LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Gramiccia M, Gradoni L: The current status of zoonotic leishmaniases and approaches to disease control. Int J Parasitol. 2005, 35 (11-12): 1169-1180. 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.001.
Baneth G, Koutinas AF, Solano-Gallego L, Bourdeau P, Ferrer L: Canine leishmaniosis - new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one. Trends Parasitol. 2008, 24 (7): 324-330. 10.1016/j.pt.2008.04.001.
Petersen CA, Barr SC: Canine leishmaniasis in North America: emerging or newly recognized?. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39 (6): 1065-1074. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.06.008.
Shaw SE, Langton DA, Hillman TJ: Canine leishmaniosis in the United Kingdom: a zoonotic disease waiting for a vector?. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 163 (4): 281-285. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.025.
Owens SD, Oakley DA, Marryott K, Hatchett W, Walton R, Nolan TJ, Newton A, Steurer F, Schantz P, Giger U: Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis through blood transfusions from infected English foxhounds to anemic dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001, 219 (8): 1076-1083. 10.2460/javma.2001.219.1076.
de Freitas E, Melo MN, da Costa-Val AP, Michalick MS: Transmission of Leishmania infantum via blood transfusion in dogs: potential for infection and importance of clinical factors. Vet Parasitol. 2006, 137 (1-2): 159-167. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.011.
Tabar MD, Roura X, Francino O, Altet L, Ruiz de Gopegui R: Detection of Leishmania infantum by real-time PCR in a canine blood bank. J Small Anim Pract. 2008, 49 (7): 325-328. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00542.x.
Rosypal AC, Troy GC, Zajac AM, Frank G, Lindsay DS: Transplacental transmission of a North American isolate of Leishmania infantum in an experimentally infected beagle. J Parasitol. 2005, 91 (4): 970-972. 10.1645/GE-483R.1.
Pangrazio KK, Costa EA, Amarilla SP, Cino AG, Silva TM, Paixao TA, Costa LF, Dengues EG, Diaz AA, Santos RL: Tissue distribution of Leishmania chagasi and lesions in transplacentally infected fetuses from symptomatic and asymptomatic naturally infected bitches. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 165 (3-4): 327-331. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.013.
Boggiatto PM, Gibson-Corley KN, Metz K, Gallup JM, Hostetter JM, Mullin K, Petersen CA: Transplacental Transmission of Leishmania infantum as a Means for Continued Disease Incidence in North America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011, 5 (4):
Silva FL, Oliveira RG, Silva TM, Xavier MN, Nascimento EF, Santos RL: Venereal transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 160 (1-2): 55-59. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.079.
Shaw SE, Langton DA, Hillman TJ: Canine leishmaniosis in the United Kingdom: A zoonotic disease waiting for a vector?. Vet Parasitol. 2009
Duprey ZH, Steurer FJ, Rooney JA, Kirchhoff LV, Jackson JE, Rowton ED, Schantz PM: Canine visceral leishmaniasis, United States and Canada, 2000-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006, 12 (3): 440-446.
Chamaille L, Tran A, Meunier A, Bourdoiseau G, Ready P, Dedet JP: Environmental risk mapping of canine leishmaniasis in France. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 31. 10.1186/1756-3305-3-31.
Coutinho MT, Bueno LL, Sterzik A, Fujiwara RT, Botelho JR, De Maria M, Genaro O, Linardi PM: Participation of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol. 2005, 128 (1-2): 149-155. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.011.
Coutinho MT, Linardi PM: Can fleas from dogs infected with canine visceral leishmaniasis transfer the infection to other mammals?. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 147 (3-4): 320-325. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.008.
Dantas-Torres F: Ticks as vectors of Leishmania parasites. Trends Parasitol. 2011
Dantas-Torres F, Martins TF, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M, Figueredo LA, Lima BS, Brandao-Filho SP: Transovarial passage of Leishmania infantum kDNA in artificially infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Exp Parasitol. 2010, 125 (2): 184-185. 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.02.003.
Paz GF, Ribeiro MF, Michalsky EM, da Rocha Lima AC, Franca-Silva JC, Barata RA, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES: Evaluation of the vectorial capacity of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res. 2010, 106 (2): 523-528. 10.1007/s00436-009-1697-1.
Paz GF, Ribeiro MF, de Magalhaes DF, Sathler KP, Morais MH, Fiuza VO, Brandao ST, Werneck GL, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES: Association between the prevalence of infestation by Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ctenocephalides felis felis and the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies: A case-control study in dogs from a Brazilian endemic area. Prev Vet Med. 2010, 97 (2): 131-133. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.08.006.
