MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS

Social Indicators Research - Tập 40 Số 1 - Trang 189-216 - 1997
Diener, Ed1, Suh, Eunkook1
1Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, U.S.A

Tóm tắt

Thinkers have discussed the “good life” and the desirable society for millennia. In the last decades, scientists offered several alternative approaches to defining and measuring quality of life: social indicators such as health and levels of crime, subjective well-being measures (assessing people's evaluative reactions to their lives and societies), and economic indices. These alternative indicators assess three philosophical approaches to well-being that are based, respectively, on normative ideals, subjective experiences, and the ability to select goods and services that one desires. The strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches are reviewed. It is argued that social indicators and subjective well-being measures are necessary to evaluate a society, and add substantially to the regnant economic indicators that are now favored by policy makers. Each approach to measuring the quality of life contains information that is not contained in the other measures.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

citation_title=Social Indicators of Well-Being: Americans; citation_inbook_title=Perceptions of Life Quality; citation_publication_date=1976; citation_id=CR1; citation_author=F. M. Andrews; citation_author=S. B. Withey; citation_publisher=Plenum Press

citation_journal_title=The American Statistician; citation_title=Analysis of data from the Places Rated Almanac ; citation_author=R. A. Becker, L. Denby, R. McGill, A. R. Wilks; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=169-186; citation_id=CR2

citation_journal_title=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews; citation_title=Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking; citation_author=K. C. Berridge; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=1-25; citation_id=CR3

citation_title=The Structure of PsychologicalWell-Being; citation_publication_date=1969; citation_id=CR4; citation_author=N. Bradburn; citation_publisher=Aldine

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?; citation_author=P. Brickman, D. Coates, R. J. Janoff-Bulman; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=1978; citation_pages=917-927; citation_doi=10.1037//0022-3514.36.8.917; citation_id=CR5

citation_title=Quality of life in health care andmedical ethics; citation_inbook_title=The Quality of Life; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=95-132; citation_id=CR6; citation_author=D. Brock; citation_publisher=Clarendon Press

citation_title=the Sense of Well-Being in America; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_id=CR7; citation_author=A. Campbell; citation_publisher=McGraw-Hill

citation_title=The Quality of American Life; citation_publication_date=1976; citation_id=CR8; citation_author=A. Campbell; citation_author=P. E. Converse; citation_author=W. L. Rogers; citation_publisher=Russell Sage Foundation

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people; citation_author=P. T. Costa, R. R. McCrae; citation_volume=38; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_pages=668-678; citation_id=CR9

citation_journal_title=Social Indicators Research; citation_title=Social indicators of living conditions in Ireland with European comparisons; citation_author=E. E. Davis, M. Fine-Davis; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=103-365; citation_id=CR10

citation_journal_title=Psychological Bulletin; citation_title=Subjective well-being; citation_author=E. Diener; citation_volume=95; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=542-575; citation_doi=10.1037//0033-2909.95.3.542; citation_id=CR11

citation_journal_title=Social Indicators Research; citation_title=Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities; citation_author=E. Diener; citation_volume=31; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=103-157; citation_id=CR12

citation_journal_title=Social Indicators Research; citation_title=A value based index for measuring national quality of life; citation_author=E. Diener; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=107-127; citation_id=CR13

Diener, E.: 1996, 'Subjective well-being in cross-cultural perspective', in H. Grad, A. Blanco and J. Georgas (eds.), Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress of Cross-Cultural Psychology (Swets & Zeitlinger).

citation_journal_title=Social Indicators Research; citation_title=The wealth of nations revisited: Income and quality of life; citation_author=E. Diener, C. Diener; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=275-286; citation_id=CR15

citation_journal_title=Psychological Science; citation_title=Most people are happy; citation_author=E. Diener, C. Diener; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=181-185; citation_id=CR16

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem; citation_author=E. Diener, M. Diener; citation_volume=68; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=653-663; citation_id=CR17

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations; citation_author=E. Diener, M. Diener, C. Diener; citation_volume=69; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=851-864; citation_id=CR18

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=The independence of positive and negative affect; citation_author=E. Diener, R. A. Emmons; citation_volume=47; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=71-75; citation_id=CR19

