Managerial practices for designing circular economy business models

Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management - Tập 30 Số 3 - Trang 561-589 - 2019
Enes Ünal1, Andrea Urbinati1, Davide Chiaroni1
1School of Management, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

Tóm tắt

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the managerial practices that companies can implement in order to design a circular economy business model and how companies can create and capture value from a circular economy business model.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a single case study methodology with semi-structured interviews and company, supplier, and manufacturing site visits, conducted in a small-to-medium-size Italian company operating in the office supply industry.FindingsThe theoretical setting maps a set of managerial practices for a circular economy business model and sets the research gaps and questions in a research framework designed along three main dimensions: value network, customer value proposition and interface, and managerial commitment. Then, through an empirical analysis, the findings reveal that the proposed dimensions are interdependent and reinforce each other. Moreover, the managerial commitment as moderating factor between the value network and the customer value proposition and interface dimensions is identified as essential for reaching the intended goals of circular economy business models.Research limitations/implicationsThis study maximizes the depth of the phenomenon under investigation by leveraging a single case study methodology, which ideally helps in a theory-testing approach as in the present case. Future research opportunities could be found in qualitative and quantitative studies to increase the generalizability of the findings of this paper.Practical implicationsThe paper presents a set of relevant managerial practices for circular economy business models that can be used by managers who have the will to embrace in practice circular economy principles to support the design, change, or upgrade of the business model of companies within which they operate.Originality/valueAn interdisciplinary approach that integrates the research streams of circular economy, social psychology, organizational behavior, and business model design has been pursued to test the theoretical setting and the research framework for circular economy business models in a real-world context.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

2017, Conceptualizing trust with cultural perspective in international business operations, Benchmarking, 24, 1099, 10.1108/BIJ-06-2016-0101

2016, Global business and emerging economies: towards a new perspective on the effects of e-waste, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 105, 20, 10.1016/j.techfore.2016.01.026

2007, An introductory note on the environmental economics of the circular economy, Sustainability Science, 2, 133, 10.1007/s11625-006-0013-6

2000, Individual environmental initiative: championing natural environmental issues in US business organizations, Academy of Management Journal, 43, 548, 10.2307/1556355

2016, A framework for sustainable circular business model innovation, Technology Innovation Management Review, 6, 5, 10.22215/timreview/1000

2003, The art of materials selection, Materials Today, 6, 24, 10.1016/S1369-7021(03)01223-9

2011, Qualitative case studies in operations management: trends, research outcomes, and future research implications, Journal of Operations Management, 29, 329, 10.1016/j.jom.2010.06.002

2015, The impact of different touchpoints on brand consideration, Journal of Retailing, 91, 235, 10.1016/j.jretai.2014.12.008

1987, The case research strategy in studies of information systems, MIS Quarterly, 11, 369, 10.2307/248684

1950, An outline of general system theory (1950), The British Journal for Philosophy of Science, 1, 134, 10.1093/bjps/I.2.134

2014, Morality, ethics, and values outside and inside organizations: an example of the discourse on climate change, Journal of Business Ethics, 119, 287, 10.1007/s10551-013-1641-2

Bhamra, T. and Lofthouse, V. (2016), Design for Sustainability: A Practical Approach, Routledge, London.

2016, Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy, Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 33, 308, 10.1080/21681015.2016.1172124

2018, Experimenting with a circular business model: lessons from eight cases, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 28, 79, 10.1016/j.eist.2018.02.001

1985, Case research in marketing: opportunities, problems, and a process, Journal of Marketing Research, 22, 199, 10.1177/002224378502200209

Boulding, K.E. (1966), “The economics of coming Spaceship Earth”, in Jarret, H. (Ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

2007, Cradle-to-cradle design: creating healthy emissions – a strategy for eco-effective product and system design, Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 1337

1974, Building organizational commitment: the socialization of managers in work organizations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533, 10.2307/2391809

2002, Unveiling the structure of supply networks: case studies in Honda, Acura, and DaimlerChrysler, Journal of Operations Management, 20, 469, 10.1016/S0272-6963(02)00025-6

2009, Toward an integrated model of leadership for corporate responsibility and sustainable development: a process model of corporate responsibility beyond management innovation, Corporate Governance, 9, 421, 10.1108/14720700910984972

2017, Skills and capabilities for a sustainable and circular economy: the changing role of design, Journal of Cleaner Production, 160, 109, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.130

2003, Rigor in information systems positivist case research: current practices, trends, and recommendations, MIS Quarterly, 27, 597, 10.2307/30036550

1991, Better stories, not better constructs, to generate better theory: a rejoinder to Eisenhardt, Academy of Management Review, 16, 613, 10.5465/amr.1991.4279492

1997, Industrial ecology in practice, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1, 67, 10.1162/jiec.1997.1.1.67

1989, Building theories from case study research, Academy of Management Review, 14, 532, 10.5465/amr.1989.4308385

2007, Theory building from cases: opportunities and challenges, Academy of Management Journal, 50, 25, 10.5465/amj.2007.24160888

2014, Making Sustainability Work: Best Practices in Managing and Measuring Corporate Social, Environmental, and Economic Impacts, 2nd ed.