Dantas-Torres F, Stefania Latrofa M, Otranto D: Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA in females, eggs and larvae of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4 (1): 56. 10.1186/1756-3305-4-56.
Maroli M, Rossi L, Baldelli R, Capelli G, Ferroglio E, Genchi C, Gramiccia M, Mortarino M, Pietrobelli M, Gradoni L: The northward spread of leishmaniasis in Italy: evidence from retrospective and ongoing studies on the canine reservoir and phlebotomine vectors. Trop Med Int Health. 2008, 13 (2): 256-264. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01998.x.
Amusategui I, Sainz A, Aguirre E, Tesouro MA: Seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum in northwestern Spain, an area traditionally considered free of leishmaniasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004, 1026: 154-157. 10.1196/annals.1307.022.
Menn B, Lorentz S, Naucke TJ: Imported and travelling dogs as carriers of canine vector-borne pathogens in Germany. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 34. 10.1186/1756-3305-3-34.
Peters N, Sacks D: Immune privilege in sites of chronic infection: Leishmania and regulatory T cells. Immunol Rev. 2006, 213: 159-179. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00432.x.
Solano-Gallego L, Morell P, Arboix M, Alberola J, Ferrer L: Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology. J Clin Microbiol. 2001, 39 (2): 560-563. 10.1128/JCM.39.2.560-563.2001.
Solano-Gallego L, Koutinas A, Miro G, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Bourdeau P, Oliva G, Baneth G: Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 165 (1-2): 1-18. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.022.
Alvar J, Aparicio P, Aseffa A, Den Boer M, Canavate C, Dedet JP, Gradoni L, Ter Horst R, Lopez-Velez R, Moreno J: The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008, 21 (2): 334-359. 10.1128/CMR.00061-07.
Sideris V, Papadopoulou G, Dotsika E, Karagouni E: Asymptomatic canine leishmaniasis in Greater Athens area, Greece. Eur J Epidemiol. 1999, 15 (3): 271-276. 10.1023/A:1007526401175.
Franca-Silva JC, da Costa RT, Siqueira AM, Machado-Coelho GL, da Costa CA, Mayrink W, Vieira EP, Costa JS, Genaro O, Nascimento E: Epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the endemic area of Montes Claros Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2003, 111 (2-3): 161-173. 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00351-5.
Solano-Gallego L, Llull J, Ramos G, Riera C, Arboix M, Alberola J, Ferrer L: The Ibizian hound presents a predominantly cellular immune response against natural Leishmania infection. Vet Parasitol. 2000, 90 (1-2): 37-45. 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00223-5.
Quinnell RJ, Kennedy LJ, Barnes A, Courtenay O, Dye C, Garcez LM, Shaw MA, Carter SD, Thomson W, Ollier WE: Susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in the domestic dog is associated with MHC class II polymorphism. Immunogenetics. 2003, 55 (1): 23-28.
Sanchez-Robert E, Altet L, Utzet-Sadurni M, Giger U, Sanchez A, Francino O: Slc11a1 (formerly Nramp1) and susceptibility to canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Res. 2008, 39 (3): 36. 10.1051/vetres:2008013.
Abranches P, Silva-Pereira MC, Conceicao-Silva FM, Santos-Gomes GM, Janz JG: Canine leishmaniasis: pathological and ecological factors influencing transmission of infection. J Parasitol. 1991, 77 (4): 557-561. 10.2307/3283159.
Cardoso L, Schallig HD, Neto F, Kroon N, Rodrigues M: Serological survey of Leishmania infection in dogs from the municipality of Peso da Regua (Alto Douro, Portugal) using the direct agglutination test (DAT) and fast agglutination screening test (FAST). Acta Trop. 2004, 91 (2): 95-100. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.03.004.
Ciaramella P, Oliva G, Luna RD, Gradoni L, Ambrosio R, Cortese L, Scalone A, Persechino A: A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniasis in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Rec. 1997, 141 (21): 539-543. 10.1136/vr.141.21.539.
Koutinas AF, Polizopoulou ZS, Saridomichelakis MN, Argyriadis D, Fytianou A, Plevraki KG: Clinical considerations on canine visceral leishmaniasis in Greece: a retrospective study of 158 cases (1989-1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1999, 35 (5): 376-383.
Costa FA, Goto H, Saldanha LC, Silva SM, Sinhorini IL, Silva TC, Guerra JL: Histopathologic patterns of nephropathy in naturally acquired canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Pathol. 2003, 40 (6): 677-684. 10.1354/vp.40-6-677.