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=Resources, personal strivings, and subjective wellbeing: Anomothetic and idiographic analysis; citation_author=E. Diener, F. Fujita; citation_volume=68; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=926-935; citation_id=CR20

citation_title=The beautiful theory and the ugly facts: Imposed social comparisons and subjective well-being; citation_inbook_title=Health, Coping, and Social Comparison; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR21; citation_author=E. Diener; citation_author=F. Fujita; citation_publisher=Erlbaum

citation_journal_title=Social Indicators; citation_title=Happiness of the very wealthy; citation_author=E. Diener, J. Horwitz, R. A. Emmons; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=263-274; citation_id=CR22

citation_journal_title=Journal of Research in Personality; citation_title=Extraversion and subjective well-being in a U.S. national probability sample; citation_author=E. Diener, E. Sandvik, W. Pavot, F. Fujita; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=205-215; citation_id=CR23

citation_journal_title=Social Indicators Research; citation_title=Response artifacts in the measurement of subjective well-being; citation_author=E. Diener, E. Sandvik, W. Pavot, D. Gallagher; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=35-56; citation_id=CR24

citation_journal_title=Social Indicators Research; citation_title=The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute; citation_author=E. Diener, E. Sandvik, L. Seidlitz, M. Diener; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=195-223; citation_id=CR25

citation_journal_title=Social Indicators Research; citation_title=National differences in reported subjectivewell-being:Why do they occur; citation_author=E. Diener, E. Suh, H. Smith, L. Shao; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=7-32; citation_id=CR26

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=Physical attractiveness and subjective well-being; citation_author=E. Diener, B. Wolsic, F. Fujita; citation_volume=69; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=120-129; citation_id=CR27

citation_journal_title=Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization; citation_title=Will raising the income of all increase the happiness of all?; citation_author=R. A. Easterlin; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=35-47; citation_id=CR28

citation_title=Notes on the psychology of utility; citation_inbook_title=Interpersonal Comparisons of Well-Being; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR29; citation_author=D. Kahneman; citation_author=C. Varey; citation_publisher=Cambridge Press

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration; citation_author=T. Kasser, R. M. Ryan; citation_volume=65; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=410-422; citation_id=CR30

citation_journal_title=Psychological Bulletin; citation_title=Classic and current social comparison research: Expanding the perspective; citation_author=A.W. Kruglanski, O. Mayseless; citation_volume=108; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=195-208; citation_id=CR31

citation_journal_title=SINET; citation_title=Social indicators and the quality of life: Where do we stand in the mid-1990s?; citation_author=K. C. Land; citation_volume=45; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=5-8; citation_id=CR32

citation_journal_title=International Living; citation_title=Quality of Life Index; citation_author=J. F. Lears; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=1; citation_id=CR33

citation_journal_title=Psychological Science; citation_title=Who is happy?; citation_author=D. G. Myers, E. Diener; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=10-19; citation_id=CR34

citation_journal_title=Personality and Individual Differences; citation_title=Physician-and self-ratings of health, neuroticism and subjective well-being among men and women; citation_author=M. A. Okun, L. K. George; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=533-539; citation_id=CR35

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality Assessment; citation_title=Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures; citation_author=W. Pavot, E. Diener, C. R. Colvin, E. Sandvik; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=149-161; citation_id=CR36

citation_journal_title=Current Directions in Psychological Science; citation_title=On the power of positive thinking: The benefits of being optimistic; citation_author=M. F. Scheier, C. S. Carver; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=26-30; citation_id=CR37

citation_journal_title=Public Administration Review; citation_title=The quality of life and social indicators research; citation_author=M. Schneider; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=1976; citation_pages=297-305; citation_id=CR38

citation_title=Beyond individualism and collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values; citation_inbook_title=Individualismand Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=85-102; citation_id=CR39; citation_author=S. H. Schwartz; citation_publisher=Sage

citation_title=Evaluating one's life: A judgment model of subjective well-being; citation_inbook_title=Subjective Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Perspective; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=27-48; citation_id=CR40; citation_author=N. Schwarz; citation_author=F. Strack; citation_publisher=Pergamon Press

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=Memory for positive versus negative life events: Theories for the differences between happy and unhappy persons; citation_author=L. Seidltiz, E. Diener; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=654-664; citation_doi=10.1037//0022-3514.64.4.654; citation_id=CR41

Suh, E.: 1994, Emotion Norms, Value, Familiarity, and Subjective Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Examination. M.A. Thesis. University of Illinois, Champaign. Department of Psychology.

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=Events and subjective well-being: Only recent events matter; citation_author=E. Suh, E. Diener, F. Fujita; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=1091-1102; citation_id=CR43

citation_journal_title=Gerontologist; citation_title=Measures and dimensions of filial piety in Korea; citation_author=K. T. Sung; citation_volume=95; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=240-247; citation_id=CR44

citation_title=Compendium of Social Statistics and Indicators: 1988; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR45; citation_publisher=United Nations Department of International Economics and Social Affairs

United Nations: 1992, 1991 Demographic Yearbook.

citation_title=Happiness in Nations: Subjective Appreciation of Life in 56 Nations 1946–1992; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_id=CR47; citation_author=R. Veenhoven; citation_publisher=RISBO

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=Social comparison in adjustment to breast cancer; citation_author=J. V. Wood, S. E. Taylor, R. R. Lichtman; citation_volume=49; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=1169-1183; citation_id=CR48

citation_title=World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR49; citation_publisher=Oxford University Press