1997, Industrial ecology: an historical view, Journal of Cleaner Production, 5, 1

1961, A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations

European Commission, 2008, Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of November 19, 2008 on waste and repealing certain directives, Official Journal of the European Union, L13, 3

European Commission, 2015, Closing the Loop – An EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy

2016, How is Alisea Gaining Competitive Advantage by Practicing Sustainability through Sustainable-Innovation?

1998, Cleaner production as a means for effective environmental management, Journal of Cleaner Production, 6, 171

2014, Managerial commitment to sustainable supply chain management projects, Journal of Business Logistics, 35, 318, 10.1111/jbl.12073

2017, The circular economy – a new sustainability paradigm?, Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048

2018, Business models and supply chains for the circular economy, Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 712, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.159

2008, Developing the circular economy in China: challenges and opportunities for achieving ‘leapfrog development’, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 15, 231, 10.3843/SusDev.15.3:6

2012, Towards a national circular economy indicator system in China: an evaluation and critical analysis, Journal of Cleaner Production, 23, 216, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.07.005

2013, Measuring China’s circular economy, Science, 340, 1526

2016, Sustainability, well-being, and the circular economy in China and worldwide, Science, 6278, 73

2014, A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems, Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11

2015, How circular is the global economy? An assessment of material flows, waste production, and recycling in the European Union and the World in 2005, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19, 765, 10.1111/jiec.12244

2016, The sustainability balanced scorecard: a systematic review of architectures, Journal of Business Ethics, 133, 193, 10.1007/s10551-014-2340-3

2018, Sustainability balanced scorecards and their architectures: irrelevant or misunderstood?, Journal of Business Ethics, 150, 937, 10.1007/s10551-017-3531-5

2013, Price and advertising effectiveness over the business cycle, Journal of Marketing Research, 50, 177, 10.1509/jmr.10.0414

1999, Theory testing using case studies in business-to-business research, Industrial Marketing Management, 28, 201, 10.1016/S0019-8501(98)00040-6

1971, The Psychology of Commitment: Experiments Linking Behavior to Belief

2012, Sustainability nears a tipping point, MIT Sloan Management Review, 53, 69

2001, Plant-level environmental management orientation: the influence of management views and plant characteristics, Production and Operations Management, 10, 257, 10.1111/j.1937-5956.2001.tb00374.x

2014, Sustainability-oriented innovation of SMEs: a systematic review, Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 57, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.017

2018, Circular economy as an essentially contested concept, Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 544, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.111

2005, Who are the multichannel shoppers and how do they perform?: correlates of multichannel shopping behavior, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 19, 44, 10.1002/dir.20034

2018, Stakeholder views on extended producer responsibility and the circular economy, California Management Review, 60, 45, 10.1177/0008125617752694

2000, The nature of managerial commitment to strategic change, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21, 297, 10.1108/01437730010372822

2018, In pursuit of closed-loop supply chains for critical materials: an exploratory study in the green energy sector, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1

2008, Drivers and enablers that foster environmental management capabilities in small- and medium-sized suppliers in supply chains, Production and Operations Management, 17, 573, 10.3401/poms.1080.0063

2010, Energy conservation and circular economy in China’s process industries, Energy, 35, 4273, 10.1016/j.energy.2009.04.021

2015, Towards circular economy implementation: a comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry, Journal of Cleaner Production, 115, 36

2017, Circular business model innovation: inherent uncertainties, Business Strategy and the Environment, 26, 182, 10.1002/bse.1906

2014, An exploration of firms’ awareness and behavior of developing circular economy: an empirical research in China, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 87, 145, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.04.002

1996, Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development

2002, Remaking the Way We Make Things: Cradle to Cradle

2017, Circular economy policies in China and Europe, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21, 651, 10.1111/jiec.12597

2018, Do circular economy business models capture intended environmental value propositions?, Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 413, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.003

2010, Challenges in transforming manufacturing organisations into product-service providers, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 21, 449, 10.1108/17410381011046571

2017, A critical assessment of business model research, Academy of Management Annals, 11, 73, 10.5465/annals.2014.0072

2012, Design for sustainability in automotive industry: a comprehensive review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 1845, 10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.012

2004, Limits to Growth – 30 Year Update

2017, How do scholars approach the circular economy? A systematic literature review, Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 703

2002, Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20, 10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842

2015, Does food sorting prevents and improves sorting of household waste? A case in Sweden, Journal of Cleaner Production, 101, 182, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.013

2016, A conceptual framework for circular design, Sustainability, 8, 1

Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M. (2013), Employee – Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover, Academic Press, New York, NY.