Zatelli A, Borgarelli M, Santilli R, Bonfanti U, Nigrisoli E, Zanatta R, Tarducci A, Guarraci A: Glomerular lesions in dogs infected with Leishmania organisms. Am J Vet Res. 2003, 64 (5): 558-561. 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.558.
Solano-Gallego L, Fernandez-Bellon H, Morell P, Fondevila D, Alberola J, Ramis A, Ferrer L: Histological and immunohistochemical study of clinically normal skin of Leishmania infantum-infected dogs. J Comp Pathol. 2004, 130 (1): 7-12. 10.1016/S0021-9975(03)00063-X.
Pena MT, Naranjo C, Klauss G, Fondevila D, Leiva M, Roura X, Davidson MG, Dubielzig RR: Histopathological features of ocular leishmaniosis in the dog. J Comp Pathol. 2008, 138 (1): 32-39. 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.09.004.
Petanides TA, Koutinas AF, Mylonakis ME, Day MJ, Saridomichelakis MN, Leontides LS, Mischke R, Diniz P, Breitschwerdt EB, Kritsepi M: Factors associated with the occurrence of epistaxis in natural canine leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum). J Vet Intern Med. 2008, 22 (4): 866-872. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0129.x.
Mylonakis ME, Papaioannou N, Saridomichelakis MN, Koutinas AF, Billinis C, Kontos VI: Cytologic patterns of lymphadenopathy in dogs infected with Leishmania infantum. Vet Clin Pathol. 2005, 34 (3): 243-247. 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00048.x.
Mettler M, Grimm F, Capelli G, Camp H, Deplazes P: Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, an immunofluorescent-antibody test, and two rapid tests (immunochromatographic-dipstick and gel tests) for serological diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infections in dogs. J Clin Microbiol. 2005, 43 (11): 5515-5519. 10.1128/JCM.43.11.5515-5519.2005.
Mohebali M, Taran M, Zarei Z: Rapid detection of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs: comparative study using an immunochromatographic dipstick rk39 test and direct agglutination. Vet Parasitol. 2004, 121 (3-4): 239-245. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.02.014.
Ferroglio E, Centaro E, Mignone W, Trisciuoglio A: Evaluation of an ELISA rapid device for the serological diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dog as compared with immunofluorescence assay and Western blot. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 144 (1-2): 162-166. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.017.
Maia C, Ramada J, Cristovao JM, Goncalves L, Campino L: Diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis: conventional and molecular techniques using different tissues. Vet J. 2009, 179 (1): 142-144. 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.009.
Solano-Gallego L, Rodriguez-Cortes A, Trotta M, Zampieron C, Razia L, Furlanello T, Caldin M, Roura X, Alberola J: Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA by fret-based real-time PCR in urine from dogs with natural clinical leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 147 (3-4): 315-319. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.013.
Maia C, Campino L: Methods for diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis and immune response to infection. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 158 (4): 274-287. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.028.
Miro G, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Oliva G, Baneth G: Canine leishmaniosis--new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part two. Trends Parasitol. 2008, 24 (8): 371-377. 10.1016/j.pt.2008.05.003.
Pennisi MG, Reale S, Giudice SL, Masucci M, Caracappa S, Vitale M, Vitale F: Real-time PCR in dogs treated for leishmaniasis with allopurinol. Vet Res Commun. 2005, 29 (Suppl 2): 301-303.
Manna L, Reale S, Vitale F, Picillo E, Pavone LM, Gravino AE: Real-time PCR assay in Leishmania-infected dogs treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol. Vet J. 2008, 177 (2): 279-282. 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.04.013.
Reis AB, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Vale AM, Marques MJ, Giunchetti RC, Mayrink W, Guerra LL, Andrade RA, Correa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA: Isotype patterns of immunoglobulins: hallmarks for clinical status and tissue parasite density in Brazilian dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2006, 112 (3-4): 102-116. 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.001.
Noli C, Auxilia ST: Treatment of canine Old World visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review. Vet Dermatol. 2005, 16 (4): 213-232. 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00460.x.
Ikeda-Garcia FA, Lopes RS, Marques FJ, de Lima VM, Morinishi CK, Bonello FL, Zanette MF, Perri SH, Feitosa MM: Clinical and parasitological evaluation of dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi submitted to treatment with meglumine antimoniate. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 143 (3-4): 254-259. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.019.
Ribeiro RR, Moura EP, Pimentel VM, Sampaio WM, Silva SM, Schettini DA, Alves CF, Melo FA, Tafuri WL, Demicheli C: Reduced tissue parasitic load and infectivity to sand flies in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi following treatment with a liposome formulation of meglumine antimoniate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008
Miro G, Galvez R, Fraile C, Descalzo MA, Molina R: Infectivity to Phlebotomus perniciosus of dogs naturally parasitized with Leishmania infantum after different treatments. Parasites and vectors.
