. RO Patent No. 63988.

Yaozhong, 2004, Laboratory study: simultaneous leaching silver-bearing low-grade manganese ore and sphalerite concentrate, Minerals Engineering, 17, 1053, 10.1016/j.mineng.2004.05.003

Yavorskaya, G.M., Arsentev, V.A., Kucher, V.L., Kovaleva, O.V., 1992. Redox leaching of manganese from oxide feed materials. SU Patent No. 1733492.

Yoon, 1986, Recovery of manganese from electrolytic zinc anodic slime and from scrap dry cells, Kumsok Pyomyon Choli, 19, 13

Yucel, 2001, Carbothermic smelting of Tavas manganese ore, Turkey, High Temperature Materials and Processes, 20, 345, 10.1515/HTMP.2001.20.5-6.345

Zhang, 2006, Manganese metallurgy, recovery and control — a literature review

Ziyadanogullari, 1995, Recovery of MnSO4 from low-grade pyrolusite ores, and of MnSO4 and silver from manganese-silver ores, Separation Science and Technology, 30, 477, 10.1080/01496399508013884