2015, The circular economy: an interdisciplinary exploration of the concept and application in a global context, Journal of Business Ethics, 140, 369

2004, R&D collaboration by SMEs: new opportunities and limitations in the face of globalisation, Technovation, 24, 153, 10.1016/S0166-4972(02)00045-7

2018, Circular economy in Spanish SMEs: challenges and opportunities, Journal of Cleaner Production, 185, 157, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.031

2005, Clarifying business models: origins, present, and future of the concept clarifying business models, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 15, 1

2010, Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers

2009, How plant managers’ experiences and attitudes toward sustainability relate to operational performance, Production and Operations Management, 18, 278, 10.1111/j.1937-5956.2009.01050.x

2014, Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for circular economy system: a review, Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 409

2010, Creating integrated business and environmental value within the context of China’s circular economy and ecological modernization, Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, 1492

2009, A review of interventions to encourage SMEs to make environmental improvements, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 27, 279, 10.1068/c0859b

2003, Analysis and taxonomy of remanufacturing industry practice, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 217, 243, 10.1243/095440803322328890

1990, Crisis management. Managing paradox in a chaotic world, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 38, 117

2012, A Global Redesign?: Shaping the Circular Economy

2000, The roles of supervisory support behaviors and environmental policy in employee ‘ecoinitiatives’ at leading-edge European companies, Academy of Management Journal, 43, 605, 10.2307/1556357

2013, Process engineering in circular economy, Particuology, 11, 119, 10.1016/j.partic.2012.11.001

1985, A review and reconceptualization of organizational commitment, Academy of Management Review, 10, 465, 10.5465/amr.1985.4278960

2016, Implementation of circular economy business models by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): barriers and enablers, Sustainability, 8, 1

2011, International comparative study of 3R and waste management policy developments, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 13, 86, 10.1007/s10163-011-0009-x

2009, Framing research for service orientation of manufacturers through PSS approaches, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 20, 754, 10.1108/17410380910961082

1977, Commitment and the control of organizational behavior and belief, New Directions in Organizational Behavior, 1, 1

2016, Business models for sustainability: a co-evolutionary analysis of sustainable entrepreneurship, innovation, and transformation, Organization and Environment, 29, 264, 10.1177/1086026616633272

2015, Reflexivity in sustainability accounting and management: transcending the economic focus of corporate sustainability, Journal of Business Ethics, 127, 525, 10.1007/s10551-014-2058-2

2007, Persuasion with case studies, Academy of Management Journal, 50, 20, 10.5465/amj.2007.24160882

2016, Resource recovery from post-consumer waste: important lessons for the upcoming circular economy, Journal of Cleaner Production, 134, 342, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.020

2011, Sustainable supply chain for collaborative manufacturing, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 22, 984, 10.1108/17410381111177449

2013, Policy for material efficiency – sustainable taxation as a departure from the throwaway society, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371, 1

2016, The circular economy, Nature, 531, 435, 10.1038/531435a

2008, Qualitative case studies, Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry, 119

1974, Attitudinal and behavioral consequences of changing a major organizational reward: a natural field experiment, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 742, 10.1037/h0036292

1977, Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment, Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46, 10.2307/2391745

2013, A review of the circular economy in China: moving from rhetoric to implementation, Journal of Cleaner Production, 42, 215, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.020

2012, Identifying the characteristics for achieving sustainable manufacturing companies, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 23, 426, 10.1108/17410381211230376

2004, Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from SusProNet, Business Strategy and the Environment, 13, 246, 10.1002/bse.414

2015, Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy – a review, Journal of Cleaner Production, 97, 76, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.049

2006, Product-services as a research field: past, present and future. Reflections from a decade of research, Journal of Cleaner Production, 14, 1552, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.01.022

2017, Towards a new taxonomy of circular economy business models, Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 487, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.047

2014, Continuing the building’s cycles: a literature review and analysis of current systems theories in comparison with the theory of cradle to cradle, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 82, 21, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.10.007

2017, A systems perspective on business model evolution: the case of an agricultural information service provider in India, Long Range Planning, 50, 603, 10.1016/j.lrp.2016.10.003

2015, Self-governance for sustainable global supply chains: can it deliver the impacts needed?, Business Strategy and the Environment, 24, 73, 10.1002/bse.1804

2008, Design for Environmental Sustainability

2018, The path to outcome delivery: interplay of service market strategy and open business models, Technovation, 72-73, 46, 10.1016/j.technovation.2018.02.003

2002, Case research in operations management, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 22, 195, 10.1108/01443570210414329

1990, Basic Content Analysis, 2nd ed.

2007, Product service systems in the automobile industry: contribution to system innovation?, Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 1093

2016, Sustainable production indicators at factory level, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 27, 842, 10.1108/JMTM-04-2016-0054

2017, Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods

2007, Putting a circular economy into practice in China, Sustainability Science, 2, 95, 10.1007/s11625-006-0018-1

2013, Drivers and barriers of extended supply chain practices for energy saving and emission reduction among Chinese manufacturers, Journal of Cleaner Production, 40, 6, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.09.017

2010, Circular economy practices among Chinese manufacturers varying in environmental-oriented supply chain cooperation and the performance implications, Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 1324, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.02.013

2010, Business model design: an activity system perspective, Long Range Planning, 43, 216

2011, The business model: recent developments and future research, Journal of Management, 37, 1019, 10.1177/0149206311406265