Pennisi MG, De Majo M, Masucci M, Britti D, Vitale F, Del Maso R: Efficacy of the treatment of dogs with leishmaniosis with a combination of metronidazole and spiramycin. Vet Rec. 2005, 156 (11): 346-349.
Torres M, Bardagi M, Roura X, Zanna G, Ravera I, Ferrer L: Long term follow-up of dogs diagnosed with leishmaniosis (clinical stage II) and treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol. Vet J. 2011, 188 (3): 346-351.
Oliva G, Scalone A, Foglia Manzillo V, Gramiccia M, Pagano A, Di Muccio T, Gradoni L: Incidence and time course of Leishmania infantum infections examined by parasitological, serologic, and nested-PCR techniques in a cohort of naive dogs exposed to three consecutive transmission seasons. J Clin Microbiol. 2006, 44 (4): 1318-1322. 10.1128/JCM.44.4.1318-1322.2006.
Miro G, Galvez R, Mateo M, Montoya A, Descalzo MA, Molina R: Evaluation of the efficacy of a topically administered combination of imidacloprid and permethrin against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dog. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 143 (3-4): 375-379. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.014.
Mencke N, Volf P, Volfova V, Stanneck D: Repellent efficacy of a combination containing imidacloprid and permethrin against sand flies (Phlebotomus papatasi) in dogs. Parasitol Res. 2003, 90 (Suppl 3): S108-111.
Killick-Kendrick R, Killick-Kendrick M, Focheux C, Dereure J, Puech MP, Cadiergues MC: Protection of dogs from bites of phlebotomine sandflies by deltamethrin collars for control of canine leishmaniasis. Med Vet Entomol. 1997, 11 (2): 105-111. 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00298.x.
Otranto D, Paradies P, Lia RP, Latrofa MS, Testini G, Cantacessi C, Mencke N, Galli G, Capelli G, Stanneck D: Efficacy of a combination of 10% imidacloprid/50% permethrin for the prevention of leishmaniasis in kennelled dogs in an endemic area. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 144 (3-4): 270-278. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.012.
Maroli M, Mizzon V, Siragusa C, D'Oorazi A, Gradoni L: Evidence for an impact on the incidence of canine leishmaniasis by the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars in southern Italy. Med Vet Entomol. 2001, 15 (4): 358-363. 10.1046/j.0269-283x.2001.00321.x.
Foglia Manzillo V, Oliva G, Pagano A, Manna L, Maroli M, Gradoni L: Deltamethrin-impregnated collars for the control of canine leishmaniasis: evaluation of the protective effect and influence on the clinical outcome of Leishmania infection in kennelled stray dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2006, 142 (1-2): 142-145. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.029.
Otranto D, de Caprariis D, Lia RP, Tarallo V, Lorusso V, Testini G, Dantas-Torres F, Latrofa S, Diniz PP, Mencke N: Prevention of endemic canine vector-borne diseases using imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% in young dogs: a longitudinal field study. Vet Parasitol. 2010, 172 (3-4): 323-332. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.017.
Gavgani AS, Hodjati MH, Mohite H, Davies CR: Effect of insecticide-impregnated dog collars on incidence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iranian children: a matched-cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2002, 360 (9330): 374-379. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09609-5.
Alexander B, Maroli M: Control of phlebotomine sandflies. Med Vet Entomol. 2003, 17 (1): 1-18. 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x.
Maroli M, Gradoni L, Oliva G, Castagnaro M, Crotti A, Lubas G, Paltrinieri S, Roura X, Zini E, Zatelli A: Guidelines for prevention of leishmaniasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010, 236 (11): 1200-1206. 10.2460/javma.236.11.1200.
Rossi E, Bongiorno G, Ciolli E, Di Muccio T, Scalone A, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Maroli M: Seasonal phenology, host-blood feeding preferences and natural Leishmania infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera, Psychodidae) in a high-endemic focus of canine leishmaniasis in Rome province, Italy. Acta Trop. 2008, 105 (2): 158-165. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.10.005.
Borja-Cabrera GP, Correia Pontes NN, da Silva VO, Paraguai de Souza E, Santos WR, Gomes EM, Luz KG, Palatnik M, Palatnik de Sousa CB: Long lasting protection against canine kala-azar using the FML-QuilA saponin vaccine in an endemic area of Brazil (Sao Goncalo do Amarante, RN). Vaccine. 2002, 20 (27-28): 3277-3284. 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00294-3.
Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Barbosa Ade F, Oliveira SM, Nico D, Bernardo RR, Santos WR, Rodrigues MM, Soares I, Borja-Cabrera GP: FML vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis: from second-generation to synthetic vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2008, 7 (6): 833-851. 10.1586/14760584.7.6.833.
Lemesre JL, Holzmuller P, Goncalves RB, Bourdoiseau G, Hugnet C, Cavaleyra M, Papierok G: Long-lasting protection against canine visceral leishmaniasis using the LiESAp-MDP vaccine in endemic areas of France: double-blind randomised efficacy field trial. Vaccine. 2007, 25 (21): 4223-4234. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.083.
Saraiva EM, de Figueiredo Barbosa A, Santos FN, Borja-Cabrera GP, Nico D, Souza LO, de Oliveira Mendes-Aguiar C, de Souza EP, Fampa P, Parra LE: The FML-vaccine (Leishmune) against canine visceral leishmaniasis: a transmission blocking vaccine. Vaccine. 2006, 24 (13): 2423-2431. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.061.
Fernandes AP, Costa MM, Coelho EA, Michalick MS, de Freitas E, Melo MN, Luiz Tafuri W, Resende Dde M, Hermont V, Abrantes Cde F: Protective immunity against challenge with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in beagle dogs vaccinated with recombinant A2 protein. Vaccine. 2008, 26 (46): 5888-5895. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.095.
Diza E, Kansouzidou A, Gerou S, Vezyri E, Metallidis S, Antoniadis A: Leishmaniases in Northern Greece: seroprevalence of the infection and incidence of the disease during the period 2001-2006. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008, 27 (10): 997-1003. 10.1007/s10096-008-0538-y.
Marty P, Izri A, Ozon C, Haas P, Rosenthal E, Del Giudice P, Godenir J, Coulibaly E, Gari-Toussaint M, Delaunay P: A century of leishmaniasis in Alpes-Maritimes, France. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2007, 101 (7): 563-574.
IRIS staging of chronic renal disease. [ http://www.iris-kidney.com/guidelines/en/staging_ckd.shtml ]
IRIS treatment recommendation. [ http://www.iris-kidney.com/guidelines/en/treatment_recommendations.shtml ]
Denerolle P, Bourdoiseau G: Combination allopurinol and antimony treatment versus antimony alone and allopurinol alone in the treatment of canine leishmaniasis (96 cases). J Vet Intern Med. 1999, 13 (5): 413-415. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01455.x.
Bianciardi P, Brovida C, Valente M, Aresu L, Cavicchioli L, Vischer C, Giroud L, Castagnaro M: Administration of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate in healthy dogs: clinicopathological evaluation of the impact on the kidneys. Toxicol Pathol. 2009, 37 (6): 770-775. 10.1177/0192623309344088.
Miro G, Oliva G, Cruz I, Canavate C, Mortarino M, Vischer C, Bianciardi P: Multicentric, controlled clinical study to evaluate effectiveness and safety of miltefosine and allopurinol for canine leishmaniosis. Vet Dermatol. 2009, 20 (5-6): 397-404. 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00824.x.
Mateo M, Maynard L, Vischer C, Bianciardi P, Miro G: Comparative study on the short term efficacy and adverse effects of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate in dogs with natural leishmaniosis. Parasitol Res. 2009, 105 (1): 155-162. 10.1007/s00436-009-1375-3.
Manna L, Vitale F, Reale S, Picillo E, Neglia G, Vescio F, Gravino AE: Study of efficacy of miltefosine and allopurinol in dogs with leishmaniosis. Vet J. 2009, 182 (3): 441-445. 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.009.
Koutinas AF, Saridomichelakis MN, Mylonakis ME, Leontides L, Polizopoulou Z, Billinis C, Argyriadis D, Diakou N, Papadopoulos O: A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial with allopurinol in canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol. 2001, 98 (4): 247-261. 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00399-5.
Plevraki K, Koutinas AF, Kaldrymidou H, Roumpies N, Papazoglou LG, Saridomichelakis MN, Savvas I, Leondides L: Effects of allopurinol treatment on the progression of chronic nephritis in Canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum). J Vet Intern Med. 2006, 20 (2): 228-233. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02850.x.
Cavaliero T, Arnold P, Mathis A, Glaus T, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Deplazes P: Clinical, serologic, and parasitologic follow-up after long-term allopurinol therapy of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. J Vet Intern Med. 1999, 13 (4): 330-334. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02190.x.